ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ
Брянский государственный технический университет
Утверждаю
Ректор университета
_______________А.В. Лагерев
«_____»______________2009 г.
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Методические указания
для аспирантов и соискателей
по подготовке к кандидатскому экзамену
по английскому языку (для всех специальностей)
Часть 2
БРЯНСК 2009
2
УДК 42.07
Английский язык: методические указания для аспирантов и
соискателей по подготовке к кандидатскому экзамену по
английскому языку (для всех специальностей). – Брянск: БГТУ, 2009.
– Часть 2. – 32 с.
Разработала: Е.В.Брылева,
доц.
Рекомендовано кафедрой «Иностранные языки» БГТУ
(протокол № 3 от 30. 03. 09)
Научный редактор
Г.В. Царева
Редактор издательства Л.И. Афонина
Компьютерный набор Л.В. Гореленкова
Темплан 2009 г., п.
Подписано в печать.
офсетная. Офсетная печать.
Тираж 50 экз.
Заказ
Формат 60х84 1/16. Бумага
Усл. печ. л. 1,86 Уч.-изд. л. 1,86
Бесплатно.
Издательство Брянского государственного технического университета.
241035, Брянск, бульвар 50-летия Октября, 7. БГТУ. 58-82-49.
Лаборатория оперативной полиграфии БГТУ, ул. Институтская, 16.
3
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Настоящие методические указания предназначены для
подготовки аспирантов и соискателей к сдаче кандидатского экзамена
по общенаучной дисциплине «Иностранный язык (английский)».
Целью работы является ознакомление обучаемых с
разнообразными материалами общественно-политического характера,
основной общественно-политической лексикой, оборотами газетной
речи и с некоторыми стилистическими особенностями англоязычной
публицистики.
МУ состоят из двух частей. Во вторую часть включены темы:
“Visits, Meetings, Congresses and Conferences”; “Negotiations,
Agreements and Treaties”.
В качестве учебного материала послужили аутентичные тексты
из различных источников средств массовой информации с наиболее
распространенной тематикой: визиты, встречи, переговоры,
договоры, глобализация, экономические отношения.
Предлагаемая система упражнений включает: задания,
направленные на проверку общего понимания событий текста; работу
с вокабуляром для пополнения активного и пассивного словаря;
речевые задания творческого характера, позволяющие развивать
навыки устной речи, высказать свои соображения по проблемам.
Представленные тексты можно использовать для перевода,
реферирования и аннотирования. Их главная цель – научить читать
тексты общественно-политического содержания, самостоятельно
вести поиск информации, уметь обобщать полученную информацию,
вести беседу в пределах данной тематики.
Все тексты снабжены переводческими комментариями и
вопросами, способствующими выходу тренируемых языковых и
речевых
единиц
и
явлений
в
соответствующие
виды
коммуникативной речевой деятельности.
Материалы
общественно-политических
статей
быстро
устаревают, но действия и события, происходящие в одних странах,
зачастую повторяются в других, поэтому представленные тексты
можно использовать для отработки навыков перевода и
аннотирования по данной тематике и привлекать новый материал.
Ряд текстов МУ может быть предложен как для аудиторной, так
и для самостоятельной работы.
4
UNIT 4
VISITS, MEETINGS, CONGRESSES and CONFERENCES
PART I – II
Words and Expressions
to be on an official / unofficial
visit (to)
at (on) the invitation of
to accept / reject / convey an
invitation
an exchange of visits at the
highest (top) level
an open / confidential exchange
of views
gatherings with professional
colleagues
to establish / set up a society
to give a warm, cordial
welcome to a delegation
to tour the country / to make a
tour over (of) the country
itinerary
to express warm gratitude (to)
to express one’s satisfaction
to express unanimity of views
mutually beneficial (profitable)
contacts
in honour of
on the occasion of
on behalf of
to make the acquaintance of
smb.
to get acquainted with smth.
to arrive in / at
to leave (left) smth. for smth.
- находиться с официальным /
неофициальным визитом (в)
- по приглашению
- принять / отклонить / передать
приглашение
- обмен визитами на высшем уровне
- открытый / конфиденциальный
обмен мнениями
- встречи с коллегами по профессии
- основать общество
- оказать делегации теплый,
радушный прием
- совершить поездку по стране
- маршрут, путь
- выражать глубокую благодарность
- выражать удовлетворение
- выражать единство взглядов
- взаимовыгодные контакты
- в честь
- по случаю
- от имени
- познакомиться с кем-л.
- ознакомиться с чем-л.
- прибыть в страну, в большой
город / в небольшой город
- уезжать из / откуда-либо куда-л.
5
a (forth)coming / an annual
conference
to summon / to convene a
conference
a public meeting
an opening / a closed sitting
symposium (pl. symposia)
a press briefing
an item / the draft of the agenda
to give / to deliver a report to
the congress on smth.
to ask for the floor
to have / to take the floor
to deliver / to give / to make a
speech
to make / to advance / to put
forward / to introduce concrete
proposals
the discussion / debate / dispute
on the report
a nationwide / fruitful / roundtable discussion
to submit / to table / to present
a resolution
to carry / to pass / to adopt a
resolution
to amend / to make
amendments in (to)
abstention
to abstain from voting
to arrive at / to come to / to
reach a conclusion
to resume work
to be accredited to
- предстоящая / ежегодная
конференция
- созывать конференцию
- открытое заседание
- первое / заключительное заседание
- симпозиум, совещание по какомулибо научному вопросу
- брифинг для прессы
- пункт / проект повестки дня
- сделать доклад на конгрессе о чемлибо
- просить слова
- выступать, брать слово
- выступить, произнести речь
- внести, выдвинуть конкретные
предложения
- дискуссия, обсуждение, прения,
дебаты по докладу
- всенародное / плодотворное
обсуждение / обсуждение за
круглым столом
- представить резолюцию
- принять резолюцию
- вносить поправки в …
- неучастие в голосовании,
воздержавшийся
- воздержаться от голосования
- прийти к заключению
- возобновить работу
- быть аккредитованным, иметь
официальные полномочия
6
PART I
SPEECH EXERCISES
I. Put in the missing preposition wherever necessary:
1) to be … a friendly visit … Hungary; 2) to give a warm welcome … a
delegation; 3) to tour … the country; 4) to get acquainted … some places;
5) to arrive … Budapest; 6.to leave Budapest … home.
