Particulate matter composition and respiratory health– The PIAMA birth cohort study
Ulrike Gehring, Rob Beelen, Marloes Eeftens, Gerard Hoek, Kees de Hoogh, Johan C. de
Jongste , Menno Keuken, Gerard H. Koppelman, Kees Meliefste, Marieke Oldenwening,
Dirkje S. Postma , Lenie van Rossem, Meng Wang, Henriette A. Smit, Bert Brunekreef
Online supplement
1
Materials and methods
Health outcomes
Incident asthma was defined as “yes” the first time the question “Did a doctor ever diagnose
asthma in your child?” was answered “yes”. Incident asthma was defined as “no” if the
question “Did a doctor ever diagnose asthma in your child?” was negatively answered in the
respective year and all previous years. Asthma symptoms were defined as one or more
attacks of wheeze in the last 12 months and/or one or more events of shortness of breath in
the last 12 months and/or prescription of inhalation steroids for respiratory or lung
problems prescribed by a doctor in last 12 months. Hay fever was defined by the question
“Has your child ever had hay fever?”; rhinitis was defined by the question “Has your child
been sneezing or did he/she have a runny/blocked nose accompanied by itchy, watering
eyes when he/she did not have a cold during the past 12 months?”.
At age eight years, a Jaeger pneumotachograph (Viasys Healthcare, USA) was used for
pulmonary function testing, according to the American Thoracic Society/European
Respiratory Society guidelines
1
as described elsewhere.2 For each child, at least three
acceptable manoeuvres had to be obtained.
At age 12 years, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and
mid-expiratory flow (FEF25-75) were assessed using an Easy One spirometer (ndd
Medizintechnik AG, Switzerland). Measurements that fulfilled the ATS/ERS criteria
1
were
included in the analysis (N=991). In addition, test results were included which did not meet
these criteria (deviation less than 5%) but which were obtained from otherwise technically
acceptable flow-volume curves (the two largest FEV1 were within 200ml difference, N=301).
FEF25-75 was only included if three acceptable maneuvers were available with all FEV1 and all
FVC within 150 ml of maximum FEV1 and FVC, respectively.
2
Measurements of weight and height
Body weight and height were measured during the medical examinations at ages 8 and 12
years by trained research staff. Body weight was measured at the nearest 0.1kg and height
(cm) was measured at one decimal. All anthropometric variables were measured while the
children were only wearing underwear.
Long-term air pollution exposure assessment
If values of predictor variables for the cohort addresses were outside the range of values for
the monitoring sites, values were truncated to the minimum and maximum values at the
monitoring sites.
Short-term air pollution exposure assessment
We used daily measurement data from routine regional and urban background sites of the
National
Air
Quality
Monitoring
Network
(NAQMN,
http://www.rivm.nl/milieukwaliteit/lucht/) to estimate for each participant average ambient
levels of PM10 and NO2 for the seven days preceding the lung function tests using air
pollution levels measured at the monitoring site closest to his/her home.
3
References
1. Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J
2005;26:319-38.
2. Gehring U, Gruzieva O, Agius RM et al. Air Pollution Exposure and Lung Function in
Children: The ESCAPE Project. Environ Health Perspect 2013;121:1357-64.
4
eTable 1.
