Table S1: List of AMS radiocarbon ages used for age-depth modeling.
Lake
N1
N1
N1
N1
Lauerz
Lauerz
Lauerz
Lauerz
Lab code
ETH-32360
ETH-32472
ETH-32361
ETH-32462
Core Section
Lau04-01-3A
Lau04-01-4A
Lau04-01-3B
Lau04-01-4C
Depth in
section
(cm)
69
51
9
62
Comp. depth
without event
layers (cm)
470.5
657.5
492
802
age
(yr BP)
1195
1470
2195
1910
± 1σ
Sample material
leaf
leaf
leaf
wood
Composite
depth (cm)
562
799.5
606
960
45
55
45
55
Calibrated
age (cal yr
BP)
985-1260
1291-1516
2068-2337✧
1718-1986
N2
N2
N2
N2
N2
N2
N2
N2
N2
N2
N2
N2
N2
N2
Baldegg
Baldegg
Baldegg
Baldegg
Baldegg
Baldegg
Baldegg
Baldegg
Baldegg
Baldegg
Baldegg
Baldegg
Baldegg
Baldegg
UZ-4904
UZ-4905
UZ-4903
UZ-4690
UZ-4691
UZ-4729
UZ-4692
UZ-4693
ETH-38958
UZ-4695
UZ-4730
ETH-43950
UZ-4696
UZ-4731
Ba02-7b
Ba02-7b
Ba02-4b
Ba97-3-4
Ba97-3-5
Ba97-3-6
Ba97-3-6
Ba97-3-7
Ba09-2-B2
Ba97-3-7
Ba97-3-8
Ba09-2-B3
Ba97-3-9
Ba97-3-9
46
58
97
78
33
17
83
3
68-69.5
73
49
64.25
23
58
terr. macrofossils
leaf
terr. macrofossils
leaf
leaf
leaf
leaf
leaf
terr. macrofossils
leaf
leaf
terr. macrofossils
leaf
leaf
79
89.6
175.7
352.5
402
483.4
551.6
569.6
660-661.5
660.75
744.7
763.95
830.3
864.2
70.8
79.5
147.4
291
327.9
403.2
466.9
484.6
570.7-572.2
571.45
648.6
666.55
721.4
745.9
300
335
785
1625
1850
2800
3330
3630
4540
4550
6335
6615
7725
7995
45
55
45
55
65
50
55
70
35
65
85
40
70
80
278-351
313-396
681-790
1433-1628
1631-1867
2757-2898
3528-3813
3828-4067
5152-5444
5153-5459
7007-7287
7436-7566
8395-8583
8742-9008
N3
N3
N3
N3
N3
N3
N3
N3
N3
N3
Seelisberg
Seelisberg
Seelisberg
Seelisberg
Seelisberg
Seelisberg
Seelisberg
Seelisberg
Seelisberg
Seelisberg
UZ-4649
UZ-4935
UZ-4809
UZ-4735
UZ-4804
UZ-4800
UZ-4805
UZ-4734
UZ-4806
UZ-4808
Sel01-3-I
Sel01-5-AII
Sel01-5-AIII
Sel01-6-BIII
Sel01-6-CII
Sel01-5-BIII
Sel01-6-CIII
Sel01-6-DII
Sel01-6-DII
Sel01-6-EII
25
77
90
85
5
16
90
11
96
8
leaf
leaf
leaf
terr. macrofossils
leaf
terr. macrofossils
leaf
terr. macrofossils
terr. macrofossils
leaf
57
160
224
238
341
388
489
603
688
713
32.2
155
168.6
181.1
244.6
268.6
308.5
363
404.6
433.7
365
555
1545
2265
2525
2920
3780
5920
5400
6695
50
55
50
50
65
70
55
75
60
65
311-504
510-654✧
1336-1539
2152-2351✧
2365-2752
2873-3319
3982-4405
6559-6944✧
6001-6299
7460-7669
N4
N4
N4
Faelen
Faelen
Faelen
ETH-39519
ETH-39523
ETH-39520
Fae09-5-1B
Fae09-6-1A
Fae09-5-2A
40.5
12.5
64
terr. macrofossils
seed
terr. macrofossils
150.1
214.8
415.6
120.2
172.9
335.8
1190
1805
3065
35
45
35
989-1237
1611-1865
3169-3369
14C
N4
N4
N4
N4
Faelen
Faelen
Faelen
Faelen
ETH-42599
ETH-39521
ETH-39522
ETH-42598
Fae09-5-2B
Fae09-5-2C
Fae09-6-2B
Fae09-5-3B
58
57.75
70.7
38.6
needle
terr. Macrofossils
wood
wood
497
594
637.4
726.8
404.3
469.4
503.8
563.8
3680
5255
6215
8255
40
40
45
40
3898-4146
5925-6179
7002-7252
9091-9405
N5
N5
N5
N5