II. Give some information on the delegations that have recently paid a
visit to our or any other country.
1. A delegation from … (Country) arrived in … (City) some days ago (1).
(1)
at the end (beginning) of November (December, etc.)
early in April (May, etc.)
2. The guests (2) were met (3) by officials (4).
(2)
(3)
the foreign visitors
greeted
the scientists from
welcomed
abroad
received
the members of the
delegation
(4)
the mayor of the city
well-known
public
figures
their colleagues
prominent
scientists…(Names,
titles)
3. The heads (5) of the delegation exchanged views (6) on nature
protection (7).
(5)
(6)
(7)
leaders
expressed their
space exploration
members
opinion
agricultural production
nuclear energetic
robot making
4. The members of the delegation toured the country (8).
(8)
made a tour over the country
got acquainted with … (Cities)
made acquaintance of (Names)
visited (Cities. Places of interest)
7
III. Speak on the contacts of our country with foreign countries.
1. Russia promotes exchanges in the field of … with foreign
countries. (экономика, техника, культура, наука).
2. The heads of … (countries) exchange … (дружественные
визиты, мнения по различным международным вопросам).
3. A number of intergovernmental agreements provide for exchanges
of ... (делегации ученых, специалисты в различных областях,
туристы).
4. … help in understanding among nations. (визиты
государственных деятелей, обмены парламентскими делегациями,
встречи с иностранными коллегами, различные выставки).
IV. Speak on the visits paid recently to our country.
1.
…delegation has recently paid a visit to
What delegation?
our country.
2.
The delegation arrived …
When?
3.
The foreign guests came to Russia …
At whose invitation?
4.
It was a(n) … visit.
What kind of a visit?
5.
… headed the delegation.
Who?
6.
The visitors were welcomed by …
Whom?
7.
The members of the delegation
What problems?
exchanged views on…
8.
The guests visited …
What places?
9.
The delegation left for home …
When?
PART II
SPEECH EXERCISES
I. Give some information on the conferences (congresses, meetings) that
have recently been held.
1. A world (1) conference
… (Time).
(1)
international
two (three, four) – day
all-European
scientific
(2) of … (Participants) was held (3) … (Place)
(2)
congress
symposium
meeting
forum
(3)
was conducted
took place
8
2. The delegates heard (4) a report on (5) … (Subject).
(4)
(5)
a) considered
a programme of (a plan of) …
b) discussed
some problems connected with …
c) advanced (put forward)
some questions relating to …
d) approved (supported)
some proposals on …
e) passed (adopted)
a resolution (a decision) on …
II. Paraphrase the following sentences using the words given below
instead of italicized ones.
to take the floor, to settle, to face, to participate, to chair, to put forward
1. Twenty delegates had the floor during the morning session.
2. The discussion had been rather heated before the question was solved.
3. The conference confronted many acute problems.
4. Professor N. was the chairman of the sitting.
5. All the Northern countries took part in the conference.
6. The delegates made a number of very important proposals.
III. Give information on the coming conference (forum).
1. The sponsors of the conference (forum) ... (пригласить
участников конференции, обсудить повестку дня, провести брифинги
для журналистов, внести конкретные предложения в проект повестки
дня)
2. The delegates of the … conference (forum) will discuss a number
of vital problems. (предстоящий, международный, общеевропейский,
молодежный)
3. The participants of the conference (forum) ... (принимать
повестку дня, прослушать доклады, рассматривать ряд вопросов,
обсуждать новые предложения, принимать резолюцию)
IV. Speak on forums (conferences, meetings) held of late.
1. A broadly representative conference … What conference? Where?
was held …
When?
2. It was attended by … delegates from … How many? What
countries?
3. The sponsors of the conference were … What organizations
(states)?
9
4.
5.
6.
There were … items on the agenda.
The delegates discussed …
The participants adopted …
How many?
What problems?
What documents?
V. Get ready to be interviewed on your participation in the work of a
conference (symposium, meeting).
1. What conference have you attended?
2. Where and when were the conferences held?
3. Who took part in its work?
4. What items were placed on the agenda?
5. What report did the participants discuss?
PART III
Words and Expressions
to travel abroad on official
- ездить за границу по служебным/
business
государственным делам
the State visits
- официальные/государственные
поездки/визиты
on the advice of the ministers
- по совету/рекомендации
министров
commonwealth countries
- страны содружества
Head of State
- глава государства
to carry out some of the duties
- выполнять некоторые обязанности
the informal Europe-Russia
- неофициальная встреча стран
meeting
Евросоюза и России
to form a united front
- создать/сформировать единый
фронт
to stress common position
- подчеркивать общую позицию
to gloss over differences
- скрывать разногласия под
внешним лоском/блеском
to gently steer smb. toward
- последовательно/постепенно
greater democracy
направлять к большей демократии
the relationship between Russia
- взаимоотношения между Россией
and all of Europe
и всей Европой
the keys to peace
- ключ к миру
to brush over toughest subject
- обходить молчанием острейший
вопрос
10
to raise protests
to prepare for a larger summit
ahead
to elicit change
nuclear cooperation with Iran
to sign a nuclear fuel
agreement
to take a similar position
to withdraw troops and
intelligence services
in accordance with a UN
resolution
a statement
to call for
withdrawal of armed forces
to dwell on ...
respect for the internal politics
defense officials
“outstretched hand” approach
to accept an official invitation
officials
to resume talks
- вызывать протесты
- готовиться к расширенной встрече
на высшем уровне (в верхах),
готовиться к саммиту
- добиваться изменений
- сотрудничество в ядерной области
с Ираном
- подписывать соглашение о
ядерном топливе
- занимать аналогичную позицию
- выводить войска и
разведывательные службы
- в соответствии с резолюцией ООН
- заявление
- призывать
- выведение войск
- останавливаться на...
