IMPACT: International Journal of
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ISSN XXXXXX
Vol. Z Issue X XXX 2013 pp
© IMPACT Journals
STATUS OF CASSAVA PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION AND UTILIZATION IN OSUN
STATE, NIGERIA
ISSN 2249–6939
Vol.2, Issue 2 (2012) 1-16
1
Sr.
© TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.,
AASIA AKBAR PANHWAR1 & RAJENDRA KUMAR
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, The IIS University, Calcutta, India
2
Dissertation Scholar, Department of Information Technology, The IIS University, ICG Campus, Calcutta, India
ABSTRACT
The study reveals how palm oil mill technology alleviates poverty level of modern users better than the traditional
users. This study is based on Primary data collected from a sample of 144 modern users of palm oil mill technology and
traditional users using multi-stage convenient sampling. This research work used descriptive statistics to obtain socioeconomic parameters of the respondents .Regression analysis was used to examine the factors that affect their palm oil
production. Foster-Greer Thorbecke (FGT) was used to analyse the extent and level of poverty among palm oil processors
(modern and traditional users). The result of the analysis showed that the mean age of the modern and traditional users is
52.5 and 54.8 respectively and the respondents were mostly women. The regression analysis shows that farm size, level of
farm income, adoption of technology and experience in processing are the significant factors affecting the production of
palm oil in the study area.
The FGT analysis revealed that poverty incidence was most noticed among traditional users of processing palm
oil. As a whole, the incidence of poverty in the study area was 0.458 implying that 45.8% of the sampled farm households
were actually poor (10.4% modern users were poor and 35.4% traditional users were poor).
KEYWORDS: , Arachis hypogeal, Fatty Acids, Germination, Oil, Seed Borne Mycoflora, Sugar, Vigour Index
INTRODUCTION
In an effort to reduce growth rate and the high living costs in population of sub-sahara African countries, Chad is
undergoing development of projects such as the one on rice production in the south of the country, and particularly in the
Tandjile zone to improve and consolidate food security. Rice (Oryza sp, poaceae) is one of the most cultivated cereals in
tropical, sub-tropical and temperate regions in the world, and is referred to all plants of the genus Oryza, of which the two
cultivated species are O. sativa and O. glaberrima, originated respectively from Asia and Africa (Lizhi et al. 2006). Nerica
(New Rice for Africa) variety devives from the crossing between the two species (ADRAO 1992). Rice is an important
source of calories, vitamins, mineral elements and rare amino acids (FAOSTAT 2005; Badawi 2004). In Chad, rice is
grown either under upland or lowland conditions, with or without irrigation, for its seeds rich in starch, and is consumed as
seeds, meal or in soups. However, the plants can only express its optimal potentials if chemical fertilizers are provided for
growth to equilibrate their elemental mineral balances, although this practice is subjected to soil nutritional and
environmental pollutions (Lachance and Rouleau 2004). Sustainable agronomic researches have revealed that crop
production can be better enhanced with more adapted, low costly and safe strategies based on biological agriculture
2
Sangoyomi T. E & Ayandiji. A
(Thuries et al. 2000; Ngakou 2007). Among these strategies, biofertilizer research is being highly recommended for
developing countries to break down their dependency to chemical fertilizer toward to the northern countries (Ngakou et al.
2007; Ngonkeu 2009). With the understanding that most of the cultivated plants establish a mutualistic relationship with
arbuscular mycorhiza fungi (AMF) (Smith and Read 1997; Khalil et al. 1992), this type of association could be exploited
for the benefit of plants (Fresco 2003), since it can further improve the soil structure (Wright and Upadhyaya, 1998;
Bethlenfalvay et al., 1998), the resistance of plants to stresses (Bethlenfalvay 1992; Turk et al. 2006)), insect pests (Ngakou
et al., 2008a), and pathogens (Hooker et al., 1994; Trotta et al. 1996). Effective nutrient acquisition by mycorrhiza is
generally attributed to the extensive hyphal growth beyond the nutrient depletion zone surrounding the root (Tisdale et al.,
1995). Previous researches on mycorhizal inoculation and organic amendment in Cameroon have revealed enhancement of
plant growth and yield (Ngakou et al., 2006; Ngakou et al., 2008b), and control of plant diseases (Ngakou et al. 2012).