Exposure
NO2
PM2.5 abs
PM10
PM2.5
PMcoarse
Cu PM10
Cu PM2.5
Fe PM10
Fe PM2.5
K PM10
K PM2.5
Ni PM10
Ni PM2.5
S PM10
S PM2.5
Si PM10
Si PM2.5
V PM10
V PM2.5
Zn PM10
Zn PM2.5
Land-use regression models with model performance (leave-one-out cross-validation R2, R2LOOCV)
Land-use regression model
-7.80 + 1.18 × REGIONALESTIMATE + 2.30 × 10-5 × POP_5000 + 2.46 × 10-6 × TRAFLOAD_50 + 1.06 × 10-4 × ROADLENGTH_1000
+ 9.84 × 10-5 × HEAVYTRAFLOAD_25 +12.19 × DISTINVNEARC1 + 4.47 × 10-7 × HEAVYTRAFLOAD_25_500
0.07 + 2.95 × 10−9 × TRAFLOAD_500 + 2.93 × 10−3 × MAJORROADLENGTH_50 + 0.85 × REGIONALESTIMATE
+ 7.90 × 10−9 × HLDRES_5000 + 1.72 × 10−6 × HEAVYTRAFLOAD_50
23.71 + 2.16 × 10-8 × TRAFMAJORLOAD_500 + 6.68 × 10-6 × POP_5000 + 0.02 × MAJORROADLENGTH_50
9.46 + 0.42 × REGIONALESTIMATE + 0.01 × MAJORROADLENGTH_50 + 2.28 × 10−9 × TRAFMAJORLOAD_1000
7.59 + 5.02 × 10−9 × TRAFLOAD_1000 + 1.38 × 10−7 × PORT_5000 + 5.38 × 10−5 × TRAFNEAR
6.6 + 8.0 × 10-7 × PORT_5000 +3.9 × 10-4 × TRAFNEAR+2.1 × 10-6 × TRAFMAJORLOAD_50 +1. × 10-7 × HEAVYTRAFMAJORLOAD_1000
+ 8.8 × 10-2 × ROADLENGTH_25
6.5 + 4.8 × 10-8 × HLDRES_5000 +5.0 × 10-7 × TRAFMAJORLOAD_50 +1.0 × 10-2 × MAJORROADLENGTH_50 - 6.7 × 10-6 × XPLUSY
181.0 + 6.0 × 10-4 × POP_5000 +7.3 × 10-3 × TRAFNEAR+2.2 × 10-6 × TRAFMAJORLOAD_500 + 2.2 × ROADLENGTH_25
149.0 + 1.4 × 10-6 × HLDRES_5000 +1.9 × 10-3 × TRAFNEAR +8.7 × 10-6 × TRAFMAJORLOAD_50 - 1.5 × 10-4 × XPLUSY
173.0 + 1.2 × 10-4 × HLDRES_300 +4.0 × 10-7 × TRAFMAJORLOAD_500
155.0 + 3.5 × 10-7 × TRAFMAJORLOAD_300 +1.4 × 10-4 × XMINUSY
4.1 + 9.9 × 10-8 × PORT_5000 + 1.6 × 10-9 × TRAFMAJORLOAD_1000 - 1.3 × 10-5 × XCOORD
3.7 + 8.6 × 10-8 × PORT_5000 -1.2 × 10-5 × XCOORD
1280.0 + 1.3 × 10-5 × PORT_5000 +2.8 × 10-3 × TRAFNEAR-6.1 × 10-4 × YCOORD
1240.0 + 1.1 × 10-2 × POP_500 -8.5 × 10-4 × YCOORD
282.0 + 6.6 × 10-4 × POP_5000 +3.9 × 10-6 × TRAFMAJORLOAD_300
146.0 + 2.6 × 10-3 × TRAFNEAR -1.1 × 10-4 × XPLUSY
6.7 + 2.3 × 10-7 × PORT_5000 -2.0 × 10-5 × XCOORD
5.6 + 2.0 × 10-7 × PORT_5000 -1.8 × 10-5 × XCOORD
112.0 + 7.1 × 10-7 × TRAFLOAD_300 +2.7 × 10-4 × XMINUSY
85.6 + 2.0 × 10-7 × TRAFMAJORLOAD_300 +2.0 × 10-4 × XMINUSY
Cu = copper, Fe = iron, K = potassium, Ni = nickel, S = sulfur, Si = silicon, V = vanadium, Zn = zinc
5
R2LOOCV
0.81
0.89
0.60
0.61
0.38
0.71
0.81
0.70
0.73
0.45
0.25
0.73
0.72
0.39
0.27
0.26
0.39
0.67
0.63
0.67
0.58
DISTINVNEARC1: Inverse distance to the nearest road; HLDRES_X: Sum of high density and low density residential land in X m buffer; HEAVYTRAFLOAD_X:
Total heavy-duty traffic load of all roads in a buffer (sum of (heavy-duty traffic intensity *length of all segments)); HEAVYTRAFMAJORLOAD_X: Total heavyduty traffic load of major roads in X m buffer (sum of (heavy-duty traffic intensity*length of all segments); MAJORROADLENGTH_X; Road length of major
roads in X m buffer; POP_X: Number of inhabitants in X m buffer; REGIONALESTIMATE: Regional estimate; ROADLENGTH_X: Road length of major roads in X
m buffer; TRAFNEAR: Traffic intensity on nearest road; TRAFLOAD_X: Total traffic load of all roads in X m buffer (sum of (traffic intensity * length of all
segments)); TRAFMAJORLOAD_X: Total traffic load of major roads in X m buffer (sum of (traffic intensity * length of all segments)); XCOORD: X-coordinate;
XMINUSY: X- minus y-coordinate; XPLUSY: X- plus y-coordinate; YCOORD: Y-coordinate
6
eTable 2.