- уважение к внутренней политике
- военное руководство
- подход «дружески протянутой
руки», дружественный подход
- принять официальное
приглашение
- официальные лица
- возобновить переговоры
I. News in Brief. Translate into Russian.
Overseas Visits
During her reign the Queen has frequently travelled abroad, almost
always on official business. Apart from the State visits which she
undertakes on the advice of her United Kingdom ministers, most of the
time the Queen spends away from Britain is on visits to, or stays in,
commonwealth countries, particularly those of which she is Head of State.
As Sovereign she must have a base and that is, obviously, Britain, but as,
for example, Queen of Australia, Canada and Barbados she must also
spend time in these countries and this she has always done. When resident
11
in a Commonwealth monarchy she carries out some of the duties of the
constitutional Head of State and she acts as far as that particular country in
concerned, on the advice of her ministers in that place.
A Trip for Diplomats
On Saturday the UN organized a trip to the Afghan capital Kabul
diplomats who work in Pakistan. Diplomats from the US, Denmark,
Britain, Norway, Sweden, Holland, Japan and the European Union became
acquainted with the programme of UN humanitarian aid in Kabul. Western
representatives have promised to go on allotting financial help for such aid
programmes. The diplomats also visited the worst-hit regions of the
Afghan capital.
II. Revise the active vocabulary and give definitions of the following
word combinations.
Страны содружества, to travel abroad on official business, глава
государства, to carry out some of the duties, добиваться изменений, next
Thursday, переговоры (возможны варианты), to prepare for a larger
summit, занимать аналогичную позицию, to stress the common position,
взаимоотношения между Россией и всей Европой, treaty of friendship
and cooperation, сформировать единый фронт, to raise protests,
добиваться изменений, to withdraw troops and intelligence services,
уважение к внутренней политике, “outstretched hand” approach.
III. On the bases of the article explain that the statement “Cooperation,
not confrontation, was the theme of the informal Europe-Russia meeting
in Paris” is true.
Four Leaders Gloss over Differences
The Associated Press
By Angela Doland
PARIS – The leaders of France, Germany and Spain formed a united
front with President of Russia.
The informal talks and dinner were a chance for the Europeans, led
by French President, to assure that Europe wants good relations with
Moscow and to gently steer Russia toward greater democracy.
12
“In the relationship between Russia and all of Europe, we see the
keys to peace democracy and the rule of law taking root definitively on our
continent,” French President said.
At a joint news conference, the leaders brushed over the toughest
subject – the war in Chechnya, which raised protests from human rights
groups.
Cooperation and gentle persuasion – not confrontation – were the
themes of the meeting to prepare for a larger summit ahead between
Russia and the whole 25-nation European Union. The leaders hoped to
adopt a “road map” for better cooperation on questions from economic exchange to human rights.
France sees the outstretched hand as the best way to elicit change in
Russia, especially with Russia now at the European Union's doorstep.
Eight former Soviet bloc countries joined the EU.
While the United States is worried about Russia's nuclear
cooperation with Iran, the Europeans said they were not. Iran and Russia
signed a nuclear fuel agreement paving the way for a 1,000-megawatt
nuclear power plant.
There is no contradiction between the Russian position and the
position that Britain, Germany and France together are negotiating, trying
to negotiate with Iran to ensure it is not building the bomb.
German Chancellor took a similar position.
While Russia is aiding Tehran’s civilian nuclear program, Putin drew
a clear line. “Iran must prove that it refuses totally the acquisition of a
nuclear weapon,” he said.
The leaders did not dwell on Chechnya at the news conference.
Spanish Prime Minister said he “of course had respect for the internal
politics of each country.”
The leaders also had a one-on-one lunch – a potential chance to press
Putin discreetly on issues like democratic reform.
IV. Render the newspaper item without referring to the dictionary.
5 Caspian Presidents Meet to Divide Sea
By Sebastian Alison
REUTERS
ASHGABAT, Turkmenistan – The presidents of all five states
surrounding the Caspian Sea will meet in the Turkmen capital on Tuesday
13
to try to settle a decade-old dispute on how to divide the sea, including its
gigantic oil and gas wealth.
But while the fact that President Vladimir Putin and the leaders of
Iran, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan are prepared to meet at all
is seen as a step forward, not everyone expects a dramatic breakthrough.
The Caspian has existed in a legal limbo* since the break-up of the
Soviet Union in 1991.
Until then, a 1970 agreement between the Soviet Union and Iran
established exactly who owned what in the priceless waters?
But the emergence of three new states, each desperate to use the
massive hydrocarbon resources of the Caspian to boost their infant
economies, has increased the urgency – at least for them – of drawing up a
fresh status for the waters.
That the sea contains huge reserves is not in doubt. Multibillion
dollar investments have already been made in sectors claimed by
Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan.
“In 2010, we estimate production of the Caspian area will be about
3.8 million barrels per day – that means about 60 percent of the present
production of the North Sea,” said one Western oil executive, speaking on
condition of anonymity at a recent World Economic Forum in Kazakhstan.
He pointed out that this would raise Caspian output to well over
Iran’s current 3.4 million barrels per day, and would give the region 50
percent more output than the Gulf of Mexico.
But with each state holding widely differing views on what
represents an equitable division, progress on dividing the sea has been
painfully slow.
Iran wants the Caspian divided into five equal chunks, but analysts
say it might have to settle for less.