Considering the needs of improving rice production, mycorrhiza and soil solarization have been tested as sustainable
strategies for Nerica rice production in Cameroon (Natebaye 2010; Signe 2011). However, no research has yet been
conducted to assess the effect of mycorrhiza and compost on physical traits of rice. To the best of our knowledge, and
unlike Cameroon, no mycorrhizal inoculation research has been investigated in Chad. The Tandjile region-Chad belongs
to the same Guinea-savannah agro-ecological zone where most of the researches on mycorrhiza associated to selected crop
plants have been carried out in Cameroon. The question derived thereof is: what could be the response of rice to associated
introduced mycorrhiza inoculum in this region? In the Tandjile region like other rice growing areas, rough rice (or paddy)
enters after harvest a whitening section, during which the hulls and the brownish outer bran layer are removed. By
removing the bran particles, the white rice (milled rice) is then produced. Knowledge of physical dimensions plays an
important role for designing huller and husker equipments. Moreover, it is an essential issue in marketing and grading,
developing new varieties, and drying operations (Ashtiani et al. 2010; Emadzadeh et al. 2010). Therefore, this research was
designed to provide rice plants with a biological (mycorrhiza) and organic (compost) fertilizers, to enable better agromorphological and physical seed traits of Nerica and local rice varieties. The type and quality of information drawn out
from this study will allow selection of a sustainable fertilization strategy to be coupled with improvement of rice
production in the region, thus to reduce food insecurity within inhabiting population.
METHODS
The trials were made in Portici, at experimental field of Naples Faculty of Agriculture (N 40° 48.870’; E 14°
20.821’; 70m slm) in 2005-2006. The shelter was a 116 m2 (14.5m x 8m) permanent metal structure, open on the sides and
with a clear PVC top. The lettuce (Lactuca sativa L., var. capitata), cv “Cambria” was transplanted in lysimeters of 0.38 m2 (diameter of 0.7 m) and 0.60 m deep, placed on bricks at 0.2 m from the soil surface. Lysimeters were filled with 0.10 m
of gravel for drainage and 0.45 m of loamy sandy soil (ISSS classification, tab. 1). For these trials the loamy sand soil was
chosen for avoiding salt indirect effects on soil physical properties like: swelling, reduction of hydraulic conductivity and
related phenomena visible in clayey soils, as reported by Rhoades et al. (1992) e De Pascale and Barbieri (2000).
Two tests were carried out and for both, each treatment was replicated 6 times.
In the first one, lettuce was irrigated with 5 levels of saline water irrigation and it was cultivated on not salinized (NS)
soil:
1.
No saline stress: irrigation with freshwater (ECw 0.7 dS m-1) (NS1);
2.
Low saline stress: water at 0.9 dS m-1 electrical conductivity (NS2).
3.
Moderate saline stress: water at 1.8 dS m-1 electrical conductivity (NS3).
Status of Cassava Production, Distribution and Utilization in Osun State, Nigeria
4.
Severe saline stress: water at 3.6 dS m-1 electrical conductivity (NS4).
5.
Very severe saline stress: water at 7.2 dS m-1 electrical conductivity (NS5).
6.
At the begin of trial, the average EC soil was 0.34 dS m-1.
3
In the second test, the same 5 levels of saline irrigation water were tested, but lettuce was cultivated on saline soil
(SS) with a specific initial EC corresponding to each treatment:
1.
Non saline soil: 0.32 dS m-1 (SS1) and fresh water irrigation
2.
Low saline stress soil: 0.71 dS m-1 (SS2) and irrigation water at 0.9 dS m-1
3.
Moderate saline stress soil: 1.08 dS m-1 (SS3) and irrigation water at 1.8 dS m-1
4.
Severe saline stress soil: 1.38 dS m-1 (SS4) and irrigation water at 3.6 dS m-1.
5.
Very severe saline stress soil: 1.51 dS m-1 (SS5) and irrigation water at 7.2 dS m-1.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Cassava is widely grown in Osun State but mostly as small holders (Figure 1), Most farmers (70%) in the
forest/savannah transition agroecological zone grow cassava on approximately 1 to 3 ha of land at a time while only 6 % of
them grow cassava on more than 3 ha of land at a time. In the forest agroecological zone also, majority of the farmers
(78%) grow cassava on about 1 to 3 ha of land at a time and only 2% farmers grow cassava on more than 3.1 ha of land at a
time. The same trend was observed in the savannah agroecological zone. Figure 2 showed sources of planting materials
used by cassava farmers in Osun state.
More farmers used their own previous season’s cuttings (56%) or collected from friends (22%) within the
neighbourhood. Other sources were buying from markets (15.3%) and supply from agrochemical manufacturers and
researchers (6.7%) for trial purposes.
.
Figure 1: Percentage Distribution of Land Area Cultivated to Cassava in Osun State
4
Sangoyomi T. E & Ayandiji. A
Figure 2: Sources of Planting Materials Used by Cassava Farmers in Osun State
Table 1: Types of Cassava Varieties (%) Grown by Farmers in Osun State
Agroecological
Zone
Savannah
Forest
Savannah/Forest
Transition
Aboyade
Idileruwa
IITA
Oko-Iyawo
6
6
8
16
18
12
40
42
44
38
34
36
Table 2: Farmers Sources of Information (%) on Cassava Production in Osun State
Agroecological
Zone
Savannah
Forest
Savannah/Forest
Transition
Agro
Dealers
4
6
10
Friends
OSADEP
22
22
22
20
14
12
Previous
Knowledge
54
58
56
CONCLUSIONS
Chilly and clove showed a consistent results in both the damaged and visiting insects data. From this, it could be
concluded that hot chilly extract possess a great potential to be an effective bio pesticide to minimize the damage caused by
the Gold dust beetle and the clove extract could be employed as an insect attractant in Integrated Pest Management
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author thanks University Grant Commission for extending Financial support to implement the
project.