Comparison of characteristics between the entire cohort, the total study population and subset of participants with lung
function measurements or specific IgE data from medical follow-up.
Entire cohort
(N = 3,963)
Total study population
(N = 3,702)
Medical follow-up
(N = 1,455)
Characteristic
No.
(%)
No.
(%)
No.
(%)
Female gender
1909
(48)
1793
(48)
738
(51)
894
(23)
848
(23)
256
(18)
Intermediate
1582
(42)
1555
(42)
606
(42)
High
1331
(35)
1299
(35)
593
(41)
Allergic mother
1237
(31)
1123
(30)
477
(33)
Allergic father
1217
(31)
1137
(31)
463
(32)
At least 12 weeks of breastfeeding
1892
(49)
1817
(49)
810
(56)
Mother smoking during pregnancy
696
(18)
629
(17)
206
(14)
Smoking at home c
1129
(29)
897
(24)
295
(20)
Use of gas for cooking c
3236
(83)
3038
(83)
1205
(83)
Visible signs of mold or dampness in child’s home c
1047
(28)
1019
(28)
373
(26)
Furry pets in home c
1845
(47)
1726
(47)
636
(44)
935
(25)
903
(24)
411
(28)
Maternal education
Low
Day-care center attendance 1st year of life
a
total study population vs entire cohort; b participants of medical follow-up vs total study population,
7
c
early life.
eTable 3.
Correlation (Pearson R) between different exposures at the birth address.
NO2
NO2
PM2.5 abs.
PM2.5
PM10
PMcoarse
CuPM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
1.00
PM2.5
abs
0.90
1.00
PM2.5
PM10
PM
coarse
0.73
0.88
1.00
0.80
0.90
0.70
1.00
0.76
0.73
0.57
0.80
1.00
Cu
PM2.5
0.90
0.92
0.84
0.75
0.67
1.00
Cu
PM10
0.66
0.60
0.48
0.61
0.82
0.59
1.00
Fe
PM2.5
0.91
0.88
0.75
0.72
0.71
0.96
0.62
1.00
Fe
PM10
0.80
0.76
0.54
0.84
0.76
0.65
0.81
0.69
1.00
K
PM2.5
0.36
0.50
0.56
0.48
0.30
0.31
0.18
0.31
0.42
1.00
K
PM10
0.67
0.63
0.45
0.74
0.64
0.47
0.47
0.49
0.74
0.47
1.00
Ni
PM2.5
0.77
0.66
0.57
0.51
0.67
0.81
0.61
0.80
0.51
0.03
0.34
1.00
Cu = copper, Fe = iron, K = potassium, Ni = nickel, S = sulfur, Si = silicon, V = vanadium, Zn = zinc
8
Ni
PM10
0.82
0.73
0.62
0.61
0.75
0.84
0.66
0.83
0.60
0.10
0.44
0.99
1.00
S
PM2.5
0.81
0.75
0.79
0.50
0.52
0.86
0.43
0.84
0.50
0.39
0.45
0.81
0.82
1.00
S
PM10
0.73
0.68
0.64
0.53
0.76
0.79
0.70
0.80
0.52
0.21
0.34
0.92
0.92
0.80
1.00
Si
PM2.5
0.74
0.73
0.73
0.51
0.59
0.84
0.59
0.88
0.52
0.29
0.32
0.74
0.75
0.78
0.78
1.00
Si
