Virtual Machines
Module 7
Importance
 You can create a virtual machine in a number of ways. Choosing
the correct method can help you save time and make the
deployment process manageable and scalable.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Module Lessons
Lesson 1:
Virtual Machine Concepts
Lesson 2:
Creating a Virtual Machine
Lesson 3:
Creating Templates and Clones
Lesson 4:
vCenter Converter
Lesson 5:
Modifying Virtual Machines
Lesson 6:
Managing Virtual Machines
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lesson 1:
Virtual Machine Concepts
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lesson Objectives
 Describe a virtual machine
 Display a virtual machine’s files
 List the virtual machine hardware
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
What Is a Virtual Machine?
 A virtual machine is:
 A set of virtual hardware on
which a supported guest
operating system and its
virtual machine
applications run
 A set of discrete files
 A virtual machine’s
configuration file describes the
virtual machine’s
MyVM.vmx
…
guestOS = “winnetstandard”
…
configuration, including its
displayName = “MyVM”
virtual hardware.
(etc.)
 Avoid using special
characters and spaces in the
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
virtual machine’s name.
What Files Make Up a Virtual Machine?
Filename
<VM_name>.vmx
<VM_name>.vmdk
<VM_name>-flat.vmdk
<VM_name>.nvram
vmware.log,
vmware-#.log
Description
Virtual machine configuration file
File describing virtual disk characteristics
Preallocated virtual disk file that contains the data
Virtual machine BIOS
Virtual machine log file and
files containing old virtual machine log entries
<VM_name>.vswp
Virtual machine swap file
<VM_name>.vmsd
File that describes the virtual machine’s
snapshots
<Template_name>.vmtx
Virtual machine template configuration file
Other files exist for snapshots, raw disk mappings, NFS locks, and change tracking
with VMware Data Recovery.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Displaying a Virtual Machine’s Files
On the Configuration
tab, click the Storage
link.
Right-click a datastore to
browse its files.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Using the Storage Views Tab to Display Files
Click the Storage Views tab.
Select Show All Virtual Machine Files from the menu.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Virtual Machine Hardware
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
CPU and Memory
Up to eight virtual CPUs
(vCPUs):
 VMware® Virtual SMP
license required
 Also depends on the
number of licensed CPUs
on a host and the number
of processors supported
by a guest operating
system
Maximum memory size
(up to 255GB):
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 Amount the guest
Virtual Disk
Sample virtual disk definition:
Virtual disk size:
4GB
Datastore:
MyVMFS
Virtual disk node:
0:0
Virtual storage adapter:
LSI Logic SAS
Virtual disk files:
Server1.vmdk and Server1-flat.vmdk
Default disk mode:
Snapshots allowed
Optional disk mode:
Independent – persistent or nonpersistent
Disk provisioning:
Thick or thin
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Virtual Network Interface Card
Network adapters that might be
available for your virtual machine:
 Flexible – Can function as either
a vlance or vmxnet adapter:
 vlance – Also called PCNet32,
supported by most 32-bit guest
operating systems
 vmxnet – Provides significantly
better performance than vlance
 e1000 – High-performance
adapter available for only some
guest operating systems
 vmxnet2 (Enhanced vmxnet) –
vmxnet adapter with enhanced
performance
 vmxnet3 – Builds on the vmxnet2
adapter
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Whenever possible,
choose vmxnet3.
Other Devices
CD/DVD drive:
 Connect to CD-ROM,
DVD, or ISO image.
Floppy drive:
 Connect to floppy or
floppy image.
Generic SCSI devices
(such as tape libraries):
 Can be connected to
additional SCSI
adapters
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Virtual Machine Console
Send power changes
to the virtual machine.
Access the virtual
machine’s guest
operating system.
Send Ctrl+Alt+Del to
the guest operating
system.
VM
console
icon
 Press
Ctrl+Alt+Ins in
the virtual
machine console.
Press Ctrl+Alt to
release the pointer
from the virtual
machine console.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
VM
console
Lesson Summary
 Describe a virtual machine
 Display a virtual machine’s files
 List the virtual machine hardware
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lesson 2:
Creating a Virtual Machine
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lesson Objectives
 Provision a virtual machine:
 Create the virtual machine
 Install the guest operating system into the virtual machine
 Install VMware Tools into the guest operating system
 Describe how to import a virtual appliance
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Provisioning a Virtual Machine
Methods for creating virtual machines:
 Use the Create New Virtual Machine wizard.
