Communities That Care®
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This project has been funded under the Victorian Government’s Community Crime Prevention Program. This project has been funded under the Victorian Government’s Community Crime Prevention Program. Produced by Brophy Family and Youth Services for Communities That Care Warrnambool. Version 2 June 2016. Minor changes made since version 1 published Feb 2016. Prepared by Cameron Price Communities That Care Coordinator Brophy Family and Youth Services [email protected] Suggested citation Price, C. (2016) Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan to improve the healthy development of children and young people. Warrnambool: Brophy Family and Youth Services. © Brophy Family and Youth Services This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Acknowledgements The primary source for the Youth Survey results is Hall, J., Smith, R., & Toumbourou, J. (2015). 2015 Communities That Care Profile Report: Warrnambool. Geelong: Deakin University. I would like to acknowledge the authors of that report: Jessica Hall, Research Fellow, Deakin University, Rachel Smith, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, and Professor John Toumbourou, Chair in Health Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University. I would particularly like to thank Jessica Hall for her role in administering the Youth Survey and Heidi Cooney for her assistance. Essential to the success of Communities That Care Warrnambool has been the expert advice of Dr Bosco Rowland, Alfred Deakin Post-­‐Doctoral Fellow with the School of Psychology, Deakin University, Associate Professor in Epidemiology Jo Williams, School of Health & Social Development, Deakin University, and Professor John Toumbourou, Chair in Health Psychology, Faculty of Health, Deakin University. Thank you to Amber Osborn, Deborah Wagner and Tina Hosseini, Community Relations Officers with Communities That Care Ltd (Australia), for responding patiently to my relentless questions. I would like to acknowledge the service of the CTC Key Leaders and the members of the Beyond The Bell Warrnambool Local Action Group, which functions as the Communities That Care Warrnambool Board. Your guidance, strategic advice, connections and advocacy have been of great value. The quality of decision making in the selection of priority risk and protective factors, subsequent decisions around the selection of programs and ultimately the effectiveness with which our prevention effort will curtail adolescent health and behaviour problems is largely underpinned by the efforts of the CTC volunteer team and Brophy staff that supervised Youth Survey sessions. Thank you for your contribution. You have played a significant role in improving the lives and welfare of many young people in Warrnambool, their families and the community as a whole. Thank you to those participating in the Data Working Group for grappling with complex information to distil it down to a short list of priority factors to focus the prevention efforts in Warrnambool. Thanks also to those participating in the Resource Assessment and Evaluation Working Group who assisted with reviewing existing programs and assessing gaps. Thank you to Nicola Coffey for your assistance in developing this Community Profile and Action Plan. Thank you to Kathy Sanderson, Francis Broekman and Leeona Van Duynhoven from Brophy Family and Youth Services for your supervision, support and guidance. Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan Page 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Communities That Care .................................................................................................................................................... 6 Risk and Protective Factors .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Social Development Strategy ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Understanding Local Needs .......................................................................................................................................... 9 CTC Youth Survey ......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Evidence-­‐based Programs ............................................................................................................................................ 9 Youth Survey Results ...................................................................................................................................................... 10 Health and Behavioural Problems .................................................................................................................................. 11 Substance Abuse ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 Antisocial Behaviour ................................................................................................................................................... 12 Depression / Anxiety .................................................................................................................................................. 13 Risk Factors .................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Community Risk Factors ............................................................................................................................................. 14 Family Risk Factors ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 School Risk Factors ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 Peer / Individual Risk Factors ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Risk Factors Incline with Age ...................................................................................................................................... 20 Risk Factors by Domain .............................................................................................................................................. 20 Protective Factors .......................................................................................................................................................... 20 Community Protective Factors ................................................................................................................................... 20 Family Protective Factors ........................................................................................................................................... 21 School Protective Factors ........................................................................................................................................... 22 Peer/Individual Protective Factors ............................................................................................................................. 23 Protective Factors Decline with Age ........................................................................................................................... 25 Protective Factors by Domain .................................................................................................................................... 25 Principles Influencing the Selection of Priority Factors .................................................................................................. 26 Malleability ................................................................................................................................................................. 26 Domains ..................................................................................................................................................................... 26 Number of Priority Factors ......................................................................................................................................... 26 Risk vs Protective Factors ........................................................................................................................................... 26 Prevalence .................................................................................................................................................................. 27 Recommendations in the Youth Survey Report ......................................................................................................... 27 Relative Prevalence of Factors ....................................................................................................................................... 27 Selection of Priority Risk and Protective Factors ............................................................................................................ 29 Inventory of Existing Programs ...................................................................................................................................... 30 Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Page 3 Program Selection .......................................................................................................................................................... 30 Logic Model .................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Selected Programs .......................................................................................................................................................... 32 Social marketing and community mobilisation to reduce alcohol-­‐related harms ..................................................... 32 Reducing access to alcohol for young people under age 18 ...................................................................................... 