DAY 1
Biomolecules, Enzymes, Cell
Structure, Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Day # 1 (MONDAY) :
CONCEPTS: biomolecules, Enzymes, Cell Structure,
Prokaryote/Eukaryote
1. Pass out review packets and Folders
2. Biomolecule cards :oral review, and then
manipulatives
3. Packet # 1- 11
4. Enzymes: review the parts, activation energy, etc
5. Packet # 12-13
6. Prokaryote/ Prokaryote T-Chart
7. Packet # 14-27
8. MOC STAAR Questions: 11, 26, 46, 37
Biomolecules
• What are the 4 Biomolecules?
• Which Biomolecule(s) have Carbon, Hydrogen
& Oxygen (CHO)?
• Which Biomolecule(s) have Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen & Nitrogen (CHON)?
• Which Biomolecule(s) have Carbon, Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Nitrogen & Phosphorus (CHONP)?
Monomers & Polymers
• Macromolecules are actually made up of even
smaller subunits. Each subunit of a
macromolecule is called a monomer.
• The macromolecules themselves are called
polymers, because they are made up of many
of these subunits.
Monomer: one basic unit or subunit
Polymer: a chain of many basic units
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates: Structure
• Carbohydrates are made up of…
– Monomer (basic unit): simple sugars (or
monosaccharides)
• Ex.: glucose
– Polymer (chain of units): complex carbohydrates
(or polysaccharides)
• Ex.: starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen
Disaccharide:
2 simple
sugars bonded
together
Carbohydrates: Function
• Provide body with energy!
Complex carb (ex. Starch)
– What should you eat before
playing the big game? Candy
bar or pasta?
• Candy bar: contains simple
sugars, provides a short
burst of energy
• Pasta: contains starch which
takes longer to break down,
provides longer-lasting
energy
– *We can’t digest cellulose- it
is used as fiber, or roughage
instead.
Broken down to
disaccharides
Broken down further
• Ex. : corn
Simple sugars (ex. Glucose)
Carbohydrates: Food Sources
• Simple carbs (simple
sugars) are found in
most candy and sweet
drinks, fruit, vegetables,
and milk. They are
quickly digested and
give a short burst of
energy.
• Complex carbs (like
starches) are found in
pasta, bread, potatoes,
legumes & corn. They
take longer to digest,
and provide energy
longer.
Lipids: Structure
• Lipids are made up of…
– Monomer (basic unit): fatty acids
– Polymer (chain of units): lipids
• Specific examples: triglycerides, phospholipids
Lipids: Function
• Make up the cell membrane, providing cell
structure
• Provide insulation (fat keeps body warm)
• Long-term energy storage
Lipids: Food Sources
• As you might have guessed, fatty foods
contain lipids.
• Lipids are found in meat and fish, oils,
avacados, eggs & nuts.
Proteins
Proteins: Structure
• Proteins are made up of…
– Monomer (basic unit):
amino acids
• 20 different kinds!*
– Polymer (chain of units): protein
• More specifically- polypeptides
dipeptide
Amino acids
linked by
peptide
bonds
Proteins: Function
• Build and repair muscle
and tissues
– “No pain, no gain!”
• Enzymes- proteins that speed up chemical
reactions
Proteins: Food Sources
• Proteins are found in meat, fish, legumes,
nuts, milk, eggs, grains and soy products.
• There are 6 amino acids that our bodies
cannot make- we can only get these from
food.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids: Structure
• Nucleic Acids are made up of…
– Monomers (basic unit): nucleotides
– Polymers (chain of units): DNA or RNA
Nucleic Acids: Function
• Stores and carries genetic information
Nucleic Acids: Food Sources
• We get nucleic acid components from
vitamins and minerals in our diet. These in
turn, come from fruits, vegetables, grains,
meats, & almost anything else you can
think of with some nutritional value (no
junk food!).
Digestion & Reconstruction
• When macromolecules are eaten, they are
digested and broken down into their subunits
(monomers).
– Analogy: taking apart an old brick building
• Inside the cells, these subunits are
reconstructed into the macromolecules we
need.
– Analogy: using bricks to build a new building
Digestion Products
Macromolecule Broken down in stomach
eaten: (Polymer) to: (Monomer)
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars (i.e. glucose)
Lipids
Proteins
Fatty acids & glycerol
(glycerol further broken
down to glucose)
Amino acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleotides
Biomolecule ManipulativesTake out the cards out of the bag.
Match them up based on the 4
different Biomolecules.
Line the Title cards at the top of your
desk
Carbs, Lipids, Protein, Nucleic Acid
Biomolecules Review
Questions
Question
Can you compare
Polymers and
Monomers?
Answer
Polymers are large
molecules made of
smaller molecules.
Monomers are the
smaller molecules.
Question
What is the monomer
for a Protein?
Answer
Amino Acids
Question
What is the role of
Carbohydrates
Answer
Main Source of Energy
Question
Which elements are
found in Biomolecules?
Answer
Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
Hydrogen (H)
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorus (P)
Question
What are some examples
of Lipids?
Answer
Fats, Oils and Waxes
Polymer
1 CARBOHYDRATE
2. LIPID
3. PROTEIN
4. NUCLEIC ACID
Monomer
Monosaccharides
Fatty acids and Glycerol
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Elements
Example
Monomer
Structure
C, H, O
C, H, O
C, H, O, N, S
C, H, O, N, P
Food Examples
Sugars and starches
Fats, Oils, Waxes
Functions