N5
N5
N5
N5
Hinterburg
Hinterburg
Hinterburg
Hinterburg
Hinterburg
Hinterburg
Hinterburg
Hinterburg
Ua-14630
Ua-14631
ETH-42027
ETH-45270
ETH-43868
ETH-43869
ETH-43870
ETH-42025
HIN97-7
HIN97-6
HIN10-6-1A
HIn10-5-1C
HIN10-6-1B
HIN10-5-2A
HIN10-6-1C
HIn10-5-2B
24
32
35.8
71.75
56.7
72.4
62.8
45.3
terr. Macrofossils
terr. Macrofossils
wood
terr. macrofossils
terr. macrofossils
terr. macrofossils
terr. macrofossils
leaf
77.7
171.1
205.4
263.5
315.8
386
419.5
457.3
30.4
47.9
65.1
87.9
107.9
135.2
149.3
167.7
805
1425
2475
3110
4140
5455
6230
7605
60
60
40
25
35
30
35
65
660-905
1188-1511
2364-2716
3262-3385
4550-4824
6205-6303
7015-7254
8220-8549
N6
N6
N6
N6
Trueb
Trueb
Trueb
Trueb
ETH-42680
ETH-42683
ETH-42681
ETH-42908
Tr11-1-2A
Tr11-2-3B
Tr11-2-3C
Tr11-1-3C
83
73.3
9
85.8
terr. macrofossils
terr. macrofossils
terr. macrofossils
wood
362.8
529.1
641.6
784.5
332.4
475
573.8
703.4
620
1245
1760
2515
40
35
60
35
546-662
1075-1270
1541-1822
2471-2742
N7
N7
N7
N7
N7
N7
Glattalp
Glattalp
Glattalp
Glattalp
Glattalp
Glattalp
ETH-44207
ETH-44205
ETH-45030
ETH-45031
ETH-45032
ETH-44206
GLA11-5-1B
GLA11-6-2B
Gla11-5-3A
Gla11-5-3C
GLA 11-5-4B
GLA11-5-5B
68
58,5
82.25
80.5
83-85
23
terr. macrofossils
terr. macrofossils
needle
needle
terr. macrofossils
wood
151.7
292.9
671
859
1065.5
1255.8
120.5
207.1
448.8
591.2
728.7
861.2
960
1715
3815
5065
6750
8200
75
35
55
55
35
65
726-1052
1545-1705
4011-4413
5662-5918
7569-7669
9009-9400
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
N8
Hinterer Schwendisee
Hinterer Schwendisee
Hinterer Schwendisee
Hinterer Schwendisee
Hinterer Schwendisee
Hinterer Schwendisee
Hinterer Schwendisee
ETH-38342
ETH-39878
ETH-45158
ETH-38344
ETH-39880
ETH-38343
ETH-45159
HS09-1-1B
HS09-2-1B
HS09-2-2B
HS09-1-2B
HS09-1-1C
HS09-2-2B
HS09-2-2C
87
14
2.4
73
54
41
51
wood
terr. macrofossils
needle
wood
seed
seed
leaf
185.6
238.6
300.8
371.4
423.3
499.7
600
63.6
98.5
135.7
193.2
233.4
284.5
379.3
900
1800
2425
3645
4220
5795
9045
30
50
50
35
35
35
215
739-910
1605-1865
2349-2703
3870-4084
4627-4855
6496-6672
9551-10712
N9
N9
N9
N9
N9
Grimsel
Grimsel
Grimsel
Grimsel
Grimsel
ETH-41797
ETH-41798
ETH-41799
ETH-41800
ETH-42105
Gr10-2-1B
Gr10-3-1A
Gr10-3-1B
Gr10-3-1C
Gr10-2-2B2
81.5
65.5
63
46
13
terr. macrofossils
wood
terr. macrofossils
wood
wood
138
176.1
281.3
360.2
429.9
121.8
149.1
228.4
296.9
351.9
1410
1895
3230
4320
6040
80
35
45
40
35
1175-1518
1730-1922
3372-3561
4832-5030
6790-6982
N9
N9
N9
Grimsel
Grimsel
Grimsel
ETH-41801
ETH-41802
ETH-41803
Gr10-2-2C
Gr10-3-2A
Gr10-3-2B
13
105
78.5
wood
terr. macrofossils
terr. macrofossils
455.1
523.1
603
369.3
424.3
467.7
5405
8310
8875
175
50
75
5753-6600✧
9137-9460
9703-10196
N10
N10
N10
N10
N10
N10
N10
N10
N10
N10
N10
N10
N10
N10
Iffig
Iffig
Iffig
Iffig
Iffig
Iffig
Iffig
Iffig
Iffig