33 Reducing access to tobacco for young people under age 18 ..................................................................................... 34 Resilient Families / Parenting Adolescents: A Creative Experience (PACE) ................................................................ 35 The Good Behaviour Game ........................................................................................................................................ 36 Programs for Consideration ........................................................................................................................................... 37 FRIENDS for Life .......................................................................................................................................................... 37 The Strengthening Families Program 10-­‐14 ............................................................................................................... 38 Prevention Planning for 2017 ......................................................................................................................................... 39 Research and Evaluation Consultancy ............................................................................................................................ 39 Further Information ....................................................................................................................................................... 39 References ...................................................................................................................................................................... 40 Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan Page 4 Executive Summary Communities That Care Warrnambool aims to improve education attainment and the healthy development of
children and young people and prevent antisocial behaviour, alcohol and drug use. It works to prevent health and social problems by addressing the factors that increase the likelihood of positive development and decrease the likelihood of adverse outcomes for children and young people. Brophy Family and Youth Services has agreed to partner with Communities That Care Ltd in a Department of Justice and Regulation funded project to coordinate Communities that Care in Warrnambool. The Communities That Care Youth Survey of 1,215 year 6, 8 and 10 students from 13 schools. �
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One in five year 6 students have had alcohol; one in 16 within the last four weeks. One in every 45 year 6 students binge drank (five or more drinks in a single session) within the last fortnight. Two in five year 8 students have had alcohol; one in five within the last four weeks. One in every 18 year 8 students binge drank within the last fortnight. Two in three year 10 students have had alcohol; one in three within the last four weeks. One in five year 10 students binge drank within the last fortnight. On average, for every year 8 class of 25 students, eight have been bullied. One in ten year 10 students have been suspended. Three in four year 10 students have a low commitment to school. Three in five year 10 students believe that laws and norms in the community support alcohol and drug use. A third of year 8 and 10 students are in family environments with high levels of conflict. Four in seven year 10 students have attitudes favourable to alcohol and drug use. Three in five year 6s see opportunities for prosocial involvement in school; this is halved by year 10. Three in five year 6s see rewards for prosocial involvement in schools; but only three in 16 year 10s see this. Three in four year 6s are affirmed by their families for prosocial involvement; this is halved by year 10. One in five year 6 students and two in five year 8s and 10s have symptoms of depression and anxiety. The following risk/protective factors were selected as priorities to target: �
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Low commitment to school (School risk factor) School opportunities for prosocial involvement (School protective factor) Family opportunities for prosocial involvement (Family protective factor) Laws/norms favourable to substance use (Community risk factor) Favourable attitude towards drug use (Peer/individual risk factor) Fifteen specific objectives have been set, five for each of the target outcomes: �
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Outcome 1: Improve education attainment Outcome 2: Reduce alcohol and other drug use Outcome 3: Reduce antisocial behaviour This report specifies which evidence-­‐based prevention programs to implement in Warrnambool across the domains of community, school, family and peer/individual. Our vision is that every child and young person who lives or attends school in Warrnambool has the environment, connections and opportunities to build physical, mental and social wellbeing. If you have any questions or would like to support Communities That Care Warrnambool, please contact the Communities That Care Coordinator Cameron Price on 5561 8877 or email [email protected]. For further information go to http://ctcwarrnambool.com. Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Page 5 Introduction The cost of crime in Australia from the impact on victims and the cost of the justice system and operating prisons runs into the billions every year. Every dollar invested in evidence-­‐based prevention programs reduces the long-­‐term cost of crime many times over. It is for this reason that the Department of Justice and Regulation has funded Communities That Care in Warrnambool. The level of attainment of year twelve or equivalent in Warrnambool is extremely low. Only 61% of 20 – 24 year olds have attained year 12 or equivalent, compared to a Victorian average of 75%. This does not bode well for those individuals or for local economy and community as a whole. Alcohol and other drugs are a major public health concern contributing to many injuries and fatalities from road accidents, assaults and family violence and chronic health problems. Youth who regularly consume alcohol by age 14 are nearly half as likely to complete high school education as those who do not. Communities That Care Warrnambool adopts a "public health" approach. In its submission to the Senate Inquiry on Domestic Violence in Australia, the Australian Women's Health Network gave a great explanation of the public health model: Public Health has been defined as an organised response to the protection and promotion of human health…It is concerned with the health of entire populations, which may be a local neighbourhood or an entire country. Public health programs are delivered through education, promoting health lifestyles, and disease and injury prevention. This is in contrast to the medical approach to health which focuses on treating individuals after they become sick or injured. Communities That Care Communities That Care (CTC) is an evidence-­‐based, community-­‐change process for reducing youth problem behaviours, including harmful substance use, low academic achievement, early school leaving, sexual risk-­‐taking and violence. The CTC approach applies the most up-­‐to-­‐date knowledge and research to foster healthy behaviour and social commitment among children and youth. The CTC process uses an early intervention and prevention framework to guide communities towards understanding their local needs, identifying and setting priorities and implementing effective evidence-­‐based strategies to address those needs. Using prevention science as its base, CTC promotes healthy youth development, improves youth outcomes and reduces problem behaviours. The 5-­‐phase CTC process uses an early intervention and prevention framework to guide communities towards identifying and understanding their local needs, setting priorities and implementing tested effective strategies to address those needs. Phase 1 – Get Started Communities prepare for action by working to identify and recruit relevant community stakeholders and key decision-­‐makers to the Communities That Care process. Phase 2 – Get Organised The Community Board, Key Leader Group and relevant governance structures are established to guide decision making and planning for the CTC effort in the community. Phase 3 – Develop a Profile A Community Profile Report is prepared using data gathered from the CTC Youth Survey, public data, and assessments of existing community resources and strengths. The Community Board finalises priorities for action. Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan Page 6 Phase 4 – Create a Plan The Community Board develops a comprehensive Community Action Plan to guide prevention work in the community. This plan outlines chosen evidence-­‐based programs, relevant outcomes and allocates roles and responsibility for implementation. Phase 5 – Implement and Evaluate Implementation of the Community Action Plan begins and the Community Board and Key Leader Groups ensure that evidence-­‐based programs and strategies are implemented with fidelity and evaluated as planned. Risk and Protective Factors The Communities That Care process creates awareness of the risk and protective factors impacting on the healthy development of children and adolescents. Throughout the process, communities target their prevention efforts to reduce risk factors and strengthen protective factors in the four domains of community, family, school and peer/individual. What are risk factors? Risk factors are those elements in a young person’s environment that increase the likelihood of them engaging in health compromising behaviours. They exist in all domains of social development – community, family, school and peer/individual. Risk factors are identifiable throughout the developmental continuum, and are consistent in effects across races and cultures. The risk factors used in CTC have been shown in multiple longitudinal studies to be reliable predictors of at least one of six adolescent health and social problems – alcohol and drug abuse, antisocial behaviour, youth violence, school failure, anxiety/depression and teenage pregnancy. A risk and protective factor chart maps the relationship with health and social outcomes. The CTC process provides communities with tools for measuring local risk factor levels in order to select risk factor priorities on which a strategic plan can be focused. What are protective factors? Protective factors buffer against risk in otherwise adverse circumstances by either reducing the impact of risk or changing the way a child or young person responds to it. The Social Development Strategy provides a framework that explains to communities how to increase protective factors through everyday interactions with children and adolescents. Protective factors used in CTC are derived from a research base and occur in all four social development domains. Most of the risk and protective factors targeted in the Communities That Care process are measured using the Communities That Care Youth Survey. Social Development Strategy Communities that Care is underpinned by the Social Development Strategy -­‐ an evidence-­‐based framework which organises protective factors into a simple strategy for action to promote positive youth development. The Social Development Strategy identifies the following key components to increase protective factors for young people in the community: Healthy beliefs and clear standards for behaviour: Young people are more likely to engage in healthy, socially responsible behaviour when parents, teachers and the community around them communicate healthy beliefs and clear standards. Bonding: Strong, attached relationships with those who hold healthy beliefs and clear standards are an important protective influence. To create these bonds, young people need opportunities, skills and recognition. Opportunities: Provide opportunities for active participation and meaningful involvement with prosocial others, including families, schools, communities and peer groups. Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Page 7 Skills: Teach young people the skills they need to succeed. Recognition: Provide consistent recognition and praise for their effort, improvement and accomplishments. The Social Development Strategy also recognises the important influence of individual characteristics on the capacity to take advantage of other protective processes. Characteristics such as positive social orientation, resiliency and intellect can facilitate bonding and, in some cases, can be nurtured by communities and adults. Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan Page 8 Understanding Local Needs The Communities That Care process provides communities with a unique approach to identifying and understanding the issues experienced by local children and adolescents. CTC makes it possible to map factors that are influencing the likelihood that young people in the community will experience outcomes such as school failure and mental health problems or become involved in behaviours such as alcohol and drug abuse, violence and antisocial behaviour. Communities follow a step-­‐by-­‐step process of collecting and collating local data, including administering a local youth survey, to create a profile of risk and protective factors and health and problem behaviours affecting young people in the community. This profile is a powerful tool for planning prevention strategies where genuine priorities are targeted for action. The community can use this information to make informed decisions about how to improve existing prevention-­‐focused services that benefit children and adolescents. Gaps in service provision can also be identified and filled by introducing new interventions as necessary. CTC Youth Survey The CTC Youth Survey is administered to students attending local primary and secondary schools. The survey is suitable for students in Grade 5 through to Year 12. CTC Ltd. work with communities to determine the most suitable year levels to survey. The survey has been designed to provide a snapshot of issues for young people, particularly in the areas of substance abuse, antisocial behaviour, youth violence and mental health. It also investigates risk and protective factors for these health and problem behaviours within the domains of community, school, family and peer/individual. Evidence-­‐based Programs The Communities that Care process assists communities to select and implement evidence-­‐based programs and strategies to promote healthy youth development in accordance with the community’s identified priorities. “Evidence-­‐based” on this definition refers to a documented project logic that has been evaluated and shown positive results in one or more experimental or good quality evaluation studies. The Communities that Care Guide to Australian Prevention Strategies (2012) includes detailed information on evidence-­‐based programs which have been selected based on the following criteria: �
Evidence of effectiveness from good quality evaluation studies in preventing youth health and social problems by reducing developmental risk factors, while also enhancing protective factors; �
Feasibility for implementation and monitoring by Communities that Care coalitions; �
Availability of support and advice to assist Australian implementation. Prevention strategies are being rapidly developed and increasingly evaluated using experimental designs. Communities are encouraged to take a responsible approach to seeking out and promoting the dissemination of evaluated prevention strategies. Where previously unevaluated strategies are implemented, communities can request good quality evaluations. Communities are also encouraged to access the ARACY Nest What works for kids. This Australian-­‐based online resource provides a searchable database of relevant evidence-­‐based programs, practices and tools and provides opportunities for users to contribute to the database, with information about additional programs, practices and tools. Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Page 9 Youth Survey Results The Communities That Care Youth Survey of 1,215 year 6, 8 and 10 students from 13 schools. Some of the notable results from the Youth Survey follow: �
One in five year 6 students have had alcohol; one in 16 within the last four weeks. �
One in every 45 year 6 students binge drank (five or more drinks in a single session) within the last fortnight. �
Two in five year 8 students have had alcohol; one in five within the last four weeks. �
One in every 18 year 8 students binge drank within the last fortnight. �
Two in three year 10 students have had alcohol; one in three within the last four weeks. �
One in five year 10 students binge drank within the last fortnight. �
Three in every 23 year 10 students smoked within the last four weeks. �
One in six year 10 students have had marijuana; one in 13 within the last four weeks. �
One in 17 year 6 and 8 students have used solvents to get high. �
On average, for every year 8 class of 25 students, eight have been bullied. �
For every 25 year 8 students, three carry a weapon with the intent to use it if they felt the need. �
For every 25 year 8 students, two have attacked someone. �
One in nine year 8 students have stolen something worth more than $10. �
One in ten year 10 students have been suspended. �
One in 18 year 10 students have been drunk or high at school. �
Three in four year 10 students have a low commitment to school. �
Three in five year 10 students believe that laws and norms in the community support alcohol and drug use. �
A third of year 8 and 10 students are in family environments with high levels of conflict. �
Four in seven year 10 students have attitudes favourable to alcohol and drug use. �
Almost half of year 10 students have at least one of their four best friends who use alcohol or drugs. �
Three in five year 6 students see opportunities for prosocial involvement; this is halved by year 10. �
Three in five year 6 students see rewards for prosocial involvement; but only one in five year 10s see this. �
Three in four year 6s are affirmed by their families for prosocial involvement; this is halved by year 10. �
One in five year 6 students have symptoms of depression and anxiety. �
Two in five year 8 and 10 students have symptoms of depression and anxiety. Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan Page 10 Health and Behavioural Problems Substance Abuse Alcohol 100 90 80 67.9 70 60 50 42.5 37.5 40 30 20 6.1 10 0 21.7 19.5 19.4 Ever drank alcohol 2.2 Drank alcohol in last 30 days Year 6 Year 8 5.6 Binge drank in past 2 weeks Year 10 Smoking 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 29.7 30 20 10 0 17 13.1 2.5 6.2 0.1 7.5 1.7 0.6 Ever smoked cigareqes Smoked in the last 30 days Year 6 Year 8 1.3 Ever used marijuana 0 0 Used marijuana in last 30 days Year 10 Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Page 11 Other Drugs 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 5.7 5.8 4.6 3.8 1.9 0.7 0 Ever used solvents to Used solvents in last get high 30 days 0.2 0.7 Ever used illegal drugs Year 6 Year 8 0 0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 Used illegal drugs in Ever used last 30 days methamphetamines Year 10 Antisocial Behaviour Anr-­‐social Behaviour 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 25.8 31.5 29.2 9.6 11.8 7.3 7.6 9.9 8.8 Been bullied recently Bullied another student recently Carried a weapon Year 6 Year 8 3.5 7.9 3.9 Aqacked someone 1.9 4.1 2.2 Threatened someone with a weapon Year 10 Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan Page 12 Anr-­‐social Behaviour 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10.9 6.7 6.8 2.2 7.9 9.7 0.6 0.6 Stolen something Suspended from worth more than $10 school 5.6 Been drunk or high at school Year 6 Year 8 1.6 1.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.2 Stolen a motor vehicle Sold illegal drugs Year 10 Depression / Anxiety Depressive Symptomology 100 80 60 41.2 40 44.1 40.9 21.3 20 0 Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Page 13 Risk Factors Community Risk Factors Low community attachment Neighbourhoods where residents report low levels of bonding to the neighbourhood have higher rates of juvenile crime, violence and drug use. 100 80 60 40 22.7 28.3 37.1 33.4 20 0 Low community aqachment Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Community disorganisation Neighbourhoods with high population density, lack of natural surveillance of public places, physical deterioration and high rates of adult crime have higher rates of juvenile crime, violence and drug use. 100 80 60 40 20 7 0 9.3 7.2 16.9 Community disorganisaron Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Personal transitions & mobility Young people without stability and strong personal relationships are more likely to use drugs and become involved in antisocial behaviours. 100 80 60 40 20 4.6 0 9.6 8.4 14.3 Personal transirons & mobility Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan Page 14 Laws/norms favourable to drug use 100 Communities where laws regulating alcohol and other drug use are poorly enforced have higher rates of youth alcohol and drug use, violence and delinquency. Further, rates of youth alcohol and drug use and violence are higher in communities where adults believe it is normative or acceptable for minors to use alcohol or other drugs. 80 58.9 60 35.7 33.7 40 14.2 20 0 Laws/norms favourable to substance use Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Perceived availability of drugs 100 The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana and other illegal drugs is related to a higher risk of drug use and violence among adolescents. 80 51.3 60 40 23.9 19.4 20 6.2 0 Perceived availability of drugs Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia The following is an estimate of the prevalence of each community risk factor for adolescents in Warrnambool (derived by averaging the prevalence of each age class). Prevalence of Risk Factors Laws/norms favourable to substance use Low community aqachment Perceived availability of drugs Community disorganisaron Personal transirons & mobility 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Page 15 Family Risk Factors Poor family management Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places the children at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviours. 100 80 60 38 40 22.4 26.7 28.6 20 0 Poor family management Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Family conflict Children raised in families high in conflict are at risk for violence, delinquency, school dropout, teen pregnancy and drug use. 100 80 60 40 26 33.9 34.9 38.1 20 0 Family conflict Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Parental attitudes favourable to drug use In families where parents are tolerant of their children’s alcohol or drug use, children are more likely to become drug abusers. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug or alcohol using behaviour. 100 80 60 41.8 40 12.5 20 0 22 19.8 Parental attudes favourable to drug use Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Parental attitudes favourable to anti-­‐social behaviour In families where parents are tolerant of their children’s misbehaviour, including violent and delinquent behaviour, children are more likely to become involved in violence and crime during adolescence. 100 80 60 40 28.2 28.4 13.5 20 0 29.7 Parental attudes favourable to anr-­‐social behaviour Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan Page 16 The following is an estimate of the prevalence of each family risk factor for adolescents in Warrnambool (derived by averaging the prevalence of each age class). Prevalence of Family Risk Factors Family conflict Poor family management Parental attudes favourable to drug use Parental attudes favourable to anr-­‐social behaviour 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 School Risk Factors School failure Beginning in the late primary school grades (grades 4-­‐6), children who fall behind academically for any reason are at greater risk of drug abuse, school dropout, teenage pregnancy and violence. 100 80 60 40 27.4 20 36.3 22 10.4 0 School failure Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Low commitment to school Factors such as not liking school, spending little time on homework and perceiving coursework as irrelevant are predictive of drug use, violence, delinquency and school dropout. 100 71.3 80 76.8 60.1 60 37.2 40 20 0 Low commitment to school Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia The following is an estimate of the prevalence of each school risk factor for adolescents in Warrnambool (derived by averaging the prevalence of each age class). Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Page 17 Prevalence of School Risk Factors Low commitment to school School failure 0 10 20 Peer / Individual Risk Factors Favourable attitudes to drug use Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use are at higher risk for subsequent drug use. 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 100 80 56.8 60 40 20 0 23.8 23.1 4.2 Favourable attude towards drug use Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Friends’ use of drugs Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance use are much more likely to engage in the same behaviour. 100 80 60 45.3 40 20 1.3 0 17 12.1 Friends’ use of drugs Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Rewards for antisocial behaviour Where young people gain kudos for antisocial behaviour, they are more likely to engage in that behaviour. 100 80 60 40 20 2 0 5.1 6.2 8.3 Rewards for anrsocial behaviour Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan Page 18 Rebelliousness 100 Individuals with rebellious attitudes are more likely to engage in problem behaviour. 80 60 40 20 19.1 14 6.5 0 17.9 Rebelliousness Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Sensation seeking 100 Young people who seek adrenaline experiences are more likely to engage in substance use and antisocial behaviour. 80 60 40 16.7 20 0 30.5 25.3 24.9 Sensaron seeking Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia The following is an estimate of the prevalence of each peer/individual risk factor for adolescents in Warrnambool (derived by averaging the prevalence of each age class). Prevalence of Peer/Individual Risk Factors Favourable attude towards drug use Sensaron seeking Friends’ use of drugs Rebelliousness Rewards for anrsocial behaviour 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan 90 100 Page 19
Page 19 Risk Factors Incline with Age There is a concerning increase in the prevalence of risk factors moving from grade 6 to year 8 and a further rise to year 10. This means that older adolescents are much more exposed to risk factors, increasing the likelihood of adverse outcomes. This is compounded by a corresponding reduction in protective factors with age, exacerbating the prevalence of problematic behaviours. 100.0 80.0 60.0 36.1 40.0 24.3 25.8 13.0 20.0 0.0 Average prevalence of risk factors Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Risk Factors by Domain The average prevalence of the risk factors in the school domain are much higher than all the other domains. This means that a much higher proportion of young people are exposed to risk factors in the school domain. 100 80 60 43.2 40 27.5 21.2 20 0 17.9 Average prevalence of risk factors Community Family School Individual/peer Protective Factors Community Protective Factors Community opportunities for prosocial involvement When opportunities for positive participation are available in a community, children are more likely to become bonded to the community. 100 71.8 80 66.9 65.8 65.5 60 40 20 0 Community opportunires for prosocial involvement Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan Page 20 Community rewards for prosocial involvement Recognition for positive participation in community activities helps children bond to the community, thus lowering their risk for problem behaviours. 100 82.6 78 80 77.1 76.1 60 40 20 0 Community rewards for prosocial involvement Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia The following is an estimate of the prevalence of each community protective factor for adolescents in Warrnambool (derived by averaging the prevalence of each age class). Prevalence of Community Protecrve Factors Community opportunires for prosocial involvement Community rewards for prosocial involvement 0 Family Protective Factors Family attachment Young people who feel strongly bonded to their family are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviours. 