 Import a virtual appliance.
 Deploy a virtual machine from template.
 Clone a virtual machine.
 Use VMware vCenter Converter.
 Use Guided Consolidation.
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Create New Virtual Machine Wizard
Create a new virtual machine in
the VMware vCenter Server
inventory.
 In the Hosts and Clusters
view, select a datacenter,
cluster, or host.
 In the VMs and Templates
view, select a datacenter or
folder.
Start the Create New Virtual
Machine wizard.
 Perform a “typical” or
“custom” configuration.
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Choosing the Typical Configuration
Information needed for a typical configuration:
 Virtual machine name and inventory location
 Location in which to place the virtual machine (cluster, host, resource
pool)
 Datastore on which to store the virtual machine’s files
 Guest operating system and version
 Disk parameters for creating a new virtual disk:
 Disk size
 Disk-provisioning settings:
 Allocate and commit space on demand (Thin Provisioning)
 Support clustering features such as Fault Tolerance
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Choosing the Custom Configuration
Other information needed for a custom configuration:





Virtual machine version (version 7 is the latest)
Number of CPUs and size of memory
Number of NICs, network to connect to, and network adapter type
SCSI controller type
Whether to create a new disk, use an existing disk, use an RDM, or use
no disk
 Other disk-provisioning settings:
 Whether to store the virtual disk with the virtual machine or in a different
datastore
 Virtual device node (for example, SCSI(0:0))
 Mode-independent (persistent and nonpersistent)
For both the typical and the custom configurations:
 You can edit virtual machine settings before completing the task.
 For example, attach an ISO image to the virtual CD/DVD drive.
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Installing the Guest Operating System
Install the guest operating system into the virtual machine.
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VMware Tools
Features of VMware
Tools include:
 Device drivers:
 SVGA display
 vmxnet/vmxne
t3
 Balloon driver
for memory
management
 Sync driver for
quiescing I/O
 Improved
mouse
 Virtual machine
heartbeat
 Time
synchronization
 Ability to shut
down virtual
machine
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Install VMware Tools into the guest
operating system.
VMware
Tools
icon
Virtual Appliances
Preconfigured virtual machines:
 Usually designed for a single
purpose (for example, a safe
browser or firewall)
 Deployed as an OVF template
Available from the VMware Virtual
Appliance Marketplace:
 http://www.vmware.com/appliances
Use the VMware vSphere™ Client to
upload appliances into vCenter
Server.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Deploying an OVF Template
Another way to deploy a virtual
appliance or any virtual machine
stored in OVF format:
 Deploy from an OVF template.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lab 8
 In this lab, you will create, import, and prepare virtual machines for
use.
1. Create a virtual machine.
2. Install a guest operating system in a virtual machine.
3. Create a virtual machine on an iSCSI VMFS datastore.
4. Import a virtual machine into the vCenter Server inventory.
5. Identify a virtual machine’s disk format and usage statistics.
6. Install VMware Tools into a virtual machine installed with a Windows
operating system.
7. Enable time synchronization between a virtual machine and an ESXi
host.
8. Copy class lab files to your virtual machine.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lesson Summary
 Provision a virtual machine:
 Create the virtual machine
 Install the guest operating system into the virtual machine
 Install VMware Tools into the guest operating system
 Describe how to import a virtual appliance
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Lesson 3:
Creating Templates and Clones
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lesson Objectives
 Create a template
 Deploy a virtual machine from a template
 Clone a virtual machine
 Allow guest operating system customization by vCenter Server
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
What Is a Template?
A master copy of a virtual
machine used to create and
provision new virtual machines
An image that typically
includes a guest operating
system, a set of applications,
and a specific virtual machine
configuration
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Creating a Template
Clone the virtual machine to a
template.
 The virtual machine can either
be powered on or powered off.
Convert the virtual machine to a
template.
 The virtual machine must be
powered off.
Clone a template.
 Select the template in inventory
first.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Viewing Templates
Two ways to view templates:
 Use the VMs and Templates inventory view.
