Name __________________________ Date:_________ Period ____
Plant Structure and Function Notes Outline
Tissues
 A plant’s body is made of _____________
that form _____________.
 In ________________ plants, there are
________ types of _________ systems.
 _______________ Tissue System
 Forms the protective ___________ layer of a plant.
 ________________ Tissue System
 Makes up much of the _________ of the nonwoody parts of a plant,
including _________, __________, and ___________.
 ________________ Tissue System
 Forms strands that conduct _________, ____________ and
_______________ compounds throughout a __________ plant.
Dermal Tissue System
 ____________ tissue covers the
______________ of a plant’s body.
 In the _________________ parts of a
plant, dermal tissue forms a “________”
called the _____________________.
 The __________________ of most plants is made up of a _____________ layer
of flat __________.
 A waxy __________, which prevents ___________ loss, __________ the
epidermis of the __________ and _____________.
 Often the ________ of the _______________ have ________-like extensions or
other ___________________.
 _________________ of the _______________ cells on __________ and
_____________ often help to ________ water _______.
 ________________ of the epidermal _______ on ________ tips help
________________ water ________________.
 The ____________ tissue on woody ________ and ____________ consists of
several layers of ____________ cells that are referred to as ____________.
 ____________ cells contain a ___________________ chemical and are
_____ covered by a waxy _____________.
 In addition to ________________, _____________ tissue also functions in
________ exchange and in the ______________ of mineral ________________.
Ground Tissue System
 _______________ tissue makes up much of the ____________ of most plants.
 Most __________ tissue consists of ______-walled ________ that remain
__________ and keep their ____________ after they ______________.
 Some ______________ tissue contains some __________-walled cells.
 ____________ tissue has different ______________, depending on where it is
_________________ in a plant.
 The ground tissue in _____________, which is packed with ________________,
is specialized for _________________________.
 The ground tissue in __________ and _________ functions mainly in the
____________ of ________, __________, and _________.
 Throughout the _________ of a plant, __________ tissue also _____________
and _________________ the third kind of plant tissue – ______________ tissue.
Vascular Tissue System
 Plants have _______ kinds of _________________ tissue.
 _____________ and ______________.
 Both _____________ and _______________ contain strands of ________ that
are _____________ end to end and act like tiny __________.
 These _______________ of cells act as a ______________ system, carrying
______________ and dissolved _________________ throughout a plant’s body.
Xylem
 ___________ has ________-walled ________ that conduct _________ and
_______________ nutrients from a plant’s ____________ through its _________
to its _____________.
 The conducting cells in ___________ must ________ their cell _____________,
_______________, and _________________ before they can conduct _______.
 At ____________, all that is left of these ______ is their cell ____________.
 One type of __________ cell found in all vascular plants is called a __________.
 ______________ are ____________, elongated, and ___________ at each end.
 ___________ flows from one ____________ to the next through _______, which
are _____ areas in the cell _________.
 Gnetophytes and flowering plants also have a second type of __________ cell,
which makes up ______________ strands called _____________.
 The _______________ cells are _________ than _______________ and have
large ______________________ in their ends.
 The _____________________ allow ____________ to flow more _________
between _______________ cells.
Phloem
 _______________ contains cells that conduct ___________ and other
______________ throughout a plant’s body.
 The conducting _____________ of phloem have a cell _________, a cell
________________, and _____________________.
 These _________ either _________ organelles or have _______________
organelles.
 The __________________ strands in _____________ are called __________
____________.
 _________ in the walls ______________ neighboring ________-tube cells
connect the _________________ and allow _____________ to pass freely from
________ to __________.
 Beside the _________ tubes are rows of ______________________ cells, which
contain _________________.
 _________________ cells carry out cellular _____________, protein
______________, and other _____________ functions for the ______-tube cells.
Plant Cells and Tissues
Plant Tissue
_____________
Tissue
_____________
Tissue
_____________
Tissue
Cell Types
Roots
 Most ___________ are ________________ to
the spot where they _________ by _________,
which also ___________ water and mineral
_________________.
 In many plants, _________ also function in the
______________ of organic nutrients, such as
________ and ____________.
 Many _________, such as ___________ and
___________, have a large ___________ root from which much ___________
roots _________.
 This type of ________ system is called a ________________ system.
 Most ____________ such as ___________, have a highly ____________,
_____________ root system.
 Some plants have _________ that grow from ____________________ stems or
______________.
 These roots are called _____________________ roots.
 The _________ roots of corn and the ________ roots of orchids are
examples of ____________________ roots.
 A _________ has a central _________ of ___________________ tissue that is
surrounded by ______________ tissue.
 The _____________ tissue surrounding the ____________ tissue is called the
__________.
 Roots are covered by __________ tissue.
 An ________________ covers all of a
_________ except for the root ______.
 The _____________ cells just behind a
root _______ often produce root
_________, which are slender
_______________ of the cell __________________.
 Root ___________ greatly increase the surface ___________ of a root and its
___________ to absorb __________ and mineral _______________.
 A mass of ________ called the root ______ covers and ____________ the
actively ________________ root tip.
 A layer of ________ replaces the ______________ in the _________ sections of
a root.
 Many plants have __________ that become __________ as they get ________.
 Layers of ___________ replace the ___________ tissue in ___________ roots.