10 20 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 90.1 72.6 80 72.9 62.4 60 40 20 0 Family aqachment Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Family opportunities for prosocial involvement Young people who have more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are more likely to develop strong bonds to the family. 100 76.5 80 60 49.1 48.8 42.5 40 20 0 Family opportunires for prosocial involvement Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Page 21 Family rewards for prosocial involvement 100 When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage and recognise things done well by their child, children are more likely to develop strong bonds to the family. 75.2 80 50.9 60 50.6 37.5 40 20 0 Family rewards for prosocial involvement Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia The following is an estimate of the prevalence of each family protective factor for adolescents in Warrnambool (derived by averaging the prevalence of each age class). Prevalence of Family Protecrve Factors Family rewards for prosocial involvement Family opportunires for prosocial involvement Family aqachment 0 School Protective Factors School opportunities for prosocial involvement When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the classroom and school, they are more likely to develop strong bonds of attachment and commitment to school. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 100 80 62.9 60 40.1 40 29.5 37.1 20 0 School opportunires for prosocial involvement Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan Page 22 School rewards for prosocial involvement 100 When young people are recognised for their contributions, efforts and progress in school, they are more likely to develop strong bonds of attachment and commitment to school. 80 61 60 40 34 26.4 18.7 20 0 School rewards for prosocial involvement Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia The following is an estimate of the prevalence of each school protective factor for adolescents in Warrnambool (derived by averaging the prevalence of each age class). Prevalence of School Protecrve Factors School rewards for prosocial involvement School opportunires for prosocial involvement 0 Peer/Individual Protective Factors Belief in the moral order Young people who have a belief in what is ‘right’ or ‘wrong’ are less likely to use drugs or engage in delinquent or other problem behaviours. 10 20 100 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 81.4 80 68.4 53.7 60 54.5 40 20 0 Belief in moral order Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Interaction with pro-­‐social peers Young people who interact with other young people who display pro-­‐social behaviour are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviours. 100 83.7 72 80 69.5 69 60 40 20 0 Interacron with prosocial peers Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Page 23 Coping with stress -­‐ Adaptive When young people demonstrate positive coping strategies in stressful situations they are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviours. 100 71.5 80 53.9 60 53.8 45.4 40 20 0 Coping with stress -­‐ Adaprve Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Emotional control Young people who demonstrate emotional control are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviours and experience less depression. 100 80 70.4 58.4 60 62.4 49.6 40 20 0 Emoronal control Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Social competencies Young people with strong social competencies are more likely to resist peer pressure to engage in substance use and antisocial behaviour. 100 80 61.9 60 41.6 40 47.4 37.2 20 0 Social competencies Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Religiosity Young people who follow a religion are less likely to engage in problem behaviour. 100 80 59.7 60 53 52.5 55.5 40 20 0 Religiosity Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan Page 24 The following is an estimate of the prevalence of each peer/individual protective factor for adolescents in Warrnambool (derived by averaging the prevalence of each age class). Prevalence of Peer/Individual Protecrve Factors Social competencies Religiosity Coping with stress -­‐ Adaprve Emoronal control Belief in moral order Interacron with prosocial peers 0 10 Protective Factors Decline with Age There is a concerning drop in the prevalence of protective factors moving from grade 6 to year 8 and a further drop to year 10. This means that older adolescents are much less protected from risk factors, increasing the likelihood of adverse outcomes. This is compounded by a corresponding increase in risk factors with age, exacerbating the prevalence of problematic behaviours. 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 100.0 73.0 80.0 55.1 60.0 57.2 49.3 40.0 20.0 0.0 Average prevalence of protecrve factors Year 6 Year 8 Year 10 Year 8 Australia Protective Factors by Domain The average prevalence of the protective factors in the school domain are much lower than all the other domains. There is an opportunity to increase the proportion of young people benefiting from protective factors in the school domain. 100 80 80.6 77.2 71.4 62.0 60 40 20 0 Average prevalence of protecrve factors Community Family School Individual/peer Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Page 25 Principles Influencing the Selection of Priority Factors Malleability Funds invested in delivering evidence-­‐based prevention programs would be better spent on programs which have been demonstrated to be effective in addressing the priority risk and protective factors. Conversely, it would make sense to consider selecting as a priority those factors which have been shown to be subject to influence from prevention programs. While a factor may indeed be strongly associated with an adverse health or behaviour problem we are trying to address, there is no point selecting it as a priority if no evaluation has concluded that it has been changed through prevention efforts. To address this only those risk and protective factors which have been identified in the Guide to Australian Prevention Strategies as being subject to change from one of the listed evidence-­‐based programs will be considered. Domains In the framework used, risk and protective factors exist within four domains: community, school, family and individual/peer. If prevention efforts ignore one or more domains, high risk factors and low protective factors can undermine and negate efforts in the other domains. For example efforts to address school failure (school domain) would be undermined unless poor family management (family domain) where children were going to school without breakfast was also addressed. Therefore the spread of priority factors across domains would be more effective than the same effort targeting factors in limited domains. Number of Priority Factors Theoretically a community could attempt to address all risk and protective factors equally. This would most likely lead to such a diffuse effort that it would be unlikely to significantly change any factor, and therefore the resultant health and behavioural outcomes would remain unaffected despite all the effort. If the prevention effort is focused on a small number of factors and most prevention efforts in the community are mutually reinforcing and rally around the goal of shifting a handful of factors, then those efforts are much more likely to be effective. Adolescents with the reduced number of risk factors and/or greater number of protective factors are then less likely to develop preventable health and behavioural problems, reducing the rate of those problems at a population level. At the extreme, a community could select only one factor. However, this would result in such a narrow focus that the prevention effort would not adequately address the breadth and complexity of the system that gives rise to the range of adolescent problems we are endeavouring to address. The optimum is to select between three and five factors (inclusive). Invariably other factors will end up being addressed anyway, as programs selected to address the priority factors often also positively impact on a range of other factors. Risk vs Protective Factors There is a complex interaction between the number of risk factors in a young person’s life, the number of protective factors and the likelihood of them going on to develop preventable health or behavioural problems. The adverse impact of additional risk factors is not just additive: as the number of risk factors increases, the probability of problems increases exponentially. Also, for any given number of risk factors, increasing the number of protective factors progressively reduces the probability of adverse outcomes. However, beyond a threshold number of risk factors, this moderating effect of protective factors does not hold. In fact, those with a very high number of risk factors are not likely to have any protective factors. This has implications for the balance of risk versus protective factors included in the set of priority factors. While building protective factors is effective in reducing the likelihood of adverse outcomes, particularly for those with few risk factors, it is most important to reduce the total number of risk factors. Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan Page 26 Prevalence The most important consideration in comparing risk factors to prioritise for targeting with evidence-­‐based prevention programs is the proportion of adolescents in the local community subject to the influence of each factor. In order to reduce the proportion of adolescents in the community with any particular health and behavioural problem, it makes sense to focus on those risk factors with a high prevalence, as a reduction in that factor will impact more people. For example if two risk factors were the driving influence behind an adverse outcome for young people we were trying to change and risk factor A was present in the lives of 4% of adolescents and risk factor B was present in 80% of the adolescent population, if prevention efforts could successfully remove a risk factor for one in four people, focusing on risk factor B would help twenty times more people than focusing on risk factor A. Of course it is more complex than that, as there are interactions between the factors and various factors can impact outcomes to varying degrees, however the principle is still valid that to have an impact on adolescent health and behavioural problems at a population level it is more effective to target risk factors with the higher prevalence. Comparisons to Victorian or Australian averages are interesting and serve to provide some context to understanding how we are going as a community, however even if the local levels are statistically significantly different to State or national averages, that has no bearing on what the local levels mean for our community and how they inform choices about how we address local problems with locally implemented programs. For this reason comparisons (where available) are included in the initial overview of risk and protective factors and are subsequently excluded from consideration in the selection of factors to prioritise for targeting. While the data disaggregated to year level is available and corresponding figures in the Profile Report are referred to, as each factor has a different profile with different prevalence level for each year level, this makes it difficult to compare factor against factor. Factors are selected for prioritising overall as opposed to sets being selected differentially for each year level. Therefore for the purpose of generating a rank order list with the relative prevalence across the combined adolescent cohort, for each factor the prevalence levels for years 6, 8 and 10 were averaged. This would be indicative of the proportion of adolescents influenced by each factor. Recommendations in the Youth Survey Report Another variable that was taken into consideration were the recommendations in the Youth Survey Report for which factors to prioritise. Based on the results, the authors of the report make the following recommendations: 1. Set risk factor targets to reduce early age alcohol use: consider prioritising reduced favourable attitudes to substance use and availability. 2. Set risk factor targets to improve school commitment. 3. Set risk factor targets to increase the effectiveness of parents and families: consider targets to reduce family conflict and favourable family attitudes to substance use. Relative Prevalence of Factors The following is an estimate of the prevalence of each risk factor for adolescents in Warrnambool (derived by averaging the prevalence of each age class). Those not listed as subject to change by any of the programs in the Guide to Australian Prevention Strategies have been excluded. Those with a prevalence of less than 25% of the population have been excluded. Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Page 27 The risk and protective factors selected for targeting. Prevalence of Risk Factors Low commitment to school (S) Laws/norms favourable to substance use (C) Family conflict (F) Low community aqachment (C) Poor family management (F) Favourable attude towards drug use (P/I) Perceived availability of drugs (C) Parental attudes favourable to drug use (F) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 The following is an estimate of the prevalence of each protective factor for adolescents in Warrnambool (derived by averaging the prevalence of each age class). Those not listed as subject to change by any of the programs in the Guide to Australian Prevention Strategies have been excluded. Those with a prevalence of greater than 60% of the population have been excluded. Prevalence of Protecrve Factors School rewards for prosocial involvement School opportunires for prosocial involvement Social competencies Family rewards for prosocial involvement Religiosity Family opportunires for prosocial involvement Coping with stress -­‐ Adaprve Emoronal control 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan Page 28 Selection of Priority Risk and Protective Factors Given the Youth Survey results, and taking account of each of the principles influencing the selection, the following risk/protective factors have been selected to target with evidence-­‐based prevention programs: �
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Low commitment to school (School risk factor) School opportunities for prosocial involvement (School protective factor) Family opportunities for prosocial involvement (Family protective factor) Laws/norms favourable to substance use (Community risk factor) Favourable attitude towards drug use (Peer/individual risk factor) These were endorsed by the Beyond The Bell Warrnambool Local Action Group meeting on 7th August 2015. Objectives A series of specific objectives have been set for each target behavioural outcome. Outcome 1: Improve education attainment � To decrease the percentage of people aged 17 years not attending any educational institution from 18% (2011 Census) to 13% by the 2021 Census. � To decrease the percentage of year 8 students with the risk factor low commitment to school from the baseline of 71% (2015) to 59% by 2017 and 47% by 2019. � To decrease the percentage of year 10 students with the risk factor low commitment to school from the baseline of 79% (2015) to 65% by 2017 and 51% by 2019. � To increase the percentage of year 8 students with the protective factor opportunities for prosocial involvement (school domain) from the baseline of 40% (2015) to 50% by 2017 and 60% by 2019. � To increase the percentage of year 10 students with the protective factor opportunities for prosocial involvement (school domain) from the baseline of 30% (2015) to 42% by 2017 and 54% by 2019. Outcome 2: Reduce alcohol and other drug use � To decrease the percentage of year 8 students who drank alcohol within the 30 days prior to the CTC Youth Survey from baseline 20% (2015) to 18% by 2017 and 16% by 2019. � To decrease the percentage of year 10 students who drank alcohol within the 30 days prior to the CTC Youth Survey from baseline 38% (2015) to 32% by 2017 and 27% by 2019. � To decrease the percentage of year 10 students who smoked tobacco within the 30 days prior to the CTC Youth Survey from baseline 13% (2015) to 12% by 2017 and 10% by 2019. � To decrease the percentage of year 10 students with the risk factor favourable attitudes to drug use (peer/ individual domain) from the baseline of 57% (2015) to 48% by 2017 and 38% by 2019. � To decrease the percentage of year 10 students with the risk factor laws/ norms favourable to drug use (community domain) from the baseline of 59% (2015) to 49% by 2017 and 39% by 2019. Outcome 3: Reduce antisocial behaviour � To decrease the percentage of year 6 students who report being bullied recently from baseline 29% (2015) to 25% by 2017 and 21% by 2019. � To decrease the percentage of year 8 students who report being bullied recently from baseline 32% (2015) to 27% by 2017 and 23% by 2019. � To decrease the percentage of year 10 students who report being bullied recently from baseline 29% (2015) to 25% by 2017 and 22% by 2019. � To increase the percentage of year 8 students with the protective factor opportunities for prosocial involvement (family domain) from the baseline of 49% (2015) to 57% by 2017 and 65% by 2019. � To increase the percentage of year 10 students with the protective factor opportunities for prosocial involvement (family domain) from the baseline of 43% (2015) to 52% by 2017 and 62% by 2019. Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Page 29 Inventory of Existing Programs CTC Warrnambool conducted an inventory of existing programs that address the wellbeing of children and young people who live or go to school in Warrnambool. Two hundred programs were identified. A gap analysis was conducted. This process is detailed in Communities That Care Warrnambool Community Resources Assessment Report. Program Selection There are evidence-­‐based prevention programs currently running targeting early childhood or parents with young children. The Youth Survey results indicated that this cohort have relatively low risk and high protection. This is in stark contrast to the adolescents, who have high levels of risk and low protection, particularly in the family and school domains. In order to get a substantial change in risk/protective factors over the next one to three years, it was decided that this round the focus would be on those who will be moving into year 8 or 10 sometime over the next three years. So the primary target group is 10-­‐14 year olds. Programs run locally or which have run successfully elsewhere have been selected which: �
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are evidence-­‐based (evaluation in a peer-­‐reviewed journal which concludes the program is effective) are prevention-­‐focused (not intervention-­‐focused) universal (rather than targeted or selected) directly address priority risk/protective factors target the 10 – 14 year old cohort Logic Model Priority Risk /Protective Factors Decrease laws and norms favourable to substance use (Community risk factor) Decrease favourable attitudes towards drug use (Peer/ individual risk factor) Increase family opportunities for prosocial involvement (Family protective factor) Target Behavioural Outcomes Improve education attainment Reduce alcohol and other drug use Reduce antisocial behaviour Decrease low commitment to school (School risk factor) Increase school opportunities for prosocial involvement (School protective factor) Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan Communities
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Programs / Strategies Social Marketing and Community Mobilisation to Reduce Alcohol-­‐Related Harm Priority Risk /Protective Factors Reducing Access to Alcohol for Young People Under 18 Decrease laws and norms favourable to substance use (Community risk factor) Reducing Access to Tobacco for Young People Under 18 Research and Evaluation Consultancy Decrease favourable attitudes towards drug use (Peer/ individual risk factor) Increase family opportunities for prosocial involvement (Family protective factor) Decrease low commitment to school (School risk factor) Prevention Planning for 2017 Resilient Families / PACE Increase school opportunities for prosocial involvement (School protective factor) The Good Behaviour Game Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan Communities
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3131 Selected Programs Social marketing and community mobilisation to reduce alcohol-­‐related harms Description A new social marketing intervention is being developed and trialled in a partnership between Deakin University and CTC Ltd. The intervention has been designed using an evidence-­‐based behaviour change approach called the Theory of Planned Behaviour. The social marketing intervention focuses on alerting parents and adolescents to the National Health and Medical Research Council (2009) guidelines for safe alcohol use, and seeks to convince parents and adolescents to set agreements that adults will not supply alcohol to underage youth. Evaluation Evidence Evidence from community mobilisation interventions suggest that multi-­‐level, targeted prevention programs are effective at reducing adolescent alcohol use. In the US, Project Northland combined community-­‐wide taskforce education with peer leadership and parental involvement/education to achieve a small but significant reduction in weekly adolescent alcohol use in those exposed to the intervention, compared to the control group. Australian programs have also achieved success in reducing alcohol-­‐related harm through a combination of community mobilisation (evident through increased media activity, the formation of coalitions and groups and increased community awareness and concern for alcohol-­‐related harm) and social marketing strategies (Cooper, Midford, Jaeger, & Hall, 2001; Midford & Boots, 1999). Target Audience 11 – 17 years old Target Risk Factors ! Community disorganisation ! Perceived availability of drugs (alcohol) ! Laws and norms favourable to drug use ! Parental attitudes favourable to problem behaviour ! Favourable attitudes to alcohol use Target Protective Factors ! Community attachment ! Community opportunities for prosocial involvement ! Community rewards for prosocial involvement Community Indicators ! High rates on indicators of youth alcohol-­‐
related harm ! High rates of alcohol misuse Communities
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Communities That Care Warrnambool -­‐ Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan Page Reducing access to alcohol for young people under age 18 Description A research partnership between Deakin University and CTC Ltd. is developing and testing an intervention to check retailer compliance with minimum age laws for alcohol sales. Purchase attempts are monitored for a young person who looks to be under the legal age for alcohol purchase. Retailers receive information about the purchase attempt and the law. This strategy is supported through media stories and public information. In subsequent years the strategy may be expanded to discourage other community practices that increase the availability to minors including secondary supply (adults buying and providing alcohol to minors) and the promotion of child-­‐friendly alcohol products such as the discounting of alcopops (premixed sweetened alcohol products). Target Audience 11 – 17 years old Target Risk Factors ! Community disorganisation ! Perceived availability of drugs (alcohol) ! Laws and norms favourable to drug use Community Indicators ! Alcohol sales to young people under age 18 ! High rates of youth alcohol use Evaluation Evidence Evidence shows that enforcement of liquor laws can increase compliance with minimum age laws. A US intervention to increase retailer compliance with underage sales laws used a strategy of compliance checks coupled with media advocacy to deter retailers from selling alcohol to minors (Scribner & Cohen, 2001). The evaluation found substantial gains in compliance (51%) among retailers who were issued with citations for failing compliance checks, as well as gains in compliance for those who had not been cited (35%). Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Reducing access to tobacco for young people under age 18 Description Compliance checks and enforcement of legislation banning sales to young people under age 18 can reduce smoking prevalence in this group. Compliance checks involve a young person that appears to be under the legal age seeking to purchase tobacco products from a retailer. Retailers that comply with current legislation by refusing to sell tobacco receive a letter advising of the monitoring program and its outcome. Retailers that fail to comply can receive a warning letter or penalty. In general, penalties are increased for second and subsequent offences. Target Audience 11 – 17 years old Target Risk Factors ! Community disorganisation ! Perceived availability of drugs (tobacco) ! Laws and norms favourable to drug use Community Indicators ! Tobacco sales to young people under age 18 ! High rates of youth tobacco use Evaluation Evidence Evidence suggests that it is possible to reduce tobacco use in young people through the application of a combination of regulatory, early-­‐intervention and harm-­‐reduction approaches. A Cochrane Review of interventions to reduce tobacco sales to minors found evidence to support compliance checks and enforcement of legislation as effective strategies for restricting tobacco access for minors (Stead & Lancaster, 2005). A Sydney study which sent retailers a warning letter threatening prosecution if they failed to comply with legislation resulted in a second offence rate of 31% compared to 60% amongst retailers who had not been warned. Page 34
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Resilient Families / Parenting Adolescents: A Creative Experience (PACE) Description The school-­‐based Resilient Families prevention program is designed to develop the knowledge, skills and support networks of students and their parents in order to promote adolescent health and wellbeing. The program consists of the following five intervention components: 1) a 10-­‐session curriculum for students; 2) the Parenting Adolescents Quiz (PAQ) evening; 3) Parenting Adolescents: a Creative Experience (PACE); 4) policies and processes implemented by the school to build a community of parents to enhance support for, and communication with, parents during the early secondary school years; and 5) parent education handbooks. The PACE program is an 8-­‐week sequential parenting program that comprises one of the five components of the Resilient Families program. This program is based on an adult learning model and follows a curriculum that covers adolescent communication, conflict resolution and adolescent development (Jenkin & Bretherton, 1994). Target Audience 11 – 14 years old Target Risk Factors ! Poor family management ! Poor discipline ! Family conflict ! Parental attitudes favourable to problem behaviour ! Low commitment to school ! Low family attachment Target Protective Factors ! Family attachment ! Family opportunities for prosocial involvement ! Family rewards for prosocial involvement ! Social skills Community Indicators ! Sole parents ! Parental social isolation ! Poor links between schools, families and family services Evaluation Evidence A Victorian evaluation of the program found that students in the intervention schools reported increases in family attachment and high school rewards compared to control schools (Shortt, Hutchinson, Chapman, & Toumbourou, 2007). Students whose parents attended the extended parent education group (8 week PACE group) were more than twice as likely as their peers to report positive problem solving at follow-­‐
up. The PACE program demonstrated positive outcomes in a large quasi-­‐experimental study in Australia. At the twelve-­‐week follow-­‐up parents and adolescents reported a reduction in family conflict and adolescents reported increased maternal care, less delinquency and less substance use (Toumbourou & Gregg, 2002). Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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The Good Behaviour Game Description The Good Behaviour Game (GBG) has been carefully designed to provide a feasible method for introducing a positive classroom discipline system. Classroom disruptions in school can increase aggressive peer behaviour and trigger early pathways to behaviour problems such as violence, aggression and attention and impulsivity problems. Positive discipline practices are well known to assist in reducing behaviour problems and are more effective where they can be reinforced with positive peer support. Evaluation Evidence A number of randomised trials support the effectiveness of the GBG as a strategy for improving classroom management and reducing student behaviour problems. Outcomes for GBG students include reductions in rates of attention-­‐deficit/ hyperactivity problems, oppositional defiant problems and conduct problems relative to control classrooms (van Lier, Muthén, van der Sar, & Crijnen, 2004). Page 36
