Electronic Supplementary Material – Williams et al. Proc. Roy. Soc. B
Supplemental Table 1. Crustose coralline algae (CCA) cover and coralline fungal disease (CFD)
occurrence (raw counts per transect [200 m2] and number of cases per m2 of CCA) in Oct-Nov
2008, Oct-Nov 2009, and Mar 2010 on the forereef at Palmyra Atoll, central Pacific. In 2008
mean (1 SE) CCA cover and CFD occurrence is shown for each atoll region. In 2009 and 2010,
the average is shown between the two permanent transects re-surveyed within each atoll region.
Results for the backreef and reef terrace habitats are not shown, as CFD occurrence equalled zero
within all transects across all three sampling periods.
Number
transects
Area
surveyed
(m2)
CCA cover (%)
CFD mean no.
cases/transect
CFD no. cases m21
of CCA
Year
Atoll region
2008
SW
5
1000
23 (3.1)
0.4 (0.25)
0.01 (0.01)
S
5
1000
22 (1.7)
16.4 (4.0)
0.39 (0.10)
SE
5
1000
21 (1.4)
3.2 (0.86)
0.09 (0.03)
NW
5
1000
30 (3.0)
0.8 (0.58)
0.01 (0.01)
N
5
1000
26 (3.3)
2.4 (0.51)
0.05 (0.01)
NE
5
1000
19 (2.2)
2.6 (0.75)
0.07 (0.02)
Total = 30
Total = 6000
Mean = 24.0 (1.6)
Mean = 4.3 (2.5)
Mean = 0.10 (0.06)
SW
2
400
20
24.5
0.67
S
2
400
17
125.5
3.74
SE
2
400
20
26.0
0.66
NW
2
400
39
25.5
0.33
N
2
400
29
38.5
1.33
NE
2
400
19
27.5
1.49
Total = 12
Total = 2400
Mean = 23.5 (3.4)
Mean = 44.6 (16.3)
Mean = 1.37 (0.51)
SW
2
400
20
0.5
0.01
S
2
400
24
11.0
0.23
SE
2
400
23
3.5
0.08
NW
2
400
37
1.5
0.02
N
2
400
30
2.5
0.04
NE
~
~
~
~
~
Total = 10
Total = 2000
Mean = 26.8 (3.0)
Mean = 3.8 (1.9)
Mean = 0.08 (0.04)
2009
2010
Electronic Supplementary Material – Williams et al. Proc. Roy. Soc. B
Supplemental Table 2. Treatment conditions of factorial ocean acidification (OA) and warming
experiment. Averages of daily measurements, taken in the evening each day, were first
calculated for each of the four treatments across mesocosms containing CCA fragments (n = 12
aquaria each level) and empty controls (n = 2 each level); the daily means for each species and
empty aquaria were then averaged for the duration of the experiment (n = 10 days). All aquaria
were also sampled periodically throughout one day to examine diurnal variability. The
parameters were measured using the HACH handheld water quality meter. Data are mean ± SE.
DO - dissolved oxygen.
Mesocosm
Type
OA Treatment
Warming
Treatment
DO (mg L-1)
pHSW
Ambient
27.86 ± 0.16
Elevated
29.17 ± 0.25
Ambient
27.89 ± 0.12
Elevated
29.08 ± 0.24
Ambient
27.80 ± 0.15
Elevated
29.17 ± 0.24
Ambient
27.82 ± 0.14
Elevated
29.12 ± 0.25
Morning sampling (6:00 to 8:00)
7.99 ± 0.02
7.79 ± 0.04
7.74 ± 0.09
7.56 ± 0.12
8.04 ± 0.04
7.83 ± 0.06
7.64 ± 0.19
7.59 ± 0.12
8.08 ± 0.03
8.12 ± 0.03
7.86 ± 0.03
7.84 ± 0.04
8.13 ± 0.02
8.12 ± 0.02
7.84 ± 0.02
7.81 ± 0.03
Ambient
27.80 ± 0.05
Elevated
29.71 ± 0.07
Ambient
27.84 ± 0.06
Elevated
29.78 ± 0.06
Noon sampling (12:00 to 14:00)
Ambient
28.62 ± 0.05
Elevated
30.21 ± 0.09
Ambient
28.60 ± 0.09
Elevated
30.06 ± 0.16
Evening sampling (18:00 to 20:00)
8.11 ± 0.02
7.74 ± 0.04
7.82 ± 0.06
7.51 ± 0.08
8.13 ± 0.01
8.11 ± 0.01
7.87 ± 0.01
7.86 ± 0.02
8.22 ± 0.05
8.10 ± 0.13
8.37 ± 0.10
8.07 ± 0.10
8.20 ± 0.01
8.22 ± 0.01
7.83 ± 0.01
7.80 ± 0.01
7.99 ± 0.03
7.87 ± 0.02
7.20 ± 0.23
7.47 ± 0.08
8.16 ± 0.03
8.10 ± 0.02
7.86 ± 0.02
7.84 ± 0.03
7.94 ± 0.06
7.67 ± 0.02
7.01 ± 0.22
7.12 ± 0.15
8.06 ± 0.03
8.09 ± 0.02
7.78 ± 0.03
7.71 ± 0.02
Temp. (⁰C)
Full duration of experiment
Empty
control
Ambient air
High pCO2
CCA
Ambient air
High pCO2
Combined
Ambient air
High pCO2
Combined
Ambient air
High pCO2
Combined
Ambient air
High pCO2
Combined
Ambient air
High pCO2
Ambient
Elevated
Ambient
Elevated
27.55 ± 0.05
29.28 ± 0.08
27.59 ± 0.04
29.23 ± 0.07
Night sampling (24:00 to 2:00)
Ambient
Elevated
Ambient
Elevated
27.49 ± 0.09
29.23 ± 0.03
27.69 ± 0.01
29.16 ± 0.03
Electronic Supplementary Material – Williams et al. Proc. Roy. Soc. B
Supplemental Table 3. A summary of seawater (SW) chemistry at 20 ⁰C: salinity, total alkalinity (AT µmol/kg), pHSW, Ω (-calcite, aragonite, and -13% mole fraction Mg calcite, a conservative estimate for this genus of CCA[1]), and inorganic carbon content (all
carbon species expressed as µmol/kg) in the control (400 µatm) and experimental (1100 µatm) treatments. The values for pHSW, CO2
(µatm), pCO2, HCO3-, CO32-, Ω-calcite, and Ω-aragonite were calculated from measured values of total carbon (CT) and total
alkalinity (AT) by the computer program Seacarb [2, 3]. Data are means (SE), n = 12 per treatment.
