A project implemented by
in Consortium with
REGIONAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY
STAKEHOLDERS WORKSHOP
COMESA/SADC
–
EE Possibilities and Perspectives
Presentation by Luc Kevo Tossou
Energy Efficiency Workshop: SADC - COMESA
Namibia, 11- 12 November 2015
This project is
funded by the
European Union
Agenda
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Key Issues on Power Demand
Key Issues on Power Supply
Response to the Key Issues
Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand
Side
Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the supply side
Energy Efficiency Potential
Barriers to Energy Efficiency in Africa
Options to remove barriers to EE
Conclusion
Key Issues on Power Demand
• Electricity demand in Africa is constrained by availability of
supply. Total electricity demand in 2012, 605 TWh
Source: Africa Energy Outlook, 2014
Demand in Sub Saharan Africa was 352 TWh in 2012, just 70% of the level of
Korea, which has a population 5% of the size
Key Issues on Power Demand (Continued)
• Population without Access to Electricity
Key Issues on Power Supply
• Insufficient generation capacity - Grid-based power generation
capacity in sub-Saharan Africa has increased from around 68 GW
in 2000 to 90 GW in 2012, with South Africa alone accounting for
about half of the total (WEO, 2014)
• Poor reliability
many firms operate their own diesel
generators at two to three times the cost with attendant
environmental costs
Source: Africa Energy Outlook, 2014
Key Issues on Power Supply
(Continued)
• Transmission and distribution losses estimated at 19%
(SADC), 21 to 25% (ECOWAS), well above global average
(8%)
Source: SADC RE and EE Status Report, 2015
Key Issues on Power Supply
• Power Generation: Power plants
in sub-Saharan Africa consists
largely of technologies with the
lowest efficiencies, often favored
due to their lower upfront capital
costs.
• Average efficiency of the fleet of
gas-fired power plants was 38%
in 2012, due to the predominance
of open-cycle gas turbines
(instead of higher efficiency
combined-cycle gas turbines)
• Average efficiency of gas-fired
power plants in India (46%)
• Unused fuel could have generated
8 TWh (21%) more electricity
(WEO 2014).
(Continued)
Source:
http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2012/07/25/mozambique-willhave-three-more-natural-gas-fired-power-plants/
Response to the key Issues
Energy
Efficiency as
an essential
tool to meet
the
continent
energy
supply
challenge
• Dissemination of CFLs (Replacement of
incandescent bulbs with CFLs)
• Energy saving awareness
• Promotion of energy efficient households
appliances (ACs and Refrigerators) through
MEPS and energy labeling programs
• Solar water heating
• Energy audits
• Power factor correction
• Promotion of efficient cooking stoves
In spite of these efforts, numerous challenges persist
Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side
• There are numerous other possibilities for improving
energy efficiency on the demand and supply sides.
• Demand Side
• Lighting
65% of all end use
global electricity
consumption
• Electric Motors
• Cook stoves
• Transport
• Others
Supply Side
• Transmission and distribution
Source: OECD/IEA, 2011
Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side Lighting
• Energy Efficient Light Bulbs
Light Output
(lumens)
Light
Incandescent
Emitting
Light Bulbs
Diodes
(Watt)
(LEDs) - Watt
Compact
Fluorescents
(CFLs) - Watt
450
4-5
40
9 - 13
800
6-8
60
13 - 15
1100
9 - 13
75
18 - 25
1600
16 - 20
100
23 – 30
2600
25 - 28
150
30 - 55
Source: Compilation
Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side –
Lighting (Continued)
•
Energy Efficient Light Bulbs use less power (watts) per unit of light
generated (lumens) and help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from
power plants and lower electric bills
Energy Efficiency
and Energy Cost
Light Emitting
Diodes (LEDs)
Incandescent Li
ght Bulbs
Compact
Fluorescents
(CFLs)
50,000 hours
1,200 hours
8,000 hours
6-8
60
13 - 15
kWh of electricity used
(8 hours per day)
21 kWh/year
175 KWh/year
41 KWh/year
Annual operating costs
at $0,07 per kWh
$1.5/year
$12/year
$3/year
Energy Saving Potential
90% (replacing
an IL by a LED)
-
77% (replacing an IL
by a CFL)
Life Span (average)
Watts of electricity used
LEDs have less negative environmental impacts than incandescent bulbs and
a slight edge over CFLs (DOE study)
Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side –
Lighting (Continued)
• Control technology upgrades for lighting systems –
Installing occupancy sensors
Application
Energy Savings
Offices (Private)
25-50%
Offices (Open Spaces)
20-25%
Rest Rooms
30-75%
Corridors
30-40%
Storage areas
45-65%
Meeting Rooms
45-65%
Conference Rooms
45-65%
Warehouses
50-75%
Source: Energy Management Handbook, 7th Edition, p.333
Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side Motors
•
Motors are widely used across all sectors and consume a significant part of
the electricity in the industry and tertiary sectors
Source: EU SAVE II Survey, 2000
Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the
Demand Side - Motors
• Application of Energy Efficient Motors
Reduce energy
consumption
Application of Energy
Efficient Motors
Contribute
to reduced
demand
Save energy in the
cables and
transformers that
feed the motor
Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side Motors