 Use the Virtual Machines tab in the Hosts and Clusters inventory view.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Deploying a Virtual Machine from Template
To deploy a virtual machine, provide such information as virtual machine
name, inventory location, host, datastore, and guest operating system
customization data.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Updating a Template
To update a template:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Convert the
template to a
virtual machine.
Place the virtual
machine on an
isolated network
to prevent user
access.
Make appropriate
changes to the
virtual machine.
Convert the virtual
machine to a
template.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Cloning a Virtual Machine
Cloning is an
alternative to
deploying a virtual
machine.
A clone is an exact
copy of the virtual
machine.
The virtual machine
being cloned can
either be powered on
or powered off.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Customizing the Guest Operating System
VMware recommends customization of a clone’s guest operating
system to prevent software and network conflicts.
During cloning or deploying from template, you have the option of
running the Guest Customization wizard.
 The wizard lets you create a specification that you can use to
prepare the guest operating systems of virtual machines.
 Specifications can be stored in the database.
 You can edit specifications in the Customization Specifications
Manager.
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Deploying Virtual Machines Across Datacenters
Virtual machine
deployment is allowed
across datacenters.
 Clone a virtual
machine from one
datacenter to
another.
 Deploy from a
template in one
datacenter to a
virtual machine in
a different
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
datacenter.
Lab 9
 In this lab, you will deploy a virtual machine from a template and
clone a virtual machine.
1. Configure guest operating system customization on a vCenter Server
system.
2. Create a template.
3. Deploy a virtual machine from a template.
4. Clone a virtual machine that is powered on.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lesson Summary
 Create a template
 Deploy a virtual machine from a template
 Clone a virtual machine
 Allow guest operating system customization by vCenter Server
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lesson 4:
vCenter Converter
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lesson Objectives
 Describe the capabilities of vCenter Converter
 Import a system into vCenter Server
 Perform a hot clone
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
vCenter Converter
vCenter Converter can import physical machines, virtual machines,
and system images:
 Windows and Linux sources
 Hyper-V virtual machine sources
 A variety of third-party image formats
vCenter Converter can also export virtual machines for use in
VMware hosted and managed products.
vCenter Converter allows you to:





Reduce time needed to set up new virtual machines
Migrate legacy servers to new hardware without reinstallation
Perform migrations across heterogeneous hardware
Readjust volume sizes and place volumes on separate virtual disks
Migrate disks across independent datastores
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vCenter Converter Components
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
vCenter Converter Requirements
Install vCenter Converter and the vCenter Converter client only
on Windows operating systems.
Allocate 525MB of disk space for vCenter Converter components:
 Server files, client files, agent files, and the installation file
For hot clones, vCenter Converter requires 350MB of memory on
the source machine.
vCenter Converter supports only pure IPv6 or IPv4 environments.
Certain limitations exist when you convert powered-on machines,
virtual machines, third-party virtual machines, or system images.
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Cloning
Cloning and system reconfiguration steps are used to create and
reconfigure the virtual machine:
 Cloning – Copy the source physical disks for the destination virtual
machine. The destination virtual disk might not be an exact copy of
the source disk.
 System reconfiguration – Adjust the migrated operating system to
enable it to function on virtual hardware.
vCenter Converter supports hot cloning:
 Hot cloning – Clone a source machine while the operating system is
running. The source machine can be accessed remotely.
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Remote Hot Cloning of a Windows System
Stage 2:Stage
Preparing
Stage
1: Preparing
3: the
Completing
Stage
virtual
source
4:
machine
Cleaning
themachine
conversion
onup
the
fordestination
conversion
process machine
vSphere Client with
vCenter Converter
client plug-in
vCenter Server
with vCenter
Converter
powered-on
Windows
machine
LAN
agent
VM
source
volume
VSS snapshot
source
host
VSS
snapshot
volume
destination
vCenter
Converter
creates
acopies
new
virtual
machine
on
the of
destination
machine.
vCenter
Converter
installs
the
agent
on
source
vCenter
Converter
agent
takes
afrom
VSS
snapshot
the
source
volume.
vCenter
Converter
agent
data
the
source
tomachine.
the
destination.
vCenter
vCenter
Converter
Converter
agent
agent
(optionally)
customizes
removes
the
virtual
all
traces
machine
from
(for
the
example,
source
system
changing
and/or
IP allow
information).
destination
VM.
vCenter
Converter
agent
installs
required
drivers
and
performs
the
necessary
steps
to
OS to boot.