PM10
0.82
0.82
0.55
0.90
0.77
0.72
0.57
0.76
0.83
0.53
0.71
0.57
0.65
0.55
0.57
0.51
1.00
V
PM2.5
0.75
0.65
0.54
0.51
0.70
0.79
0.64
0.78
0.51
0.02
0.34
0.99
0.98
0.78
0.94
0.70
0.56
1.00
V
PM10
0.75
0.64
0.54
0.51
0.70
0.79
0.64
0.78
0.51
0.02
0.34
0.99
0.98
0.78
0.94
0.71
0.57
1.00
1.00
Zn
PM2.5
0.17
0.31
0.50
0.20
0.06
0.17
-0.02
0.16
0.16
0.91
0.22
-0.12
-0.07
0.36
0.11
0.20
0.21
-0.14
-0.14
1.00
Zn
PM10
0.39
0.51
0.57
0.47
0.32
0.33
0.19
0.33
0.42
0.99
0.47
0.04
0.11
0.42
0.23
0.30
0.52
0.03
0.03
0.91
1.00
eTable 4.
Correlation (Pearson R) between exposures at the birth address and exposures at the 11-year address.
NO2
Birth address
NO2
PM2.5 abs.
PM2.5
PM10
PMcoarse
CuPM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
0.81
0.71
0.61
0.58
0.56
0.76
0.47
0.77
0.59
0.25
0.49
0.70
0.73
0.75
0.64
0.64
0.62
0.68
0.68
0.12
0.27
PM2.5
abs
PM2.5
0.74
0.74
0.67
0.60
0.52
0.75
0.41
0.74
0.55
0.34
0.45
0.62
0.66
0.72
0.60
0.62
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.23
0.36
0.60
0.64
0.74
0.43
0.39
0.66
0.32
0.63
0.39
0.43
0.33
0.54
0.56
0.75
0.57
0.62
0.41
0.51
0.51
0.43
0.45
PM10
PM
coarse
0.59
0.59
0.44
0.62
0.53
0.54
0.39
0.55
0.56
0.24
0.48
0.43
0.48
0.43
0.42
0.38
0.60
0.43
0.43
0.09
0.25
0.54
0.50
0.39
0.51
0.64
0.50
0.53
0.52
0.50
0.15
0.43
0.54
0.58
0.44
0.57
0.41
0.51
0.56
0.56
0.00
0.16
Cu
PM2.5
0.78
0.74
0.69
0.56
0.53
0.84
0.45
0.83
0.53
0.25
0.39
0.77
0.79
0.82
0.72
0.72
0.59
0.74
0.74
0.15
0.27
Cu
PM10
0.44
0.36
0.29
0.35
0.50
0.40
0.58
0.41
0.47
0.07
0.31
0.48
0.50
0.36
0.51
0.38
0.36
0.50
0.50
-0.04
0.08
Fe
PM2.5
0.79
0.73
0.66
0.56
0.56
0.83
0.47
0.85
0.55
0.25
0.40
0.76
0.78
0.81
0.72
0.73
0.62
0.73
0.73
0.14
0.27
Fe
PM10
0.59
0.53
0.38
0.54
0.51
0.51
0.49
0.53
0.62
0.22
0.48
0.44
0.49
0.44
0.43
0.39
0.55
0.44
0.44
0.07
0.23
Current address
K
K
PM2.5
PM10
0.21
0.28
0.38
0.19
0.12
0.21
0.06
0.21
0.18
0.61
0.22
0.02
0.05
0.34
0.17
0.21
0.22
0.01
0.01
0.66
0.62
0.44
0.39
0.30
0.41
0.37
0.35
0.27
0.37
0.41
0.21
0.55
0.29
0.33
0.36
0.27
0.26
0.40
0.28
0.28
0.10
0.22
Ni
PM2.5
0.68
0.59
0.53
0.43
0.54
0.73
0.49
0.72
0.43
0.03
0.28
0.90
0.88
0.75
0.80
0.67
0.48
0.88
0.88
-0.10
0.04
Cu = copper, Fe = iron, K = potassium, Ni = nickel, S = sulfur, Si = silicon, V = vanadium, Zn = zinc
