Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________
Period: ___
Honors Biology Spring Semester Final Review Guide 2016
**This is due, completed, on block day May 19. It is worth 55 points.**
Helpful Information:
1. Test is about 56 multiple choice questions. Be ready with pencil on the day of the test.
2. Topics that will be covered: History of Life, The theory of evolution, Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration ,
Populations . Ecosystems, Biologic Communities, Classification , Kingdoms, Human Body systems
3. Study ALL lab book pages and review ALL handouts/labs!
4. You will be allowed to have one index card for use on your final exam. It must be no larger than a 4”x6” index
card. It can have writing on both sides. Information on the card must be hand written and cannot be typed. It will
be collected at the end of the exam.
5. Recommended vocabulary is below. You DO NOT need to define all vocabulary words as part of this assignment.
Scientific Method
Qualitative
Quantitative
Inference
Observation
Hypothesis
Prediction
Biology
Metabolism
Homeostasis
Heredity
Mutation
History of Life
adaptation
arthropod
extinction
fossil
gradualism
half-life
mass extinction
microsphere
natural selection
population
punctual equilibrium
radio isotope
radiometric dating
reproductive isolation
vertebrate
Evolution
archaebacteria
continental drift
cyanobacteria
divergence
endosymbiosis
eubacteria
homologous structure
mutualism
mycorrhizae
paleontologist
protist
speciation
subspecies
vestigial structure
Photo and CR
Anaerobic respiration
Cellular respiration
Fermentation
Glycolysis
Lactic acid fermentation
ATP
ADP
Krebs cycle
Aerobic respiration
Election transport
Mitochondria
Biochemical pathway
Carotenoid
Chlorophyll
Light reaction
Photosynthesis
Pigment
Stroma
Populations, Ecosystems
and Communities
Ecology
Community
Habitat
Ecosystem
Population
Producer
Consumer
Trophic level
Food chain
Food web
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Decomposer
Primary productivity
Biomass
Evaporation
Transpiration
Ground water
Respiration
Combustion
Erosion
Fossil fuel
Nitrogen fixation
Classification
Binomial nomenclature
Genus
Family
Order
Class
Phylum
Kingdom
Domain
Body Systems
Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Vena Cava
Aorta
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Vein
Septum
Bicuspid Valve
Tricuspid Valve
Salivary glandsEpiglottisEsophagusStomachSmall IntestineLarge IntestineLiverGallbladderPancreas
left bronchus
trachea
nasal passage
oral passage
bronchioles
lung
pharynx
alveoli
larynx
diaphragm
right bronchus
Kidney
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
Bowman’s capsule
Glomerulus
Loop of Henle
Cortex
Medulla
Calyces
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Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________
Period: ___
1. What is the definition of the Theory of Evolution?
a. The theory that all living things descended from a common ancestor.
2. The finches Darwin studied differed in the shape of their beaks. What did Darwin infer from this
observation?
a. They adapted to fit their environment, they came from a common ancestor.
3. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, which individuals tend to survive?
a. The organisms with traits that are better suited to the environment will survive.
4. What is Lamark’s theory of evolution?
a. Traits are passed on based on use and disuse. Ex. Muscle men
5. If fruit fly wings were clipped short what would their offspring look like according to Lamark?
a. Offspring would have short wings
6. Why are modern day insecticides and antibacterial products no longer working? (hint think about the lab we did)
a. Insects and bacteria are becoming resistant to the modern day products
7. Natural resources on Earth are limited, therefore what must organisms do to survive?
a. Compete for resources
8. What are the 4 tenets of natural selection? Why is each one necessary?
a. Genetic Variation: Variety of traits exist. These variations are called alleles. Example: blue eyes, brown
eyes.
b. Overproduction of offspring: Organisms produce more offspring than can survive
c. Struggle for existence (Survival of the fittest): Organisms compete over resources to survive and
reproduce. Organisms best suit for environment survive to pass on genes.
d. Differential survival & reproduction: over time, traits of successful reproducers become more common
9. What are homologous structures?
a. Structures that look similar but have different functions (ex. Human arm and bat wing)
10. What are vestigial structures?
a. Structures that were once used by an ancestor but are no longer needed in modern organisms. Ex. Leg
bones in dolphins and tailbones in humans
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Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________
Period: ___
11. What do similar genetic sequences between different species suggest?
a. That they had a common ancestor
12. What is an embryological comparison?
a. young embryos look similar
13. What is acclimation?
a. Over the course of one life time, organisms change to suit their environment.
14. What is adaptation?
a. Over generations populations change to suit their environment.
15. What is the difference between acclimation and adaptation?
a. Adaptation develops over thousands of years.
16. What is divergence in relation to evolution?
a. When a population becomes separated by the environment and becomes 2 new populations with
differing genetics.
17.
In the above diagram what are the pictures of shells called?