Stems
 The ______________ of most plants consist of ___________ and
______________.
 _____________ support the __________ and house the _________________
tissue, which ________________ substances between the _________ and the
____________.
 Many plants have __________ that are __________________ for other
________________.
 Stems of _______________ store _________.
_____________ are stems that are specialized for _____________ storage
and for __________________ reproduction.
Leaves
 ________________ are the primary
____________________ organs of plants.
 Most __________ have a flattened portion,
called the __________, that is often
________________ to a __________ by a
_________ called the _____________.
 A leaf __________ may be divided into _______ or more ___________ called
______________.
 _____________ with an ________________ blade are called _____________
leaves.
 Leaves with ________ or more ___________ are called _______________
leaves.
 ______________ reduce the ______________ area of a leaf ___________.
 Many plants have highly _______________ leaves that are _______________
for particular ________________.
 The ___________ of a __________ and the __________ of a garden
__________ are ______________ leaves.
 Cactus ___________ are specialized for ____________ and __________
conservation, while garden-pea _________ are specialized for _________.
 A _______ is a mass of _____________ tissue and _____________ tissue
covered by ______________.
 A _____________ coats the ___________ and __________ epidermis.
 Both _____________ and ____________ are found in the __________ of a leaf.
 ____________ are _________________ of vascular ______________ that run
from the tips of ___________ to the edges of _____________.
 In _____________, the ground tissue is called ______________________.
 _______________ cells are packed with _________________, where
___________________________ occurs.
 The ___________________ in ________________ makes leaves look _______.
Leaves
 Most ________ have leaves with _____ layers of _______________.
 One or more ______ of closely packed _______________ cells make up the
______________ layer, which lies just _________ the upper _______________.
 A layer of _________ packed, ___________ cells, called the _________ layer,
lies ______________ the ____________ layer and the lower ______________.
 The ___________ layer has many ______ spaces through which _________ can
travel.
 ____________, the tiny _________ in the _____________, connect the ______
spaces to the ___________ air.
Movement of Water in Plants
 _________ and __________ nutrients move up from a plant’s _________ to its
____________ through ____________.
 __________ is pulled ______ through a plant as it ______________ from the
plants ____________.
 The __________ of ____________ are coved with many tiny __________, the
____________.
 When the __________ are ________, water _______ diffuses ______ of a leaf.
 This ______ of water ________ from a plant is called __________________.
 In most _____________, more than _____% of the ________ taken in by the
___________ is ultimately ________ through _________________.
 The ____________ contains a _____________ of water that extends from the
__________ to the ___________.
 The _______________ of water _____________ causes water molecules that
are being _________ by a plant to _______ on the water _____________ still in
the __________.
 This _______ extends through the ___________ in the ____________.
 _________ is drawn ____________ in the same way __________ is drawn
through a ______________.
 As long as the _____________ of water in the __________ does not _________,
__________ will keep moving ___________ as ___________________ occurs.
 _____________ take in ___________ from the _________ by ______________.
 This _____________ enters the ___________ and _____________ the water
____________ through ___________________.
Guard Cells and Transpiration
 A _________ is surrounded by a ________ of ___________ cells that are
__________ like two cupped hands.
 ____________ in water ___________ within the __________ cells cause the
__________ to _________ or __________.
 When the __________ cells take in __________, they ___________.
 Extra _____________ strands in their cell _________ permit the ________
to ______________ in length but not in _____________.
 As a result, ___________ cells that take in ____________ bend _________ from
each other, _____________ the __________ and
allowing _______________ to proceed.
 When ___________ leaves the ___________ cells, they ____________ and
move ___________ to each other, ____________ the
stoma and ______________ transpiration.
 The _______ of water from ___________ cells (for
any reason) causes ________________ to _________, _______________
further water ________.
 This is an example of ________________________.
Movement of Organic Compounds in Plants
 _______________ compounds move throughout a plant within the _________.
 ____________ use the term __________ to refer to a part of a plant that
_____________ organic compounds for _______ parts of the ________.
 A _________ is a __________ because it makes __________ during
____________________.
 A ________ that stores _________ is also a ___________.
 ___________ use the term __________ to refer to a part of a _________ that
organic compounds are ________________ to.
 ____________ growing _________, such as root ______ and developing
_________, are examples of ________.
 The _____________ of organic compounds ____________ a plant from a
__________ to a _________ is called ____________________.
Translocation
 The ________________ of organic _______________ in a plant is more
__________ than the movement of ___________ for three reasons.
1. _________ flows ___________ through empty ___________ cells, but
______________ compounds must ______ through the
_________________ of ___________ phloem _________.
2. ____________ only moves _____ in _______, while _____________
compounds move in ____ directions in __________.
3. __________ can ___________ through cell ________________ but
____________ compounds _____________.
 The ______________ botanist Ernst ___________ proposed a model of
___________________ in _________. In this _____________ –_______
________________:
 ___________ from a __________ enters _____________ cells by
______________ __________________.
 When the ___________ concentration in the phloem _________________,
____________ enters the __________ tubes in ___________ from
___________ by ______________.
 _______________ builds up ___________ the __________-tube
________ and ____________ sugar through the ___________ tubes.
 __________ moves from _____________ cells into a _________ by
_______________ ____________________.