Turkmenistan also complained bitterly to Azerbaijan over what it
saw as illegal licensing by Azerbaijan to explore in a disputed area of the
sea.
Legal experts from the littoral states met in Moscow to try to bring a
deal closer, but left empty-handed.
______________________
*legal limbo – правовое забвение
V. Turn to newspapers and prepare a report on the theme “Visits,
Meetings, Congresses and Conferences“.
14
1. Find some articles describing visits of statesmen (public figures,
delegations etc.) to this or that country. Comment on the article.
2. Look through some fresh newspapers and find articles on international
conferences (meetings, forums) recently conducted in our country and
abroad. Give some information on the article.
UNIT 5
NEGOTIATIONS, AGREEMENTS AND TREATIES
PART I
Words and Expressions
negotiations / talks
- переговоры
to hold / to conduct / to have
- вести переговоры
negotiations (talks) / to
negotiate
confidential / bilateral /
- конфиденциальные / двусторонние
multilateral / (un)official /
/ многосторонние /
round-table talks
(не)официальные / за круглым
столом переговоры
to initiate / to interrupt (break) /
- начинать / прервать / возобновлять
to resume (renew) / to
/ завершить переговоры
complete talks
Negotiations ended in a failure.
- Переговоры окончились неудачей.
The talks were a success.
- Переговоры прошли успешно.
a working / a consultative
- рабочая / консультативная встреча
meeting
a new round in the Russian- новый раунд российскоBritish dialogue
британских переговоров
a constructive / a frank,
- конструктивный диалог /
friendly and informal dialogue
откровенная, дружественная и
неофициальная беседа
preliminary / regular
- предварительные / регулярные
consultations
консультации
to focus one’s attention on the
- сосредоточить внимание на путях
way of normalizing the
нормализации международного
international situation
положения
15
on the initiative of
to come up with a new
initiative
to express / to declare one’s
readiness
in the atmosphere of respect
and mutual understanding
to make / to advance / to put
forward a proposal
to arrive at a solution
to give a new (strong) impulse
(impetus) to smth.
in the spirit of cooperation
an approximation of view on
matters concerned with the
maintenance of international
security
to reveal an identity or
approximation (unanimity) of
views on a wide range of
international issues
to conclude / to sign / to ratify /
to violate a treaty
to come / to enter into force
by virtue of a treaty
intergovernmental / long-term /
ten-year agreement
under the agreement
to reach / to cancel an
agreement
according to / in accordance
with / in conformity with the
agreement
- по инициативе
- выступить с новой инициативой
- выражать / заявлять о готовности
- в атмосфере уважения и
взаимопонимания
- внести (выдвинуть) предложение
- приходить к решению
- дать новый (сильный) толчок
чему-л.
- в духе сотрудничества
- сходство взглядов по вопросам,
связанным с поддержанием
международной безопасности
- обнаружить идентичность или
сходство (единодушие) во
взглядах по широкому кругу
международных вопросов
- заключать / подписывать /
ратифицировать / нарушать
договор
- вступать в силу (о договоре,
соглашении)
- в силу договора
- межправительственное /
долгосрочное соглашение /
соглашение сроком на 10 лет
- по соглашению
- достигнуть / аннулировать
соглашение
- согласно (в соответствии с)
соглашению
16
SPEECH EXERCISES
I. Read the following international words and compare them with the
Russian equivalents.
Dialogue, consultation, atmosphere, initiative, impulse, position,
result, identity, normalize, confidential.
II. Give some information on the talks conducted of late.
1. The talks (1) on … (Subject) between … (Participants) were conducted
(2) … (Place).
(1)
(2)
negotiations
were held
round-table talks
were resumed
consultations
were renewed
discussions
2. The leaders (3) had confidential talks (4) on the most urgent problems of
our time (5).
(3)
(4)
(5)
the participants in the a frank discussion
the arms control
round table
questions
the partners in
friendly talks
the ways of improving
negotiations
international situation
the ministers for
an informal dialogue
foreign
affairs
both sides
preliminary
consultations
3. The friendly (6) talks ended in (7) signing an agreement (8) on
cooperation (9).
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
round-table
completed with a treaty
trade
third round of contributed to
a contract
exchange
of
summit
experts
bilateral
a protocol
research in the
field
of …
Russian-British,
etc.
17
III. Say the following in English. Use the model.
Необходимо, чтобы переговоры по разоружению в Женеве были
успешными.
It is necessary that the Geneva disarmament talks should be a success.
1. Необходимо, чтобы участники переговоров за круглым столом
имели идентичность взглядов по основным международным
вопросам.
2. Важно, чтобы стороны возобновили конструктивный диалог.
3. Необходимо, чтобы переговоры о сотрудничестве закончились
успешно.
IV. Give information on the coming talks.
1. The talks on … will soon be renewed. (научное сотрудничество,
техническая помощь, экономические контакты, разоружение,
ограничение вооружений, запрет ядерного оружия)
2. In the course of the … talks the sides will consider some important
issues. (двусторонние, деловые)
3. The sides will … for mutual deliveries for the coming year. (заключить
соглашение, подписывать контракт, подписывать протокол)
V. Speak on negotiations recently conducted.
1. The talks between … were conducted …
…
2. Both sides discussed …
3. The partners in negotiations focused their
attention on …
4. Both sides agreed upon …
5. In their speeches they exchanged their
views on …
6. The two sides also expressed their
intention …
7. The talks resulted in signing … on …
Whom?
Where? When?
What problems?
What issues?
What?
What problem(s)?
What intention?
What document?
What subject?
VI. Make up a story on some recent talks using the following words and
word combinations.