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Importing a Machine
vCenter Converter allows a number of
sources:
 Powered-on machine
 VMware infrastructure virtual machine
 VMware Workstation or other VMware
virtual machine
 Backup image or third-party virtual
machine
 Hyper-V Server
vCenter Converter provides flexibility in
defining the destination virtual machine:
 Select virtual machine name.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
 Select destination datastore.
Import Machine Wizard Options (1)
Optional settings allow you to further define your destination virtual
machine.
Select destination virtual machine
folder.
Select from several options to copy
data to destination.
Modify number of processors,
amount of memory, or disk
controller.
Add network adapters or connect to
different networks.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Import Machine Wizard Options (2)
Stop service on source or change
startup mode on destination.
Synchronize source and
destination,
power off source or power on
destination,
do postconversion processing
Control CPU and network resources
during conversion.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Changes to Virtual Hardware
Most applications function correctly.
Watch for applications that depend on:
 Specific hardware characteristics
 Different serial numbers
 Software licensed to MAC addresses
 Special graphics cards
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lab 10
In this lab, you will use vCenter Converter to create a virtual machine
from an existing system.
1. Install vCenter Converter.
2. Configure vCenter Converter guest operating system customization.
3. Install and enable the vCenter Converter plug-in.
4. Prepare a system for hot cloning.
5. Hot-clone a system.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lesson Summary
 Describe the capabilities of vCenter Converter
 Import a system into vCenter Server
 Perform a hot clone
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lesson 5:
Modifying Virtual Machines
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lesson Objectives
 Describe virtual machine settings and options
 Add a hot-pluggable device
 Dynamically increase the size of a virtual disk
 Add a raw device mapping (RDM)
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Modifying Virtual Machine Settings
You can modify a virtual
machine’s configuration in its
Properties dialog box:
 Add virtual hardware.
 Some hardware can be
added while the virtual
machine is powered on.
 Remove virtual hardware.
 Set virtual machine options.
 Control a virtual machine’s
CPU and memory resources.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Hot-Pluggable Devices
Examples of hot-
pluggable devices: USB
controllers, Ethernet
adapters, and hard disk
devices.
You can also add CPU
and memory while the
virtual machine is
powered on.
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Dynamically Increasing a Virtual Disk’s Size
Format the new space
within the guest operating
system.
Dynamically increase a
virtual disk from, for
example, 2GB to 20GB.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Creating an RDM
An RDM allows you to store virtual
machine data directly on a LUN.
The RDM is a file on a VMware
vStorage VMFS datastore that points
to the raw LUN.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Virtual Machine Options
VM display name
.vmx file location
VM directory
guest operating
system type
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Options: VMware Tools
Customize power
button actions.
When to run
VMware Tools
scripts
Update
checks and
time sync.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Advanced: Boot Options
Advanced options rarely need to be set.
Delay power on.
Boot into BIOS.
Retry after failed
boot.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lab 11
 In this lab, you will modify a virtual machine’s hardware and add a
raw LUN to a virtual machine.
1. Increase the size of a VMDK file.
2. Adjust memory allocation on a virtual machine.
3. Rename a virtual machine in the vCenter Server inventory.
4. Add a raw LUN to a virtual machine and verify that the guest operating
system can see it.
5. Expand a thin-provisioned virtual disk.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lesson Summary
 Describe virtual machine settings and options
 Add a hot-pluggable device
 Dynamically increase the size of a virtual disk
 Add an RDM
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lesson 6:
Managing Virtual Machines
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lesson Objectives
 Take a snapshot of a virtual machine and manage multiple snapshots
 Remove a virtual machine from the vCenter Server inventory and
completely from disk
 Describe the types of migration
 Use VMware Storage vMotion to migrate a virtual machine
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Virtual Machine Snapshots
Snapshots allow you to preserve the state of the virtual machine so
that you can return to the same state repeatedly.
For example, if you are testing software, snapshots allow you to back
out of these changes.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Taking a Snapshot
You can take a snapshot
while a virtual machine is
powered on, powered off,
or suspended.
A snapshot captures the
entire state of the virtual
machine:
 Memory state, settings
state, and disk state
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Managing Snapshots
The Snapshot
Manager lets you
review all
snapshots for the
active virtual
machine and act
on them directly:
 Revert to a
snapshot.