9
Ni
PM10
0.71
0.62
0.55
0.48
0.58
0.75
0.51
0.73
0.48
0.06
0.34
0.89
0.88
0.76
0.79
0.67
0.52
0.87
0.87
-0.07
0.07
S
PM2.5
S
PM10
Si
PM2.5
Si
PM10
V
PM2.5
V
PM10
Zn
PM2.5
Zn
PM10
0.72
0.67
0.72
0.43
0.45
0.78
0.37
0.76
0.43
0.36
0.36
0.76
0.76
0.91
0.74
0.72
0.48
0.72
0.72
0.33
0.38
0.64
0.58
0.59
0.41
0.57
0.70
0.52
0.69
0.42
0.21
0.28
0.82
0.81
0.77
0.85
0.68
0.45
0.82
0.82
0.14
0.22
0.67
0.64
0.66
0.40
0.46
0.75
0.43
0.76
0.41
0.24
0.27
0.75
0.74
0.80
0.72
0.79
0.43
0.72
0.72
0.18
0.25
0.62
0.58
0.41
0.59
0.53
0.57
0.40
0.60
0.57
0.27
0.46
0.48
0.53
0.48
0.46
0.40
0.66
0.48
0.48
0.09
0.28
0.66
0.57
0.50
0.59
0.56
0.71
0.51
0.69
0.43
0.02
0.28
0.89
0.87
0.72
0.81
0.65
0.47
0.88
0.88
-0.11
0.02
0.66
0.57
0.50
0.42
0.56
0.71
0.51
0.69
0.43
0.02
0.28
0.89
0.87
0.72
0.81
0.65
0.47
0.88
0.88
-0.11
0.02
0.11
0.19
0.36
0.06
0.00
0.13
-0.03
0.13
0.06
0.60
0.10
-0.07
-0.05
0.31
0.11
0.16
0.07
-0.08
-0.08
0.73
0.62
0.23
0.29
0.40
0.19
0.13
0.22
0.06
0.22
0.19
0.61
0.22
0.03
0.06
0.36
0.18
0.22
0.22
0.02
0.02
0.66
0.63
eTable 5.
Correlation (Pearson R) of short-term exposure to NO2 and PM10 with long-term
exposures at the birth address and current addresses .
Long-term
NO2
PM2.5 abs.
PM2.5
PM10
PMcoarse
CuPM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
Short-term NO2
Birth Current
0.45
0.48
0.39
0.43
0.29
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.32
0.32
0.47
0.51
0.26
0.27
0.46
0.50
0.29
0.29
0.01
-0.04
0.15
0.15
0.58
0.60
0.57
0.59
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.52
0.38
0.45
0.36
0.34
0.57
0.59
0.57
0.59
-0.08
-0.09
0.01
-0.03
Short-term PM10
Birth
Current
0.09
0.05
0.08
0.05
0.08
0.07
0.05
-0.01
0.04
0.00
0.10
0.09
0.03
-0.01
0.09
0.08
0.05
-0.02
0.02
-0.03
0.04
0.01
0.10
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.07
-0.00
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.00
-0.01
0.02
-0.02
Cu = copper, Fe = iron, K = potassium, Ni = nickel, S = sulfur, Si = silicon, V = vanadium, Zn = zinc
10
eTable 6.
Crude associations of asthma, hay fever, and allergic sensitization with exposure at the birth address. Associations are presented
as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals.
