Chapter 5
Contingency
Leadership
Theories
©Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning
Summary of Lecture 12
Differences between behavioral and contingency leadership
theories.
Prescriptive and Descriptive leadership models
Contingency leadership variables and styles.
Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning
Learning Objectives
Leadership continuum model
House Path-goal leadership model
The Normative Decision Model
Substitutes for leadership variables
Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning
2 The Leadership Continuum
Model
Used to determine which one of seven
styles to select based on one’s use of
boss-centered versus subordinate centered
leadership to meet the situation.
Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning
Boss centered
Job centered
Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s
Leadership Continuum Model
Autocratic
1.
Leader
makes
decision
and
announces
it to
employees
without
discussion
2.
Leader
makes a
decision
and sells
it to
employees
Subordinate
centered
employee centered
Participative
3.
Leader
presents
ideas and
invites
employee
questions
5.
4.
6.
Leader
Leader
Leader
presents presents
defines
tentative problem,
limits and
decision gets
asks
subject to suggestions,employees
and makes to make a
change
decision
decision
Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning
7.
Leader
permits
employees
to make
ongoing
decisions
within
defined
limits
Weakness in Leadership Continuum
Model
- Factors used to select leadership style are
subjective
- Choosing which style to use and when is
difficult using this model
-
Whereas normative models suggest which
leadership style to use in given situation
Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning
Path-Goal Leadership
Model
Used to select the leadership style that is
appropriate to the situation to maximize
performance and job satisfaction.
Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning
House Path-Goal Leadership Model
Situational
Factors
Subordinate
•authoritative
•locus of control
•ability
Leadership
Styles
Directive
Supportive
Participative
Achievement-oriented
Environment
•task structure
•Formal authority
•work group
Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning
Goal
Achievement
Performance
Satisfaction
House Path-Goal Leadership
Model
Motivation increases by:
»Clarifying the path to rewards
»Working with followers to identify and teach
them behaviors which will result in the
rewards
Increasing rewards that are valued and
wanted by followers
Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning
Recommendation for Leadership Effectiveness Based on
Path-Goal Theory
Know that your role is to remove obstacles
Practice both structuring and consideration
behaviors
Understand subordinates’ perceptions of the
degree of task clarity
Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning
Recommendation for Leadership Effectiveness Based on
Path-Goal Theory
- Be aware of subordinates’ needs for
challenge and autonomy
- Provide subordinates with clear task
guidance if the task is ambiguous and
they need structure
- Provide minimum guidance for
subordinates who need to be challenged
even in unstructured tasks
- Be supportive and understanding when
the task is routine and boring
Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning
What is Normative Decision Model?
Focus on matching leader decision making style and
situational requirements
Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning
Normative Leadership Theory and Model
The normative leadership model has a time driven and
development driven decisions tree hat enables the
leader to select one of the five leadership styles
appropriate for the situation to maximize the decisions
It is called normative model because it follows set of
questions in sequence to answer which leadership
style is best in given situation
Normative Decision Model
Time Driven Model
Focus: Effective decision at minimum cost. Time is costly
Value: on time
Orientation: Short term horizon
Development Driven Model
Focus: Effective decision with development of followers.
Value: Follower development
Orientation: long term horizon
Normative Leadership Model variables
Also See exhibit 5.9, p. 157
And exhibit 5.10, p. 158
Leader
3. Leader expertise
Followers
Development driven decision
Model
2. Importance of commitment
4 likelihood of commitment
5 group support for objectives
6 group expertise
7 team competence
Leadership
styles
Decide
Consult individually
Consult group
Facilitate
Delegate
Situation
Time driven
decision model
1. Decision
significance
Name of Two same leadership behaviors and comparison
of behavioral and contingency theories
Leadership and
behavior/style
Number of
leadership
styles
University of Iowa
Autocratic
Democratic
2
University of Michigan
Job centered
Employee
centered
2
Ohi State University
Structure
Consideration
4
Leadership Grid
Concern for
people
Concern for
production
5
Contingency Model
Task
Relationship
2
Leadership Continuum
Boss centered Subordinate
centered
7
Path goal model
Directive
Supportive
4
Normative Model
Autocratic
Group
5
Behavioral Theories
Contingency Theories
Substitutes for Leadership
Variables Within the Contingency
Leadership Framework Variables
Followers
Leader
Subordinates
None
Situation
Task
Organization
Steven Kerr and John Jermier argue that at time certain situational factors
limit leader to affect follower behavior and attitude
Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning
Are You Able to Change Your
Leadership Style?
Are you high in openness to new
experiences?
Are you open to using different leadership
styles?
Some leaders are not able to adopt styles that
require them to act in contradiction to their
personalities
Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning
Discussion Questions
Discussion Question 1: Identify weaknesses in leadership
continuum model ?
Discussion Question 2: What are situational variables in
House Path Goal Theory?
Discussion Question 3: Do you agree that some factors in
environment act as substitute of leadership?
Discussion Question 4: Can leader change his leadership
style?
Summary
Leadership continuum model
House Path-goal leadership model
The Normative Decision Model
Substitutes for leadership variables
Lussier, R. and Achau, C. (2007): Effective Leadership, 3rd Edition, South-Western, Cangage Learning