 Delete one
or all
snapshots.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Virtual Machine Snapshot Files
A snapshot consists of a set of files: the memory state (.vmsn), the
description file (-00000#.vmdk), and the delta file (-00000#delta.vmdk).
The snapshot list file (.vmsd) keeps track of the virtual machine’s
snapshots.
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Managing Virtual Machines with vApp
A VMware vApp:
 Is a container for one or
more virtual machines
 Can be used to package and
manage related applications
 Is an object in the vCenter
Server inventory
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vApp Characteristics
You can configure
a vApp:
 CPU and
memory
allocation
 IP allocation
policy
 Advanced
settings
You can also
configure the
virtual machine
startup and
shutdown order.
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Removing a Virtual Machine
Two ways to remove a virtual
machine:
 Remove a virtual machine from
the inventory.
 The virtual machine’s files
remain on disk.
 The virtual machine can later
be re-added to the inventory.
 Delete a virtual machine from
disk.
 The virtual machine is removed
from the inventory, and its files
are permanently deleted from
disk.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Migrating Virtual Machines
Migration – Moving a virtual machine from one host or datastore
to another. Types of migrations:
 Cold – Migrate a virtual machine that is powered off.
 Suspended – Migrate a virtual machine that is suspended.
 VMware vMotion™ – Migrate a virtual machine that is powered
on.
 Storage vMotion – Migrate a virtual machine’s files, while the
virtual machine is powered on, to a different datastore.
Concurrent migrations are possible:
 A host can be involved in up to two migrations with vMotion or
Storage vMotion at one time.
 A maximum of eight simultaneous vMotion, cloning, deployment,
or Storage vMotion accesses to a single VMFS-3 datastore is
supported.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Comparison of Migration Types
Migration
type
Cold
Suspended
VM power
state
Change
host/
datastore?
Off
Host or
datastore or
both
Suspended
Host or
datastore or
both
Across
datacenters?
Yes
Yes
Shared
storage
required?
CPU
compatibility?
No
Different CPU
families
allowed
No
Must meet
CPU
compatibility
requirements
vMotion
On
Host
No
Yes
Must meet
CPU
compatibility
requirements
Storage
vMotion
On
Datastore
No
No
N/A
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Storage vMotion
Storage vMotion allows you to:
 Perform storage maintenance
and reconfiguration
 Redistribute storage load
 Evacuate physical storage
soon to be retired
 Perform storage tiering
 Upgrade VMware ESX™/ESXi
hosts without virtual machine
downtime
Storage vMotion is
storage-type independent.
 Source and destination can be
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Storage vMotion in Action
4
5
2
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3
1
Migrating Virtual Machines
You can use the Migrate Virtual Machine wizard to perform both hot
and cold migrations.
vMotion
Storage vMotion
Function available
when virtual machine
is powered off
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Storage vMotion Guidelines and Limitations
Guidelines:
 Plan and coordinate with administrators.
 Perform during off-peak hours.
 Ensure that source host has access both to source datastores and
target datastores.
Limitations:
 Virtual machines with snapshots cannot be migrated.
 Virtual machine disks must be in persistent mode or be RDMs.
 The virtual machine must be powered off to concurrently migrate to
another host and datastore.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lab 12
 In this lab, you will perform several virtual machine management
tasks.
1. Unregister a virtual machine in the vCenter Server inventory.
2. Register a virtual machine in the vCenter Server inventory.
3. Unregister and delete virtual machines from disk.
4. Take snapshots of a virtual machine.
5. Revert to a snapshot.
6. Migrate virtual machine files with Storage vMotion.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Lesson Summary
 Take a snapshot of a virtual machine and manage multiple
snapshots
 Remove a virtual machine from the vCenter Server inventory and
completely from disk
 Describe the types of migration
 Use Storage vMotion to migrate a virtual machine
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A
Key Points
 You can use several methods to create a virtual machine. Choose the
method that best fits your needs.
 Deploying virtual machines from a template allows you to easily create
many virtual machines.
 vCenter Server provides useful features for provisioning virtual
machines, such as templates, cloning, and vCenter Converter.
VMware vSphere 4.1: Install, Configure, Manage – Revision A