Treatment
Salinity
AT
CT
pHSW
HCO3-
CO3-2
CO2
pCO2
Ωcalcite
Ωaragonite
Ω-13%
Mg calcite
Ambient
35.2
(0.1)
2197
(33)
1974
(27)
7.98
(0.03)
1800
(25)
160
(9)
14.7
(1.1)
456
(33)
3.8
(0.2)
2.5
(0.1)
1.0
(0.1)
Elevated pCO2
35.2
(0.1)
2269
(18)
2180
(15)
7.64
(0.03)
2059
(15)
85
(5)
36.3
(2.8)
1124
(88)
2.0
(0.1)
1.3
(0.1)
0.6
(0.0)
Elevated
Temp.
35.1
(0.1)
2247
(20)
2004
(29)
8.01
(0.03)
1816
(35)
174
(10)
13.9
(1.4)
431
(38)
4.2
(0.2)
2.7
(0.2)
1.1
(0.1)
Elevated pCO2
& Temp.
35.2
(0.1)
2275
(11)
2188
(20)
7.64
(0.03)
2065
(21)
85
(6)
37.0
(3.2)
1146
(100)
2.0
(0.1)
1.3
(0.1)
0.6
(0.0)
Electronic Supplementary Material – Williams et al. Proc. Roy. Soc. B
Supplemental Table 4. In situ CFD lesion vital rates during the 2009-2010 El Niño event at
Palmyra Atoll. Rates obtained from 13 CFD cases followed over time on Palmyra’s south
forereef at 10 m depth. Each successive time point represents six days.
CFD lesion vital rate
Time
point
Mean
SE
Min
Max
Surface area (mm2)
0
1
2
3
4
108
136
119
93
80
25
23
29
29
28
28
31
0
0
0
262
325
311
334
310
Surface area progression rate (mm2 day-1)
0
1
2
3
4
*
3.5
-2.8
-3.7
-4.5
*
2.3
2.8
2.5
2.9
*
-15.5
-24.7
-17.7
-20.7
*
12.9
9.5
5.4
6.3
Linear progression rate (mm day-1)
0
1
2
3
4
*
2.4
0.9
1.1
1.2
*
0.5
0.2
0.3
0.3
*
0.9
0
0
0
*
6.5
2.4
3.0
3.0
Electronic Supplementary Material – Williams et al. Proc. Roy. Soc. B
Supplemental Figure 1. Mean hourly temperature (°C) and photosynthetically active radiation
(PAR) for the duration of the 10-day experiment in each of the four experimental seawater
tables; solid lines are ambient conditions and dashed lines are warmed water baths.
Electronic Supplementary Material – Williams et al. Proc. Roy. Soc. B
Supplemental Figure 2. Phylogram of the 18S rRNA sequenced fungal isolates associated with
coralline fungal disease (CFD) from Palmyra Atoll along with the out-group species Rhodotorula
acheniorium with branch support from neighbour-joining values based on 1000 bootstrap
pseudoreplicates. Scale bar = 0.01 substitutions per site. National Center for Biotechnology
Information (NCBI) accession numbers are shown in brackets.
Electronic Supplementary Material – Williams et al. Proc. Roy. Soc. B
Supplemental Figure 3. Example of coralline fungal disease (CFD) progression through time
during the 2009-2010 El Niño at 10 m on Palmyra Atoll’s south forereef. White arrow indicates
static point. Note that the fungus crosses between CCA crusts and onto the fleshy alga
Electronic Supplementary Material – Williams et al. Proc. Roy. Soc. B
Lobophora variegata but does not spread to hard coral tissue. Across the entire four-week
observation period, the maximum surface area progression rate and linear progression rate of any
single CFD lesion was 12.9 mm2 day-1 and 6.5 mm day-1, respectively. Black bar = 3 cm.
REFERENCES
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2.
Lavigne H., Gattuso J.P. 2011 seacarb: seawater carbonate chemistry with R. (R package
version 2.4 ed, http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=seacarb.
3.
Lueker T.J., Dickson A.G., Keeling C.D. 2000 Ocean pCO2 calculated from dissolved
inorganic carbon, alkalinity, and equations for K-1 and K-2: validation based on laboratory
measurements of CO2 in gas and seawater at equilibrium. Mar Chem 70(1-3), 105-119.
(doi:10.1016/s0304-4203(00)00022-0).