2-3 Carbon Compounds
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Organic Chemistry- the study of all compounds that
contain bonds between carbon atoms.
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• C •
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Carbon atoms:
-have 4 valence e-They easily bond with H, O, P, N, S and other
carbons.
-Has the ability to form chains, rings, and branches.
C-C-C-C
Macromolecules
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Macromolecules= “giant molecules” they form from
polymerization=joining smaller molecule together to
make a large molecule.
Monomers= small compounds
Polymers= compounds made of monomers joining
together.
4 Groups of Macromolecules
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Carbohydrates-sugars, starches, & cellulose
Lipids-fats, oils, & waxes
Nucleic Acids- DNA & RNA, genetic material
Proteins-polypeptide chains of amino acids
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen–
occur most frequently in organic compounds
All have carbon as their backbone, all are
made by polymerization.
4 Groups of Macromolecules
For each category of organic compound you need to:
(Carbohydrate, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids)
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–
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–
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Name of the monomer
Draw a monomer
Functional groups
Functions in living things
Examples of specific types of this organic compound
Dehydration Synthesis
Dehydration Synthesis
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
CARBOHYDRATES (“sugars”)
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Carbohydrates- made up of Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen
atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio.
FUNCTION:
1) Store energy
2) Make up cell structures /support
•3 different types
•Monosaccharides=single
sugars
•Disaccharides = 2 sugars
•Polysaccharides= many
sugars
Monosaccharides
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These are the smallest unit of carbohydrates.
They consist of a single sugar unit.
They are sweet to taste and soluble in H2O.
Examples:
1. Glucose
2. Fructose
3. Galactose
Monosaccharides
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1) Glucose- body's main source of energy & a product of
photosynthesis.
– Source of energy for the brain. (low glucose =impaired
mental processes.)
– Excess glucose in our body is stored as glycogen in the
liver & as fat in the tissues.
– Diabetes, Hypoglycemia
Disaccharides
C12H22O11
 Disaccharides are made of two
monosaccharides that are joined together.
 Common disaccharides are:
1) Maltose
2) Sucrose
3) Lactose
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Disaccharides
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1) Maltose: glucose + glucose.
– Forms in the gut when starches are digested.
• Monomer =
Glycerol & Fatty Acids
• Polymer
= Lipids
Examples:
1.
Fats and oils
2.
Waxes
3.
Steroids
4.
Phospholipids
Im
LIPIDS
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1.
2.
When you think of fats, think lipids.
Lipids- mostly Carbon, Hydrogen
STRUCTURE:
One Glycerol molecule
(basis of all fats & is made up of a three-carbon chain.)
Three Fatty Acid chains (long chain of carbon atoms
connected to each other )
LIPIDS
What type of reaction is this?
Hint!
Lipids
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Not soluble in water
(HYDROPHOBIC)
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FUNCTION:
Energy Storage
Structure of cell membranes
Insulation.
Lipids are also used to make fats (solids),
oils (liquids), steroids & waxes.
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Lipids
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1) Fats & Oils (triglycerides):
Saturated Fats: Solid at room temperature
• Contain lots of Hydrogen
• No Carbon-to-Carbon double bonds within the fatty acid chain.
Unsaturated Fats: Liquids at room temp..
• Contains less Hydrogen.
• Contain 1 or more Carbon-to-Carbon double bonds.
Lipids
2) Waxes: used to coat & protect things in nature.
• Bees wax, ear wax, plant leaves & makeup
Lipids
3) Steroids : made of 4 Carbon rings.
• Ex: cholesterol, sex hormones, birth control pills &
anabolic steroids.
Lipids
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4. Phospholipids: make up the membranes that
surround your cells
Lipids
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Fatty Acid Tails= Nonpolar and Hydrophobic
Phosphate head= Polar and Hydrophilic
• Monomer
= nucleotide
1.
2.
3.
• Polymer
Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen base
= Nucleic acid
2 types:
1.
DNA
2.
RNA
Image from: http://www.yourdictionary.com/dna
Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids- Made of Hydrogen, Oxygen,
Nitrogen, Carbon, and Phosphorus.