• Application of variable speed drive
Source: EU SAVE II Survey, 2000
Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side Motors
• Example: Improving a pumping system efficiency (VSD + HEM)
Source: UNIDO, 2011
Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side Motors
• Adopt best practices in motor rewind/repair
Motor Description
Efficiency
before
Rewind
200 hp, 60 Hz, 4 poles
95.7%
150 hp, 60 Hz, 2 poles
95.9%
110 kW, 50 Hz, 4 poles
75 kW, 50 Hz, 4 poles
5.5 kW, 50 Hz, 4 poles
5.5 kW, 50 Hz, 4 poles
94.8%
93.0%
86.7%
83.2%
* Each of the percent changes is relative to the "before rewind" efficiency
Source: CLASP, 2014
Efficiency
after Rewind
Efficiency Change*
Comments
95.1%
-0.6%
1st rewind
95.6%
95.9%
95.9%
-0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
2nd rewind
1st rewind
2nd rewind
95.8%
94.6%
-0.1%
-0.2%
3rd rewind
1st rewind
94.6%
-0.2%
2nd rewind
93.6%
0.6%
1st rewind
93.6%
0.6%
2nd rewind
93.7%
0.7%
3rd rewind
0.2%
Five burnouts at 360°C,
one rewind only
0.8%
Five burnouts at 360°C,
one rewind only
86.9%
84.0%
Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side –
Biomass Cooking Stove
• Biomass cooking stoves use biomass (wood,
agricultural residuals etc.) to produce heat
for cooking
• Three-stone fire is very common in most
(not only inefficient but also pollute the
indoor air affecting the health of the
householders)
Source: http://www.abcdreams.org.uk/
• According to the WHO, up to 1.5 million
people die each year as a result of indoor
air pollution
Improving the traditional three stone stoves will not only save
energy, time, and money but also reduce indoor air pollution
Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side –
Biomass Cooking Stove
Improve traditional Biomass cooking stoves
Source: http://www.bigee.net/media/filer_public/2014/03/17/appliance__residential_cookingstoves__user_savings__20140220__8.pdf
Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side –
Transport
• Fuel efficient tyres
• Fuel economy of
light-duty vehicles
• Fuel economy of
heavy-duty vehicles
• Eco-driving
(Improvements in
driving techniques)
Source: http://adefemiadesida.blogspot.ca/2014_11_11_archive.html
Energy Efficiency Possibilities on the Demand Side Others
• Improvement of thermal performance of
building envelop
• Energy efficient boilers
• Waste heat recovery
• Energy management systems
Energy Efficiency Possibilities on
the Supply Side – T&D
• 1. Use of energy efficient
distribution transformers:
They
are among the most ubiquitous and the most
standardized pieces of electrical equipment,
and for that reason make a prime target for
improvements that can then be propagated
across large areas.
• 2. Use of High-Voltage Direct
Current (HVDC) for long distance
transmission
Energy Efficiency Potential (SADC)
Projected demand reduction in MW under the SAPP DSM program 2012 - 2018
Source: SADC RE and EE Status Report, 2015
Energy Efficiency Potential (SADC) -
Continued
Saving potential for energy-efficient refrigerators, air conditioners and distribution
transformers in SADC Countries
Source: SADC RE and EE Status Report, 2015
Energy Efficiency Potential (Global)
According to the IEA, two-thirds of the economic potential to
improve energy efficiency remains untapped in the period to
2035
Source: World Energy Outlook, 2014
What is blocking application of and investments in
Energy Efficiency in Africa?
• Energy‐efficiency potentials are not being realised, even when they are
economically cost‐effective. Numerous barriers impede their adoption
and rapid market diffusion
• Lack of information on energy efficiency among consumers and the
financial sector, leading to cost-effective energy-efficiency
measures opportunities being missed
• Limited know how of policy makers
• Lack of technical capacity to develop and implement energy
efficiency projects
• Subsidised energy prices
• Organizational and institutional gaps and overlaps
• Limited access to capital may prevent energy-efficiency measures
from being implemented
• Inertia: individuals who are opponents to change within an
organisation may result in overlooking energy-efficiency measures
that are cost-effective
Policy interventions are required to overcome such barriers
Options to Remove Barriers to Energy Efficiency
• Removing barriers to energy efficiency require
different measures
• Minimum energy performance standards (MESP) and
labeling
• Awareness-raising efforts
• Economic incentives
• Energy efficiency programmes and capacity building
• Energy service companies
• Energy Management systems
Evaluation and impacts assessment are important
Conclusion
• More measures need to be adopted and implemented to
improve energy efficiency on the continent
• A large part of the potential is untapped as most countries
relay on old and inefficient technologies (often acquired
second-hand)
• The residential, service and industry sectors use more than
80% of the energy in African countries, making these
sectors an obvious focus to implement measures to
improve efficiency on the demand side
• Energy efficiency measures are also needed in the
transmission and distribution system due to high technical
and non-technical losses therein.
•
Thank you for your attention!
Luc Kevo Tossou
Energy Efficiency Expert
A project implemented by
in Consortium with
This project is funded by
the European Union