18
a) The beginning of negotiations:
to hold (to conduct) negotiations (talks), (un)official bilateral (multilateral)
talks, summit (top-level) talks, talks on the level of Foreign Ministers
(heads of governments, Ministers of trade, etc.), talks on arms control, etc.
b) The course of negotiations:
The subject of negotiations was … (economic, scientific cooperation;
disarmament problems, etc.)
In the course of negotiations (during the talks) the two sides (both sides)
expressed deep concern over … (the tension in the world, international
situation, etc.)
The two sides expressed their readiness (their will, identity of opinions …)
The leaders of the delegations (strongly) condemned (supported,
welcomed …)
The sides did not come to any agreement.
Negotiations faced serious difficulties.
The main obstacle to an agreement was …
c) The completion of negotiations:
Negotiations were a success (a failure).
Negotiations ended in (resulted in) signing an agreement.
Both sides expressed satisfaction with the results of the talks.
The sides arrived at a solution to strengthen friendly contacts …
Negotiations gave a new impetus to cooperation between the two
countries.
VII. Get ready to be interviewed on negotiations.
1. What negotiations were held in our country?
2. What problems were discussed in the course of negotiations?
3. What documents were signed as a result of these negotiations?
4. What do negotiations contribute to?
PART II
greenhouse gasses
Carbon Dioxide
Words and Expressions
- газы с тепличным эффектом,
тепличный газ
- двуокись углерода, углекислый
газ, углекислота
19
over the next decade
the agreement
carbon emission
to come into force
to be dealt a severe blow
a scaled-down version
at climate talks
the treaty
to buy emission credits from
others
the revised treaty takes effect
in 2008
industrialized countries
the world’s biggest polluter
the revised Kyoto [ki'outou]
agreements
to exacerbate global warming
watered down provisions
to set a timetable
global warming
to study the pros and cons
Norway’s Environment Minister
European government figures
to work behind the scenes
to sabotage the treaty
to derail the entire process
to urge Russia to immediately
approve the agreement
international observers are
puzzled
- в следующем десятилетии
- согласие, соглашение, договор
- выделение / выброс углерода
- вступить в силу
- подвергнуться сильному удару
- взвешенный, заниженный
вариант
- на переговорах по климату
- договор, переговоры
- покупать у других квоты
(допуски) на выброс
- пересмотренный договор
вступает в силу в 2008 году
- страны с развитой
промышленностью
- самый большой загрязнитель в
мире
- пересмотренные Киотские
соглашения
- усиливать глобальное
потепление
- смягченные/размытые
пункты/предложения
- устанавливать сроки/время
- глобальное потепление
- изучить доводы «за» и «против»
- министр экологии Норвегии
- европейские правительственные
деятели, руководители
правительств европейских стран
- вести закулисную игру
- саботировать договор
- подорвать весь процесс, пустить
под откос весь процесс
- убедить Россию немедленно
одобрить соглашение / договор
- международные обозреватели
озадачены
20
“spare” pollution allowances
a letter of intent
to yield benefit
under the invitation
ties / relations
to open a summit
to hand over power to an Iraqi
government
two days ahead of schedule
to surprise insurgents
to pledge more help
fledgling armed forces
the alliance
interim Prime Minister
a military presence on the
ground
to join coalition forces
to use tear gas
to throw fire-bombs
to be firmly resolved
to confront risks and threats to
our security
well beyond NATO’s tradition
zone of operation
to confirm the decision
to assume a major military role
to deploy large numbers of
- «дополнительные» («запасные»)
квоты (допуски) на загрязнение
- протокол / письмо о намерениях
- приносить / давать выгоду
- по приглашению
- связи, отношения
- открыть совещание на высшем
уровне
- передавать власть правительству
Ирака
- на два дня раньше
запланированного срока
- чтобы удивить повстанцев,
преподнести сюрприз
повстанцам
- обещать больше помощи
- зарождающиеся
/формирующиеся вооруженные
силы
- содружество, союз
- исполняющий обязанности
премьер-министра
- обоснованное военное
присутствие
- присоединиться к силам
коалиции
- использовать слезоточивый газ
- бросать зажигательные бомбы
- быть полным решимости
- противостоять риску и угрозе
нашей безопасности
- далеко за пределами обычной
зоны боевых действий НАТО
- утверждать/подтверждать
решение
- взять на себя основную военную
роль
- разворачивать большое
21
troops
the implementation of the
training program
количество войск
- выполнение программы
подготовки
EXERCISES
I. Translate into Russian the expressions using the active vocabulary.
Long-term economic agreements, to come into force, the revised
Kyoto agreement, the bill becomes a law, global warming, to sabotage the
treaty, to approve the agreement, international observers, to urge Russia, to
yield benefit, a letter of intent, to pay off one’s debt, to explore national
resources, to impose sanctions, mutually beneficial ties, working behind
the scenes, watered down provisions, to open a summit, interim Prime
Minister, to be firmly resolved, to use tear gas, to deploy large numbers of
troops, the alliance.
II. Translate into Russian the following sentences.
1. We are always ready to sign agreements on mutually acceptable conditions.
2. The delegations signed a treaty of friendship and mutual assistance.
3. The delegation headed by the State Secretary arrived in Tashkent.
4. France and Britain are expected to sign a trade agreement at the end of
the talks.
5. It is reported in the press that the US delegation will be headed by the
President.
6. The talks were held in an atmosphere of cordiality, mutual respect and
understanding.
7. The British Defense Secretary held talks yesterday on military cooperation in the United Arab Emirates.
8. Long-term energy cooperation between Britain and Russia will result
from an agreement signed by the British and Russian ministers in Moscow.
9. The agreement also envisages joint projects and technical exchanges,
visits of specialists and organization of conferences.
10. Russian-French cooperation covers economic and scientific spheres of
space exploration, electronic equipment and machinery.
III. News in Brief. Translate into Russian.
22
Russia, China sign deal to develop civil aircraft
Moscow (AP) – Russian and Chinese aerospace officials signed a
deal for jointly designing a new generation of civilian aircraft.