Meat, eggs, milk, beans, All food
nuts

A protein’s

Nucleic acids store and
function depends
transmit hereditary
on its unique
information.
sequence of
amino acids.

Some are enzymes
Example Polymer
Structure

Sugars, the
smallest
carbohydrates,
serve as fuel for
cells
Short term
energy source



Lipids store large
amounts of energy
Long term energy source
Insulation
Make up biological
membranes
GET OUT YOUR GREEN PACKET…
• Complete # 1-11
Polymer
1 CARBOHYDRATE
2. LIPID
3. PROTEIN
4. NUCLEIC ACID
Monomer
Monosaccharides
Fatty acids and Glycerol
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Elements
Example
Monomer
Structure
C, H, O
C, H, O
C, H, O, N, S
C, H, O, N, P
Food Examples
Sugars and starches
Fats, Oils, Waxes
Functions


Meat, eggs, milk, beans, All food
nuts

A protein’s

Nucleic acids store and
function depends
transmit hereditary
on its unique
information.
sequence of
amino acids.

Some are enzymes
Example Polymer
Structure

Sugars, the
smallest
carbohydrates,
serve as fuel for
cells
Short term
energy source



Lipids store large
amounts of energy
Long term energy source
Insulation
Make up biological
membranes
5. A
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
10. Both are forms of energy (Carbs are short
term energy and Lipids are stored energy) and
they both have the elements C, H, O
11.Monomer is a building block of polymers.
Polymers are made up of many monomers.
Biomolecules are Polymers and they are made
up of many monomers.
Enzymes…
Are proteins that act as biological catalysts.
• A Catalyst is anything that speeds up the rate of a
chemical reaction.
• Catalysts speed up reactions by lowering the activation
energy.
• Cells use enzymes to speed up reactions necessary for
life.
For example – breaking down biomolecules
in
food, and synthesizing new molecules,
Quick Note:
Enzymes almost always
end in “ase”
e.g. Catalase, Amalase, Lactase
Enzymes are biological Catalysts!
• A Catalyst is a substance
that speeds up the rate of
a chemical reaction.
• Catalysts work by
lowering a reaction’s
activation energy.
• Activation Energy is the
energy required to initiate
a reaction
Substrate
• The substance changed
or acted on by an
enzyme is called a
substrate.
Enzymes have highly
SPECIFIC
substrates.
Enzymes are proteins…
and their structure
determines their function
All enzymes have an ACTIVE SITE
• The active site is where the substrate binds to
the enzyme.
• Though the substrate is changed during a
reaction, the Enzyme is not. It can be used
again and again!
The Enzyme Substrate complex
• Enzymes only function if
their substrate can fit in or
around the active site.
• The active site’s shape must
match the substrate’s
shape.
• After a reaction, the
substrate is changed but
the Enzyme is not.
Which one will fit ?
ENZYMES HELP US GET ENERGY
FROM FOOD!
Major Digestive Enzymes
Enzyme
Produced In
Acts On
Salivary Glands
Small Intestine
Small Intestine
Appendix
Starch
Maltose
Lactose
Cellulose
Gastric Glands
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Proteins
Proteins
Proteins
Pancreas
Fat
Carbohydrate Digestion