REFERENCES
1.
Akoroda, M. O., Dixon, A.G.O., Ilona, P., Ogbe, F., Okechukwu, R., Ezedinna C., Sanni, L. O., Lemchi, J. and
Okoro, . (2004). Sustainable Commercial Cassava Cultivation: the case of Nigeria. Proceedings of the Ninth
Triennial Symposium Int. Soc. for Tropical Root Crops – Africa branch Kenya Pp 193-199.
2.
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (2010). Production Year Book
3.
Fresco, P (1993). The dynamics of Cassava in Africa. An Outline of Research Issue COSCA working paper no. 9.
4.
iraud, E (1993). Physiologique et Enzymologique d’ une Novele Souche de Lactobacillus Plantarum Amylolytique
en Relation avec la Crooissance e Degradation des Composes Cynogeniques du Manioc et la Production d’acide
Lactique. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Provence, France.
5.
Hahn, S. K., Terry, E. R., Leuschner, K., Akobundu, I. O., Okali, C. and Lal, R. (1979). Cassava improvement in
Africa. Field Crops Res (2):193-226.
6.
Munyuli, T. M., Tete B., Tshinsinda., and Kashosi, K. (2004). Preliminary inventory of local market incentives
for the improvement of cassava productivity and production in eastern of Democratic Republic of Congo.
Proceedings of the Ninth Triennial Symposium Int. Soc for Tropical Root Crops – Africa branch Kenya pp. 48-58.
5
Status of Cassava Production, Distribution and Utilization in Osun State, Nigeria
7.
Nweke, FI, Spencer, DS and Lyman, JK (2002). The Cassava Transformation Africa’s Best-Keep Secret. East
Lansing, Michigan State University Press.
APPENDICES
Table 1: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Rhizosphere Soil of Ten Samples of Mahyco Cotton Seed Variety
Available Macro Nutrients in Black Soil (Kg/ha)
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Location
Fathepur
Malkapur
Devarkadra
Appanapally
Peddareyvally
Manganur
Gopulapur
Neredgam
Amisthapur
Avancha
pH
7.0
7.2
7.0
7.3
7.0
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.0
8.0
N
198.4
196.7
196.6
190.2
194.8
191.6
195.6
199.5
190.8
197.3
P
31.4
31.2
30.8
28.4
32.9
31.1
30.8
31.9
28.9
31.8
K
427.7
440.1
447.7
431.1
416.6
426.6
448.2
427.9
433
440.3
Table 2: Isolation of Azospirillum Azotobacter and Bacillus from 10 Samples of Mahyco Seed Variety
S.No
1
2
3
4
Location
Fathepur
Malkapur
Devarkadra
Appanapally
CFU
20*104
118*105
55*105
17*105
4
5
Peddareyvally
105*10
6
7
8
9
10
Manganur
Gopulapur
Neredgam
Amisthapur
Avancha
90*104
326*105
44*106
583*105
859*105
Azospirillum
1, 2, 4, 5, 7
1, 3, 4, 5
3, 5, 6, 7
Azotobacter
1, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3, 4,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3, 4
Bacillus
3, 4, 5.
1, 3, 4, 5.
2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 4, 5, 7
1, 2, 3, 5, #
3, 4, 5
1, 2, 4, 5, 7
2, 3, 4, 6, 7
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
1, 4, 5, 6, 7
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,#
1, 3, 4, 5,#
1, 2, 3, 4
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
1, 3, 4, 5
2, 3, 4, 5
1, 2, 3, 4, #
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2, 3, 4, 5
2, 3, 4, 6, 7
1- Azospirillum amazonense, 2- Azospirillum melinis, 3- Azospirillum irakense, 4- Azospirillum canadensis, 5Azospirillum halopraeferena, 6- Azospirillum largimobile, 7- Azospirillum doebrineare, # - Azospirillum sp.
1-Azotobacter brasilense, 2-Azotobacter beijerinckii, 3-Azotobacter nigricans, 4-Azotobacter armeniacus, 5Azotobacter paspal, # - Azotobacter sp.
1-Bacillus megaterium, 2-Bacillus subtilis, 3-Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, 4-Bacillus licheniformis, 5-Bacillus
mucilaginosus, # - Bacillus sp.
.