The agreement was signed during an aircraft engine exhibition in
Moscow by officials from Russia’s state-run aerospace agency
Rosaviakosmos and China’s Committee on Defense, Science, Equipment
and the Defense Industry. The two sides are to work out a specific
cooperation plan within six months, the report cited Rosaviakosmos
officials as saying. No other details, including the value of the deal, were
released.
EU Mideast Talks
Valencia, Spain (АР) – Foreign ministers from the 15 EU nations and
Israel and its Arab neighbors gathered Monday to help forge a cease-fire
and revive Israeli-Palestinian peace talks that are key to the success of the
European Union's multibillion-dollar economic outreach program for the
region.
The agenda of the two-day, 27-nation Euro-Mediterranean gathering
was officially devoted to economic cooperation, but true to tradition, the
annual event was overshadowed by events in the Middle East.
Talks in Japan
Representatives of the USA, South Korea and Japan have concluded
talks in Tokyo on supplying the KPDR (North Korea) with modern
technology for nuclear power engineering. A spokesman of the South
Korean Foreign Ministry reported that considerable progress had been
achieved in solving the problem, including the establishment of a
consortium, which would concentrate on supplying nuclear reactors of a
South Korean type to the KPDR.
IV. What’s your opinion on the problem raised in the article.
What is the Kyoto Treaty?
BBC News
The Kyoto Treaty commits industrialized nations to reducing
emissions of greenhouse gases, principally Carbon Dioxide, by around
5.2% below their 1990 levels over the next decade.
23
Drawn up in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997, the agreement needs to be
ratified by countries that were responsible for at least 55% of the world's
carbon emissions in 1990 to come into force. The agreement was dealt a
severe blow in March 2001 when President George W. Bush announced
that the United States would never sign it.
A scaled-down version was drawn up four months later and finalized
at climate talks in Bonn in Germany in 2002. The treaty now only needs
Russian ratification to come into force. If and when the revised treaty takes
effect in 2008, it will require all signatories, including 39 industrialized
countries, to achieve different emission reduction targets.
With that aim, it will provide a complex system which will allow
some countries to buy emission credits from others. For instance, a country
in Western Europe might decide to buy rights or credits to emit carbon
from one in Eastern Europe which could not afford the fuel that would
emit the carbon in the first place.
The US produced 36 % of emissions in 1990, making it the world's
biggest polluter. The revised Kyoto agreement, widely credited to the
European Union, made considerable countries like Russia to offset their
targets with carbon sinks – areas of forest and farmland which absorb
carbon through photosynthesis. The Bonn agreement also reduced cuts to
be made to emissions of six gases believed to be exacerbating global
warming – from the original treaty’s 5.2 to 2%.
It was hoped that these slightly watered down provisions would
allow the US to take up the Kyoto principles – but this has not proved to
be the case.
Russia is facing criticism from around the world for refusing to set a
timetable for ratifying the Kyoto climate change agreement. At the
opening of a major conference on global warming in Moscow, it was said
that the government was still studying the pros and cons of ratification.
Norway’s Environment Minister said: “Without Russia, and when
the US and Australia is not on board, there will be no Kyoto Protocol. And
climate change is taking place.”
Some European government figures claim privately that the US has
been working behind the scenes to encourage Russia to sabotage the treaty.
The environmentalist group Greenpeace warned that “[Russia’s]
stalling could now derail the entire process”. UN urged Russia to
immediately approve the agreement.
24
Our correspondent says international observers are puzzled as to why
Russia has such a problem with Kyoto since, on the face of it; the country
has secured an extraordinarily good deal from the agreement. Under the
Kyoto system, this leaves Russia with “spare” pollution allowances which
it can sell to other countries to help them fulfill their own.
COMMENTARY
1. Русскому слову «договор» в английском языке соответствуют, в зависимости от контекста, разные слова: contract – контракт, договор;
agreement – договор, соглашение; treaty – договор; pact of peace –
мирный договор; lease – договор об аренде, что необходимо
учитывать при переводе.
2. Не следует забывать, что слово «декада» в русском языке означает
10 дней, а в английском decade – 10 лет.
3. Главы государств – Heads of State, где State используется в единственном числе.
V. Translate the item and express your point of view on the problems
discussed in it.
Iraq Talk Dominates NATO Summit
The Associated Press
ISTANBUL, Turkey – NATO leaders opened a summit Monday
dominated by the situation in Iraq as the U.S.-led administration handed
over power to an Iraqi government two days ahead of schedule in an
apparent attempt to surprise insurgents.
The NATO leaders were to pledge more help for the incoming Iraqi
government, including training for its fledgling armed forces as it struggles
to contain a wave of deadly insurgent attacks.
In their first summit since the alliance was wracked by bitter
divisions over the Iraq war, the 26 leaders were set to agree on a request
from Iraqi interim Prime Minister for aid in rebuilding Iraq’s armed forces.
The number of NATO instructors to be deployed and the timing of
the operation were unclear, but the move will give NATO a military
presence on the ground in Iraq for the first time.
25
On Monday, police used tear gas to stop hundreds of protesters from
approaching the conference center where NATO leaders were meeting in
Istanbul.
The protesters threw fire-bombs and several police and protesters
were injured and were evacuated to local hospitals.
The leaders prepared to confirm the decision on training Iraq’s
forces. However, the decision falls well short of U.S. hopes that NATO
would assume a major military role in Iraq.
Opposition from France and Germany has ensured that NATO won’t
deploy large numbers of troops and differences persist between those
nations and the United States over the implementation of the training
program.
VI. Turn to newspapers. Look through fresh newspapers and find some
articles on negotiations held recently. Give some information on the
subject.