•
•
•
•
Salivary Amylase
Maltase
Lactase
Celluase
Protein Digestion
•
•
•
Pepsin
Trypsin
Peptidases
Fat Digestion
•
Lipase
GET OUT YOUR GREEN PACKET…
• Complete # 12-13
Label the following Diagram below:
12)
Label the image below with the following terms: active site, reactant, enzyme.
A………..….......
B……………….....
C…….…...…
……..............
+
Label the following Diagram below:
12)
Label the image below with the following terms: active site, reactant, enzyme.
A.
Enzyme.
B. Active
Site
C.
+
Substrate
13.
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences using the words in the box below.
different
catalysts
function
the same
amino acids
activation energy
a) Enzymes are biological CATALYSTS that speed up chemical reactions
in living organisms.
b) Enzymes are protein molecules, which are made up of long chains
of AMINO ACIDS.
c) The sequence and type of amino acids are DIFFERENT in each
protein, so they produce enzymes with many different shapes and
functions.
d) The shape of an enzyme is very important to its FUNCTION.
e) Enzymes lower the ACTIVATION ENERGY.
30. This diagram shows an enzyme-substrate complex.
Which is represented by Structure X?
a. substrate
b. product
c. enzyme
d. complex
CELLS
The Cell Theory
A THEORY is a well-tested explanation that is based on observations
A. All Living things are composed of
cells
Cells can be:
1)unicellular (one cell)
2)multicellular (many cells)
Cell Theory cont…
B. Cells are the basic units of
living things
Cell theory cont…
C . New cells are produced from
existing cells
There are 2 types of cells
EUKARYOTE
PROKARYOTE
What do you notice about these cells?
similarities or differences
Eukaryotes
DNA
Prokaryotes
On your desk Write a Venn Diagram.
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
What does Prokaryote (pro-KAR-eeothts) mean?
• Pro = before karyon = nucleus
• Does not contain a nucleus
Example of Prokaryote: Bacteria
There are many different types of bacteria
• Some can cause disease
• Some recycle important natural resources through
decomposition
• Some bacteria is used to make food, such as milk
products
Actual Prokaryotic Cells
What does Eukaryotes (yoo-KAR-eeohts) mean?
• Eu = true
karyon = nucleus
• Does contain a
nucleus
• Examples:
Animals, plants,
fungi, and protists
COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM BELOW!
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
Both
Eukaryotes
Smaller
Include bacteria
Lack nucleus
Larger
type of
cell
Contain DNA
Lack organelles
Mostly unicellular
organisms
Simple
microscopic
Found in humans
Nucleus
Contain Organelles
Complex
outer
membrane
Mostly multicellular
organisms
7-1
QUESTION 2
• Which organism listed is a
prokaryote?
o protist
o bacterium
o fungus
o plant
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
GET OUT YOUR GREEN PACKET…
• Complete # 14-27
14. Bacteria
15. Plant
16. Animal
17. Prokaryote
18. Eukaryote
19. Eukaryote
20. Prokaryotic
21. Eukaryotic
22. Eukaryotic
23. Bacteria
24. DNA
25. Small & Simple
26. Large & Complex
27. Cell wall, chloroplast, large vacuole
MOC STAAR QUESTIONS
• 11, 26, 46, 37