Iffig
Iffig
Iffig
Iffig
Iffig
Poz-45473
ETH-41795
Poz-45472
Poz-39380
ETH-42602
Poz-45470
Poz-45474
Poz-45469
ETH-41796
Poz-39382
Poz-45468
ETH-42601
ETH-42104
ETH-42600
IFF B1 II
IFF B 2
IFF C3
IFF C3
IFF D3
IFF D3
IFF D3
IFF C4
IFF C4
IFF C5
IFF D4
IFF D4
IFF D5
IFF D5
30.5
12
44.3
77.6
25.3
41.3
81.3
69.8
87
37
61.1
93.1
35.5
75.5
terr. macrofossils
terr. macrofossils
terr. macrofossils
terr. macrofossils
wood
terr. macrofossils
terr. macrofossils
terr. macrofossils
wood
terr. macrofossils
terr. macrofossils
terr. macrofossils
terr. macrofossils
terr. macrofossils
96.3
143.7
218.4
251.7
298.2
314.2
354.2
370.6
387.8
426.4
458.4
490.4
531.1
571.1
59.8
95
159.2
187.8
229.4
244.67
275.28
288.28
304.78
332.18
347.28
370.88
392.18
407.61
310
755
1870
2460
3545
3965
4500
4845
5350
6225
7140
7985
8725
9035
30
40
35
30
40
35
40
35
50
35
50
40
45
55
301-466
653-743
1717-1882
2363-2705
3705-3960
4296-4524
4980-5305
5481-5652
5996-6277
7011-7129
7848-8043
8656-9000
9552-9888
9928-10292
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
S1
Garlate
Garlate
Garlate
Garlate
Garlate
Garlate
Garlate
Garlate
Garlate
Garlate
ETH-45018
ETH-43298
ETH-44118
ETH-45019
ETH-43299
ETH-45020
ETH-44119
ETH-43300
ETH-45021
ETH-44120
GAR11-05-A2
GAR11-06-A2
GAR11-05-B3
GAR11-05-C3
GAR11-06-C2
GAR11-05-D2
GAR11-05-D3
GAR11-06-D2
GAR11-05-E2
GAR11-05-E3
92.5-93.5
34-36
34-35
78-79
59.5-60
2.5
32.5
98
22.5-23.5
10-11
wood remains
terr. macrofossils
wood
seed wing
wood
twig
wood
wood
wood
wood, leaf remains
207.7
324.7
565.7
849.0
925.7
1007.9
1139.8
1220.7
1355.8
1446.8
118.0
188.2
352.0
492.4
541.3
604.5
701.3
725.6
779.0
838.4
365
1130
1885
2500
2905
3250
3915
4095
4485
4870
30
35
30
30
35
30
30
40
30
35
316-502
960-1169
1730-1890
2467-2732
2948-3206
3400-3559
4247-4424
4445-4816
4981-5293
5486-5662
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
Ghirla
Ghirla
Ghirla
Ghirla
Ghirla
Ghirla
Ghirla
Ghirla
Ghirla
ETH-39227
ETH-43301
ETH-38339
ETH-39228
ETH-43302
ETH-39229
ETH-38340
ETH-39230
ETH-40409
GHI09-2-A1
GHI09-1-A3
GH09-2-A2
GHI09-2-A3
GHI09-2-B1
GHI09-1-B3
GH09-2-B3
GHI09-2-C1
GHI09-2-C2
12-13
31.5-32.5
71.5-72.5
86.5-87.5
81.5-82
76.5-77.5
44-45
74-75
43-43.5
leaf remains
macrofossils, cone
plant remains
leaf remains
wood
bud leaves
wood
fruit
branch part
188.7
252.1
335.2
458.2
546.3
589.8
707.5
808.7
873.7
188.7
252.1
335.2
458.2
546.3
586.1
686.9
759.8
812.5
1055
1495
2120
2680
3460
3840
4770
5645
7160
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
923-1055
1306-1514
1994-2299
2748-2850
3640-3831
4150-4409
5332-5590
6318-6496
7883-8029
wood
981.6
871.3
8380
45
9290-9491
wood-peat-charcoal
wood-peat-charcoal
wood-peat-charcoal
leaf remains
wood-peat-charcoal
wood-peat-charcoal
leaf remains
wood-peat-charcoal
leaf remaoins
wood-peat-charcoal