26
SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS on the themes
VISITS, MEETINGS, CONGRESSES and CONFERENCES and
NEGOTIATIONS, AGREEMENTS AND TREATIES
Text 1
CHINA, RUSSIA STRIKE BIG OIL DEAL
The Moscow News,
№ 43/ 31/10-6.11.2008
MOSCOW (AFP) – Russia and China on Tuesday signed a longawaited deal to build an oil pipeline from Siberia to China after talks
between Prime Minister Wen Jiabao and Russian counterpart Vladimir
Putin.
The leaders watched as Chinese state energy major CNPC and
Russian state pipeline monopoly Transneft signed the deal to build the
pipeline from the Siberian town of Skovorodino to the Chinese border.
The pipeline agreed on Tuesday would have a capacity of 15 million
tons of oil per year and would be a branch of the main East Siberia-Pacific
Ocean trunk pipeline, which is still under construction, officials said.
“We should deepen cooperation in the energy sphere. Long-term
cooperation will help economic development and stability on world
markets,” Wen said at the opening of a Russia-China business conference
with Putin in Moscow.
Even after lengthy negotiations on energy ties between the two
neighbors, Russia is still only the fifth-largest exporter of crude ой to
energy-hungry China, despite being the world’s number two producer after
Saudi Arabia.
Amid lower energy prices, analysts say China is now seizing its
chance.
“We have to aim for real results. We’ve discussed this for many
years but the results do not correspond to what they should be for two
neighboring powers,” Zhang Guobao, China’s top energy official, told the
conference.
“We need to build oil and gas pipelines, increase downstream and
upstream cooperation and increase cooperation in the nuclear sphere,” said
Zhang, head of China’s State Energy Bureau, speaking through a Russian
interpreter.
27
The length of the pipeline to the Chinese border would be around 70
kilometers. The pipeline is then planned to link into the Chinese pipeline
network to reach the oil hub of Daqing in northern China.
Russian newspapers on Tuesday also reported that talks were
underway for a multi-billion dollar credit from the Chinese government to
Transneft and Russian state-run oil company Rosneft that would help
boost energy exports.
The Vedomosti daily quoted Sergei Sanakoyev, a government expert,
saying Moscow and Beijing had agreed a contract to supply China with 15
million tons of oil per year in exchange for up to $25 billion (684 billion
rubles).
Rosneft, Russia’s biggest oil producer, has been hit by the financial
crisis because of a slide in Moscow’s stock markets and its massive
exposure to foreign loans that it has used to expand the company in recent
years.
During his visit, Wen also said that Russia and China could help
boost global economic stability through greater cooperation.
“Russia and China are growing economies with major influence in
the world... They can help strengthen the world economy,” Wen told
investors in Moscow.
“We should strengthen ties, look together at anti-crisis measures and
coordinate macroeconomic policy,” he added.
Text 2
RUSSIA TO HOST PEACE TALKS
The Moscow News,
№ 42/ 24-30.10.2008
YEREVAN, Armenia (АР) – Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
said Tuesday he will host peace talks between Azerbaijan and Armenia,
which appear willing to negotiate a settlement of their 20-year conflict
over the disputed territory of Nagorno-Karabakh.
But Medvedev’s announcement also appeared to reflect a renewed
Kremlin push to win a stronger influence in the energy-rich Caspian
region.
Nagorno-Karabakh has been under control of ethnic Armenian forces
since a six-year conflict during the waning years of the Soviet Union.
28
Some 30,000 people were killed and about 1 million were driven from
their homes before a cease-fire was reached in 1994. Sporadic clashes have
continued, and international efforts to settle the conflict have failed.
Medvedev’s efforts follow a recent statement by a U.S. diplomat who
said the United States also would step up efforts to help settle the
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.
During a visit to Armenia, Medvedev said talks between Azerbaijan
and Armenia about the complex territorial issue have reached an
“advanced” stage. He added the two neighbors appear ready to “search for
a solution.”
Medvedev would not provide details about the negotiations or say
when the Russian-hosted talks could take place.
He referred to Russia’s war with Georgia in August, saying it
underlined the need to settle regional conflicts through international talks.
Along with the United States and France, Russia has been part of the
so-called Minsk Group of the Organization for Security and Cooperation
in Europe which has tried unsuccessfully to negotiate a diplomatic solution
with Azerbaijan and Armenia.
Last month, U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Matthew Bryza
said during a visit to Azerbaijan that it was more important than ever now
to resolve the dispute, pointing to the war in Georgia. Bryza promised that
the United States would intensify efforts to help settle the conflict.
Russia has maintained close ties with Armenia and has a military
base there, but it also recently stepped up its efforts to improve relations
with energy-rich Azerbaijan.
Russia has been courting Azerbaijan by offering to buy its natural
gas for shipments to Europe. If Moscow succeeds, that would strengthen
its monopoly on gas shipments from the former Soviet region to Europe.
Text 3
UN ADOPTS RUSSIA’S ANTI-NAZI RESOLUTION
The Moscow News,
№ 46/ 21-27.11.2008
UN (RIA Novosti) – The UN General Assembly on social and
humanitarian issues has adopted a draft resolution proposed by Russia on
29
tackling a rise in the glorification of Nazism and the desecration of WWII
monuments.
The draft resolution on “combating racism, racial discrimination,
xenophobia and related intolerance,” is aimed at tackling the practice in
the former Soviet republics of Latvia and Estonia of honoring SS veterans
who fought for Nazi Germany during WWII.
“Nazi monuments are unveiled in a ceremonial atmosphere and the
dates of liberation from the Nazis are proclaimed as days of mourning,”
Russia’s UN representative, Grigory Lykyantsev, told the UN, adding that
“this attitude towards anti-fascist veterans plays into the hands of those
who call for ‘a pure race.”
The resolution was passed with 122 countries voting in favor, while
54 delegations abstained, including Ukraine, Estonia and Latvia. Only the
U.S. voted against. The resolution is now practically guaranteed to be
adopted at the next UN General Assembly session in December.