Nucleic acids= building blocks of living
organisms
Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from
individual monomers known as nucleotides.
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Polymer= Nucleic Acids
Monomer= Nucleotide
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FUNCTION:
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1) Contain directions to make proteins
2) Store and transmit hereditary or genetic information
– DNA=deoxyribonucleic acid sugar deoxyribose.
• double chain of nucleotides
• Contains genetic information
– RNA=ribonucleic acid sugar ribose.
• single chain of nucleotides
• Translates DNA into protein!!
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• Monomer
= amino acids
-Amino group = NH2 -Hydrogen
-Carboxyl group = COOH
-Side Chain
-Central carbon
• Polymer
= Proteins
Enzymes
Collagen
Hemoglobin
Antibodies
Image from: http://www.yourdictionary.com/dna
Proteins
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Proteins- Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen
Made of monomers = amino acids
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Polymer= Protein
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Monomer= Amino Acid
What type of rxn brings the 2 Amino Acids together??
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Proteins
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STRUCTURE: All amino acids
have 5 main parts:
- Amino group = NH2
- Carboxyl group = COOH
- Central carbon
- Hydrogen
- Side group = R
Amino acids bond together to make long chains= Proteins
(polypeptides)
P
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Proteins: Amino Acids
Amino
group
Carboxyl
group
General
structure
Alanine
Serine
There are only 20 different types of Amino Acids
P
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Amino Acid + Amino Acid= Dipeptide
Dipeptide + more Amino Acids= Polypeptide
P
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The instructions for arranging amino acids into different
proteins are stored in DNA.
Mistakes in just one amino acid in a polypeptide chain
or protein can have fatal consequences (MUTATIONS).
P
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FUNCTION:
Each protein has a specific role.
--Control rates of reactions (enzymes)
--Regulate cell processes
--Form bones and muscles
--Transporters
P
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Important Proteins:
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Collagen- found in skin,
ligaments, tendons and
bones.
Muscle- contains proteins
that enable your muscles to
contract.
Antibodies- help defend your
body against infection.
Hemoglobin- found in blood
and carries oxygen from
lungs to body tissues.
Enzymes- speed up rxns in
your body.
F
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SCIENCE
2-4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
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Chemical Reaction= process that changes
one set of chemicals into another set of
chemicals.
Chemical reactions always involve:
– breaking bonds
– formation of new bonds.
Chemical reactions contain two parts:
– the reactants
– the products.
Chemical Reactions
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Reactant= the substances that exist before
the reactions occurs.
Products= the substances that are produced
by the reaction.
Reactants→Products
Chemical Reactions
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Energy is released or absorbed whenever
chemical bonds form or are broken.
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Energy changes:
1. Exothermic
2. Endothermic
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Chemical Reactions
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Exothermic= chemical reaction that gives off
energy during a chemical reaction.
– Releasing: Heat, Light or Sound
Bonds are breaking.
Chemical Reactions
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Endothermic= chemical reactions that
absorb energy.
Requires a source of energy.
– Heat
Bonds are formed
Chemical Reactions
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Activation energy—the energy that is
needed to get a reaction started.
It usually comes in the form of heat energy
Example- you must apply force when
striking a match to get the fire to start.
Chemical Reactions
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Catalyst- a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical
reaction by lowering the activation energy required
The
addition
of an
enzyme
lowers
the
activation
energy.
Chemical Reactions
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Enzymes= biological catalysts that speed up the rate of a
chemical reaction.
Enzymes are proteins especially made for a specific rxn.
Reusable
Are temperature and pH dependent
Reaction pathway
without enzyme
Reactants
Reaction pathway
with enzyme
Activation energy
without enzyme
Activation
energy
with enzyme
Products
Chemical Reactions
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Enzymes= Rxn specific
ex: only the enzyme maltase will break down the
disaccharide maltose into two monosaccharide.
Contains two parts:
Lock and Key Model
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Chemical Reactions
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Lock and Key Model
Substrate – the molecule that is broken
apart or put together = THE KEY!
Active site (on enzyme)– area where the
substrate binds to and the reaction takes
place = THE LOCK!