Target Audience 5 – 13 years old Target Risk Factors ! Low commitment to school ! Antisocial behaviour ! Peer rewards for antisocial involvement Target Protective Factors ! School opportunities for prosocial involvement ! School rewards for prosocial involvement ! Social skills ! Belief in the moral order Community Indicators ! Low parental education ! School suspension ! School truancy ! Low income, poor housing, unemployment ! Bullying Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
Programs for Consideration FRIENDS for Life Description FRIENDS for Life (FRIENDS) is a 10-­‐session cognitive behaviour therapy program designed to prevent anxiety and depression in children and young people. The program teaches practical behavioural, physiological and cognitive strategies to identify and deal with anxiety that children and young people experience. The program also builds emotional resilience and promotes self-­‐development. FRIENDS is effective as a treatment or as a school-­‐based prevention course and can be delivered by teachers in a school system. Target Audience 10 – 14 years old Target Risk Factors ! Poor coping skills ! Antisocial behaviour ! Favourable attitudes to problem behaviour ! Interaction with antisocial peers Target Protective Factors ! Social skills ! Emotional control Community Indicators Evaluation Evidence ! Mental health problems in children and Evaluation evidence supports the benefits of the adolescents FRIENDS program in preventing and treating anxiety. An ! Depressive symptoms in late primary school evaluation of the effectiveness of the program with Grade 6 students found reduced symptoms of anxiety, and increased coping skills, relative to control students (Lock & Barrett, 2003). A follow up study showed beneficial effects were maintained at 12 months, 24 months and 36 months. A Grade 9 implementation was less effective. The FRIENDS intervention is being implemented internationally and the website reports a number of favourable evaluations. Communities
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37 The Strengthening Families Program 10-­‐14 Description The Strengthening Families Program for 10 – 14 year olds (SFP 10-­‐14) is a universal prevention program that aims to assist families within late primary school/early high school. The program is designed to increase resilience and reduce risk factors for substance abuse, depression, violence and aggression, delinquency and school failure. Target Audience 10 – 14 years old Target Risk Factors ! Low neighbourhood attachment
! Community transitions & mobility
! Personal transitions & mobility
! Community disorganisation
! Poor family management and discipline
! Family conflict
SFP 10 – 14 involves seven, 2 hour sessions. Parents ! Favourable attitudes to problem behaviour
and adolescents are in separate groups for the first ! Low social skills
hour and combine to one group to practice skills for the ! Antisocial behaviour
second hour. Young people’s sessions focus on strengthening positive goals, dealing with stress and building social skills. Parent sessions focus on communication, monitoring and conflict resolution. Target Protective Factors ! Family attachment
! Family opportunities for prosocial involvement
! Family rewards for prosocial involvement
! Social skills
Evaluation Evidence Randomised trial evaluations in the US support the benefits of this program for young people and their Community Indicators parents. Outcomes for young people include reductions ! Low parental education
in substance use, reductions in hostile and aggressive ! Sole parents
behaviour and fewer problems in school (Spoth & ! Low income and poor housing
Redmond, 2000). Outcomes for parents include gains in ! Unemployment
specific parenting skills such as setting appropriate ! High aggregation of risk factors from primary
limits and building a positive relationship with their school
youth, gains on general child management such as setting rules and following through with consequences and an increase in positive feelings towards their child (Foxcroft, Ireland, Lowe, & Breen, 2002 ; Spoth & Redmond, 2000). The program is currently being implemented and evaluated in the UK and in New Zealand. It is currently being developed for an Australian context by Barwon Child Youth and Family
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Prevention Planning for 2017 During 2016 CTC Warrnambool will work with schools and other agencies to select and plan for programs to be implemented in 2017. Programs for consideration could include those detailed in this Plan or other evidence-­‐based prevention programs. Research and Evaluation Consultancy One thing that became evident through the inventory of existing programs and the gap analysis conducted as part of the Resource Assessment process was that many existing programs do not have a strong evidence base. In addition to identifying and scaling up existing evidence-­‐based programs being run locally and introducing other evidence-­‐
based programs which have been run successfully elsewhere, there is a need to support existing programs to build up the degree to which they are evidence-­‐based. This can be achieved through the provision of a service providing advice on incorporating evidence-­‐based strategies into existing local programs and also by designing and/or implementing evaluation processes. This will result in both building up local capacity and also will increase the effectiveness of programs, with the flow-­‐on effect of improved outcomes. Further Information Our vision is that every child and young person who lives or attends school in Warrnambool has the environment, connections and opportunities to build physical, mental and social wellbeing. Thank you for being part of making this happen. If you have any questions or would like to support Communities That Care Warrnambool, please contact the Communities That Care Coordinator Cameron Price on 5561 8877 or email [email protected]. For further information go to http://ctcwarrnambool.com. Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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Page 39 References Bernard, M. E. (2006). It’s time we teach social-­‐emotional competence as well as we teach academic competence. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 22, 103-­‐119. Cooper, M., Midford, R., Jaeger, J., & Hall, C. (2001). Partysafe Evaluation Report. Perth: National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology. Cross, D., Monks, H., Hall, M., Shaw, T., Pintabona, Y., Erceg, E., et al. (2010). Three year results of the Friendly Schools whole-­‐of-­‐school intervention on children’s bullying behaviour. British Educational Research Journal. 24 February 2010 (iFirst). 37(1), 105-­‐129. Foxcroft, D., Ireland, D., Lowe, G., & Breen, R. (2002). Primary prevention for alcohol misuse in young people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2002(3), Article CD003024. Jenkin, C., & Bretherton, D. (1994). PACE Parenting Adolescents: A Creative Experience. Camberwell, Australia: The Australian Council for Educational Research. Lock, S., & Barrett, P. M. (2003). A longitudinal study of developmental differences in universal preventive intervention for child anxiety. Behaviour Change, 20, 183–199. Midford, R., & Boots, K. (1999). COMPARI: insights from a three year community based alcohol harm reduction project. Australian Journal of Primary Health – Interchange, 5, 46-­‐58. Scribner, R. A., & Cohen, D. A. (2001). The effect of enforcement on merchant compliance with the minimum legal drinking age law. Journal of Drug Issues, 31, 857-­‐866. Shortt, A. L., Hutchinson, D. M., Chapman, R., & Toumbourou, J. W. (2007). Family, school, peer and individual influences on early adolescent alcohol use: First year impact of the Resilient Families program. Drug and Alcohol Review, 26(5), 625-­‐634. Spoth, R. L., & Redmond, C. S., C. (2000). Reducing adolescents’ aggressive and hostile behaviors: Randomized trial effects of a brief family intervention 4 years past baseline. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 154, 1248-­‐1257. Stead, L. F., & Lancaster, T. (2005). Interventions for preventing tobacco sales to minors. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2005(1), Article: CD001497. Toumbourou, J. W., & Gregg, M. E. (2002). Impact of an empowerment-­‐based parent education program on the reduction of youth suicide risk factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(3), 279-­‐287. van Lier, P. A., Muthén, B. O., van der Sar, R. M., & Crijnen, A. A. (2004). Preventing disruptive behavior in elementary school children: impact of a universal classroom-­‐based intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(3), 467-­‐478. Communities That Care Warrnambool - Prevention is Possible: community profile and action plan
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