Parades in honor of Waffen-SS veterans, involving veterans from the
Latvian Legion and the 20th Estonian SS Division and their supporters, are
held annually in Latvia and Estonia. Russia has repeatedly criticized the
Baltic States for allowing these parades to take place.
Another former Soviet republic, Ukraine, announced plans in July to
erect a statue in Lutsk, western Ukraine, honor of Stepan Bandera, a leader
of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) that fought against the Soviets
during WWII.
The resolution also raises Russian concerns over the dismantling and
desecration of Soviet-era WWII monuments and the “unlawful
exhumation” or transfer of the remains of those killed in the fight against
fascism.
The dismantling in Tallinn of the Soviet war memorial, the Bronze
Soldier, just before the May 9, 2007 Victory Day celebrations in Russia
led to street protests in which over 1,000 people were arrested and one
Russian national was killed.
Relations between Russia and Latvia and Estonia have also been
strained over what Moscow calls the two states’ unequal treatment of ethnic Russians, the alleged persecution of Soviet WWII veterans, and the
apparent revival of nationalism and fascism.
30
Text 4
RUSSIA RATIFIES TREATIES WITH BREAKAWAY PROVINCES
The Moscow News,
№ 43/ 31/10-6.11.2008
MOSCOW (AP) – Russia’s parliament on Wednesday quickly
ratified treaties cementing close economic and military ties with Georgia’s
two breakaway provinces.
The State Duma, or lower house, voted unanimously to endorse the
friendship treaties with Abkhazia and South Ossetia which were signed in
the Kremlin last month. The Duma, dominated by Kremlin-controlled
parties, threw their support behind the government proposals.
Russia recognized both provinces as independent states following its
war with Georgia in August. The treaties envisage the deployment of
3,800 Russian troops in each of the two provinces.
Russia’s Foreign Ministry said in a letter to lawmakers that the
treaties were necessary to create the legal basis for the deployment of
Russian troops to the territories. “The Russian troop presence is necessary
to protect peace in the region and ensure reliable security,” the ministry
said, adding that the treaties envisage aid in case of aggression.
Deputy Foreign Minister Grigory Karasin told lawmakers
Wednesday that the troop numbers could be reduced in the future, if the
security situation improves there.
He criticized Georgia for deploying Special Forces to the areas near
Abkhazia and South Ossetia, saying that creates an “explosive” situation in
the region. Georgian officials have said they can deploy police forces
wherever they deem it necessary.
Russia has said it fully met its commitments under a peace deal
brokered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy which obliged Moscow to
withdraw its forces from areas outside Georgia’s breakaway provinces of
South Ossetia and Abkhazia. The European Union deployed its monitors
to the areas after the Russian pullout.
But Georgia has accused the Kremlin of breaking its commitments
under the peace deal by keeping large numbers of troops in Abkhazia and
South Ossetia, and failing to withdraw from areas which had been under
Georgian control before the war.
The war in Georgia has badly strained Russia’s relations with the
United States and the EU, which have criticized Moscow for a
31
disproportionate use of force and its decision to recognize the
independence of Georgia’s breakaway provinces.
The war erupted when Georgia launched an attack to regain control
of South Ossetia, which broke from Georgian control in the early 1990s.
Russian forces swiftly repelled the attack and drove deep into Georgia.
Georgian officials said they launched an attack after the Russian
troops had moved across the border – a claim Russia has denied.
Text 5
MEDVEDEV VISITS INDIA TO SEAL NUCLEAR DEAL
The Moscow News,
№ 48/ 5-11.12.2008
NEW DELHI (AFP) – President Dmitry Medvedev was Thursday to
arrive in New Delhi for a visit expected to see Russia agree to build India
new nuclear reactors and give its backing to the anti-terror fight after the
Mumbai attacks.
A cornerstone of his visit to New Delhi, whose strong ties with
Moscow date back to the Soviet Union, is to be the signing of a new
accord for Russia to build four new nuclear reactors to generate energy in
southern India.
Defence ties will also be discussed in the two-day visit, with Moscow
keen to retain its position as India’s main supplier of weaponry amid
increasing competition from the United States and Israel.
The visit is taking place under the tightest security. The credentials of
staff at the Sheraton Hotel where Medvedev is staying have been checked
and Russian secret agents are already in the city, the Hindustan Times
reported.
The Russian leader; whose visit was planned well before the attacks,
is set to be the first foreign head of state to visit the country after the
bloodshed in Mumbai. US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice visited on
Wednesday.
Medvedev is due to meet figures including President Pratibha Patel,
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and the head of the ruling Congress
party Sonia Ghandi.
“We are planning on Friday to sign a bilateral agreement foreseeing
the construction of four new reactors at Kudankulam and also cooperation
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in new areas,” said Russia’s nuclear agency chief Sergei Kiriyenko,
according to the RIA Novosti news agency.
Moscow is already building two 1,000-megawatt light water nuclear
reactors at Kudankulam and can now construct more after a group of
nuclear supplier states in September lifted a ban on India shopping for
nuclear technology.
Russia is the only foreign country working in India to expand the
country’s nuclear energy programme.
The continued strength of ties between Moscow and New Delhi contrasts with the sometimes prickly relationship between Russia and India’s
longtime foe Pakistan.
Adding another common element, Medvedev is a keen exponent of
the Indian art of yoga.
Trade is also strengthening, with the two countries increasing trade
volumes by a third each year and on course to reach a 2010 target of trade
worth 10 billion dollars.
But Russia, which accounts for some 70 percent of Indian military
hardware, has been concerned that its slice of the defense market risks
becoming leaner amid disputes over costs.
The sale by Russia to India of a refurbished Soviet-era aircraft
carrier, the 44,570-tonne Admiral Gorshkov, which has been marred by a
price dispute, is set to be discussed during the visit.