Fossils
In the above diagram, which organisms are the simplest? Which are the most complex?
Simple- A and 1
Complex- D and 4
In the above diagram, which layer is the oldest? Which is the youngest?
Oldest- A and 1
Youngest- D and 4
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Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________
Period: ___
18. What is a cladogram?
a. Diagram showing the shared anatomical features of organisms
Cladogram
Rhesus Monkey
Snapping
Turtle
Kangaroo
Bullfrog
Placenta
Tuna
Human
Foramen magnum
forward + short canine
teeth
Mammary glands
Lamprey
Amnion
Paired legs
Paired appendage + spinal column
Dorsal Nerve cord + notochord
19. What information can you learn from a cladogram?
a. What characteristics organisms have in common.
Based on the cladogram, what do the Snapping Turtle and Monkey have in common?
Amnion, paired legs, paired appendages
Based on the cladogram, which organisms have mammary glands?
Kangaroo, monkey, and human
20. Define each of the following Hardy-Weinberg assumptions
a. Selection- there is often selection against homozygous recessive traits
b. Heterozygote advantage- heterozygous traits tend to be advantageous
c. Genetic drift- unfavorable traits are randomly lost in populations
d. Ideal population- will be one that is average size with a variety of traits
21. A population of 1000 individuals has 200 who show a homozygous recessive phenotype. 800 express
the dominant phenotype. What is the frequency of the homozygous dominant individual in this
population?
a. P= 0.56
b. P^2= 0.36
c. 2pq= 0.49
d. Q= 0.44
e. Q^2= 0.2
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Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________
Period: ___
22. Define the following terms
a.
b.
c.
d.
Divergent evolution- when one population splits to become less like each other
Convergent evolution- when two populations evolve to become more and more similar to each other
Vestigial structures- structures that were once necessary for an ancestor but no longer needed
Conserved genotype- a gene that is essentially unchanged throughout time
23. What is the process where plants capture sun energy and make complex molecules?
a. Photosynthesis
24. Why is chlorophyll green?
a. It absorbs all colors of light except green. Green is reflected
25. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
a. 6CO2 + 6H20 + light energy  C6H12O6 + 6O2
26. What is the equation for cellular respiration?
a. C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
27. Where does photosynthesis occur?
a. Chloroplast
28. Where does cellular respiration occur?
a. Mitochondria
Rate of photosynthesis
Rate of photosynthesis
Rate of photosynthesis
29.
A
B
Which graph(s) would represent the effect of temperature on photosynthesis? C
C
Which graph(s) would represent the effect of sunlight on photosynthesis? A or B
Which graph(s) would represent the effect of carbon dioxide on photosynthesis? A or B
30. What products of photosynthesis are used in cellular respiration?
a. Oxygen and Glucose
31. Which organisms perform cellular respiration?
a. All plants and animals
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Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________
Period: ___
32. In order for aerobic respiration to happen what molecule must be present?
a. Oxygen
The diagram below represents part of a life process in a leaf chloroplast.
33. If the process illustrated in the diagram is interrupted by a chemical at point X, there would be an
immediate effect on the release of which molecule? Oxygen
34. How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis almost opposite processes?
a. The products of one are the reactants of the other
35. In Central America there is a tree called bullhorn acacia (Acacia cornigera) that provides both food and
shelter to a certain species of ants (Pseudomyrmax ferruginea). The ants live within the tree without
causing it harm. In fact, the ants protect the tree by vigorously attacking and stinging other animals that
try to eat it. This relationship is an example of mutualism
In the diagram Label the process for each Q, R, S and T.
Q- Precipitation
R- Runoff
S- Evaporation
T- Condensation
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Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________
Period: ___
36. Which process is the following diagram representing? Carbon Cycle
Which processes will remove carbon from the atmosphere? Photosynthesis
Which processes will put carbon into the atmosphere? Respiration, decomposition, combustion
37. How does clear cutting a forest affect the carbon cycle?
a. It removes trees that can take carbon from the atmosphere
38. What are the processes of the nitrogen cycle?
a. Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, ammonification, denitrofication,
assimilation
39. What is the source of ALL energy in a terrestrial ecosystem?
a. Sunlight
40. Which organisms in the food web are producers?
a. The plants
41. Which organisms in the food web are primary consumers?
a. Grasshopper, squirrel, mouse, rabbit
42. Which organisms in the food web are secondary consumers?
a. Mouse, frog, fox, snake
43. Which best describes what happens to the nutrients in an organism’s body when it dies?
a. They are broken down by decomposers
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Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________
Period: ___
44. Write an example of a simple food chain.
a. Sun  Plants  bugs  birds
45. How much energy is transferred from one trophic
level to the next?
1. 10%
46. Why are plants the first trophic level?
a. Because they produce their own food. They are autotrophic.