wood-peat-charcoal
needles, leaf remains
wood-peat-charcoal
needles
wood-peat-charcoal
wood-peat-charcoal
needles
53.4
100.7
142.7
157.8
178.2
237.4
259.9
272.5
319.7
347.6
375.8
392.0
418.1
452.7
483.7
511.5
516.9
96.6
189.6
284.3
303.9
334.6
442.9
492.0
542.4
664.6
711.8
762.6
839.1
883.8
957.8
1009.8
1056.9
1062.8
290
1020
1445
1765
1945
2520
2890
3095
3575
4080
4550
5200
5720
6530
7270
8385
8405
30
30
30
35
30
35
50
30
35
35
35
35
40
40
50
35
40
287-458
802-1048
1297-1386
1569-1812
1822-1971
2488-2744
2876-3208
3245-3384
3728-3978
4442-4811
5052-5320
5903-6171
6413-6635
7331-7559
7982-8181
9304-9487
9307-9522
55.5
45
62.5-63
76.5-77.5
55
24-26
32.5-33.5
38.5-39.5
5.8-6.5
bark
little cone
wood, bark
leaf
bud
needles, grass
grass, needles
wood
bark
80.7
249.4
328.1
403.4
476.4
597.0
766.6
770.0
836.2
17.7
43.1
61.9
77.9
101.8
127.0
156.6
213.0
172.9
595
1535
2505
3045
3970
5020
7625
8790
8655
35
35
30
35
35
35
45
40
35
538-654
1352-1521
2471-2735
3161-3360
4297-4526
5659-5892
8367-8539
9627-10120✧
9541-9686
65.5-66.5
12-14
72.5-73.5
43-46
92-93
31-31.5
31-31.5
13-14
30-30.5
terr. macrofossils
wood
terr. macrofossils
wood
wood
wood
terr. macrofossils
wood
wood
103.5
224.0
339.7
407.8
642.2
684.2
776.4
802.1
865.9
49.9
88.9
119.4
134.1
171.4
176.0
183.0
192.6
202.3
1255
2035
3015
3305
4595
5035
8015
6450
8055
60
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
1056-1295
1898-2112
3079-3338
3452-3630
5068-5460
5663-5899✧
8765-9012✧
7291-7430
8776-9079
S2
Ghirla
ETH-38341
GH09-2-C3
53.5-56
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
S3
Ledro
Ledro
Ledro
Ledro
Ledro
Ledro
Ledro
Ledro
Ledro
Ledro
Ledro
Ledro
Ledro
Ledro
Ledro
Ledro
Ledro
POZ-30216
POZ-30218
POZ-30219
ETH-39232
POZ-30220
POZ-30221
ETH-40410
POZ-27890
ETH-40411
POZ-27891
POZ-30223
ETH-39233
POZ-27892
ETH-39234
POZ-30224
POZ-27894
ETH-39235
LL081-P1b
LL081-P1b
LL081-A2a
LL082-A1b
LL081-A2a
LL081-A3a
LL082-B1a
LL081-A3a
LL082-B1b
LL081-B2a
LL081-A3b
LL082-A2b
LL081-B2b
LL082-A2b
LL082-A4a
LL082-B2b
LL082-B2a
17
77
68
8-9
113
36
67.5-68.5
88
86-87
80
91
15.5-16.5
20
136-137
46
109
107.5-108.5
S4
S4
S4
S4
S4
S4
S4
S4
S4
Alzasca
Alzasca
Alzasca
Alzasca
Alzasca
Alzasca
Alzasca
Alzasca
Alzasca
ETH-42353
ETH-42354
ETH-41055
ETH-42355
ETH-42356
ETH-41056
ETH-42907
ETH-42357
ETH-41057
ALZ10-18-A1
ALZ10-18-A3
ALZ10-19-A2
ALZ10-18-B1
ALZ10-18-B2
ALZ10-19-B2
ALZ10-20-A2
ALZ10-20-A2
ALZ10-20-A3
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
S5
Cadagno
Cadagno
Cadagno
Cadagno
Cadagno
Cadagno
Cadagno
Cadagno
Cadagno
ETH-42351
ETH-39236
ETH-41051
ETH-39237
ETH-41052
ETH-39238
ETH-41053
ETH-42352
ETH-41054
CAD09-04-A1
CAD09-04-A3
CAD09-09-A2
CAD09-09-A3
CAD09-04-B3
CAD09-08-A1
CAD09-08-A2
CAD09-05-C1
CAD09-08-A3
✧ Discarded: sample material derives from mass-movement deposits.