47. Frogs rely on grasshoppers as a food source. Grasshoppers eat plants. What would happen to the frogs if
the grasshoppers plant source was killed off? Sketch a food chain of this situation and describe the
effects of the situation.
a. Plants  grasshoppers  frogs
b. If the plants were killed off, grasshoppers would die and the frogs would die
48. What is carrying capacity?
a. The number of organisms that can be supported in an environment, based on the available
resources (food and water)
49. What would happen to a population if it exceeded (went over) carrying capacity? Explain.
a. The population would go down or die because of the lack of resources (food and water)
50. Describe two ways a population can increase in size.
a. Birth rate goes up, death rate goes down
b. Immigration goes up, emigration goes down
51. Describe two ways a population can decrease in size
a. Birth rate goes down, death rate goes up
b. Immigration goes down, emigration goes up
52. Place the following in order of ecological organization:
community, ecosystem, organism, population, biosphere
organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
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Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________
Kenya
U.S.A
Period: ___
Germany
Use the graph provided to answer the following 3 questions:
53. Explain what the graph is representing.
a.
Male and female populations in Kenya, USA and Germany
54. In 40 years in Germany, what profession will be in high demand? How do you know?
a. Nursing home care.
b. There is a large amount of middle aged people who will be 70 years old in 40 yrs.
55. Which country will the population expect to increase drastically in the future?
a. Kenya
Use the following image to the right to answer the next question:
56. Explain the role of the following organisms
in this food web. Explain the prey and predators
for each and also whether they are producers or
level of consumer.
a. Penguin- predator of krill, prey of killer whale
b. consumer
c. Seal- predator of cod and squid, prey of killer whale
d. consumer
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Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________
Period: ___
57. What is the original source of energy in this web?
a.
Sunlight
58. What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? Provide an example of an organism for
each.
a. Autotroph- produces its own food (plants)
b. Heterotroph- gets food by consuming (animals)
59. Explain the following type of relationships:
a. Commensalism: relationship where one organism benefits and the other is not harmed or benefited
b. Mutualism: relationship where both organisms benefit
c. Parasitism: relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed
Level 3
Level 2
Level 1
Use the above food web pyramid
60. If plants obtain 100% of their energy from the sun, and 10% of that energy is transferred to the
herbivores, how much energy is available at that trophic level (Level 3)?
a. 1%
61. Which organisms make up the Level 1?
a. Plants
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Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________
Period: ___
Use the following graph for the next two questions.
Bacteria Culture incubated at 22 degrees C
Number of Organisms in Microscope
field of view
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Day
62. Why did the population level off after Day 3?
a. It reached the carrying capacity
63. What is the maximum number of individuals that can be maintained in this population?
a. Approximately 225
64. The bacteria population above does not have any predators. What would you expect would happen to
the population if a predator were introduced at Day 4?
a. The population would begin to decrease
65. What is the correct pathway of liquid waste produced in humans?
Renal artery  glomerulus tubule loop of henle  collecting duct  Ureters Bladder 
Urethera
66. What is the correct pathway of carbon dioxide leaving the lungs?
Pulmonary artery  alveoli  bronchioles  bronchi  trachea  pharynx  nose
67. What is the function of the tympanic membrane in a frog?
a. It detects sound
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Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________
Period: ___
68. How is the heart of a frog different from the heart of a pig?
a. The frog has a 3 chamber heart and the pig has a 4 chamber heart
69. How does a worm exchange gas?
a. Direct exchange through diffusion
70. What types of circulatory system would you find in a worm?
a. Closed circulatory
71. An animal that consumes plant material primarily for food probably would have what digestive tract
modifications?
a.
The digestive track would be longer than a carnivore
72. What is the function of a kidney?
a.
Filters the blood of waste
73. What modifications to the loop of Henle would be most likely seen in a desert animal?
a. Since the loop of Henle is used for absorption of water, a desert animal would have a longer loop
to allow for more absorption of water.
74. What are alveoli?
a. Small air sacs where gas exchange
75. In the heart, why is the left ventricle larger than the right ventricle?
a. It is responsible for pumping blood to the entire body
76. The fact that the small intestine has an inner surface with many folds and is supplied with a rich supply
of blood suggests that an important function of the small intestine is to do what?
a. Absorb nutrients
77. What is peristalsis?
a. Involuntary muscle contraction contractions of the esophagus moving food down to the stomach
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Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________
Period: ___
Label
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Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________
Period: ___
78. What structure carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
a. Pulmonary artery
79. How does inhalation and exhalation happen?
a.
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Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________
Period: ___
Label
1. Teeth
2. Epiglottis
3. Liver
4. Gall Bladder
5. Bile Duct
6. Large Intestine
7. Appendix
8. Salivary gland
9. Tongue
10. Esophagus
11. Stomach
12. Duodenum
13. Pancreas
14. Small intestine
15. Rectum
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