Exposure (increment)
NO2 (8.4 g/m3)
PM2.5 abs. (0.29 10-5 m-1)
PM2.5 (1.2 µg/m3)
PM10 (1.2 µg/m3)
PMcoarse (0.8 µg/m3)
Cu PM2.5 (1.5 ng/m3)
Cu PM10 (4.8 ng/m3)
Fe PM2.5 (34.8 ng/m3)
Fe PM10 (142.1 ng/m3)
K PM2.5 (6.9 ng/m3)
K PM10 (15.8 ng/m3)
Ni PM2.5 (1.2 ng/m3)
Ni PM10 (1.3 ng/m3)
S PM2.5 (112.8 ng/m3)
S PM10 (74.9 ng/m3)
Si PM2.5 (23.9 ng/m3)
Si PM10 (92.0 ng/m3)
V PM2.5 (1.7 ng/m3)
V PM10 (2.0 ng/m3)
Zn PM2.5 (8.6 ng/m3)
Zn PM10 (13.4 ng/m3)
Incident asthma a
OR
(95% CI)
1.15
(1.04, 1.28)
1.09
(0.99, 1.20)
1.14
(1.00, 1.31)
1.07
(0.98, 1.16)
1.06
(0.98, 1.14)
1.09
(0.98, 1.21)
1.03
(0.95, 1.12)
1.08
(0.97, 1.20)
1.06
(0.97, 1.16)
1.15
(1.04, 1.26)
1.14
(1.06, 1.22)
1.13
(1.00, 1.28)
1.12
(1.01, 1.25)
1.26
(1.07, 1.49)
1.08
(0.99, 1.19)
1.09
(0.96, 1.25)
1.10
(1.01, 1.19)
1.10
(0.99, 1.22)
1.10
(0.99, 1.22)
1.12
(1.00, 1.25)
1.14
(1.03, 1.25)
Asthma symptoms a
OR
(95% CI)
1.09
(1.01, 1.17)
1.05
(0.98, 1.13)
1.07
(0.97, 1.18)
1.04
(0.98, 1.11)
1.04
(0.98, 1.10)
1.04
(0.96, 1.12)
1.04
(0.98, 1.10)
1.03
(0.95, 1.11)
1.06
(0.99, 1.13)
1.08
(1.00, 1.16)
1.10
(1.04, 1.16)
1.08
(0.99, 1.19)
1.08
(1.00, 1.17)
1.14
(1.01, 1.29)
1.05
(0.98, 1.13)
1.02
(0.93, 1.12)
1.06
(0.99, 1.13)
1.07
(0.99, 1.15)
1.07
(0.99, 1.16)
1.05
(0.96, 1.14)
1.08
(1.00, 1.16)
a
Hay fever a
OR
(95% CI)
1.24
(1.09, 1.40)
1.15
(1.03, 1.28)
1.32
(1.12, 1.54)
1.06
(0.95, 1.17)
1.09
(0.99, 1.19)
1.18
(1.04, 1.35)
1.11
(1.01, 1.22)
1.15
(1.02, 1.31)
1.11
(1.00, 1.23)
1.18
(1.05, 1.34)
1.10
(1.01, 1.20)
1.18
(1.02, 1.38)
1.18
(1.03, 1.35)
1.48
(1.19, 1.84)
1.13
(1.01, 1.25)
1.24
(1.07, 1.44)
1.10
(0.99, 1.23)
1.13
(1.00, 1.28)
1.13
(1.00, 1.29)
1.18
(1.03, 1.36)
1.19
(1.05, 1.34)
Rhinitis a
OR
(95% CI)
1.20
(1.07, 1.34)
1.11
(1.01, 1.23)
1.18
(1.03, 1.36)
1.06
(0.96, 1.16)
1.08
(1.00, 1.17)
1.14
(1.01, 1.28)
1.07
(0.98, 1.17)
1.13
(1.01, 1.26)
1.07
(0.97, 1.18)
1.15
(1.03, 1.27)
1.12
(1.03, 1.21)
1.18
(1.03, 1.36)
1.16
(1.03, 1.31)
1.38
(1.14, 1.67)
1.15
(1.04, 1.26)
1.17
(1.02, 1.33)
1.11
(1.01, 1.22)
1.15
(1.03, 1.28)
1.15
(1.03, 1.29)
1.13
(1.00, 1.27)
1.15
(1.04, 1.28)
Main effects from discrete-time hazard models for incident asthma and generalized estimation equations otherwise.
Cu = copper, Fe = iron, K = potassium, Ni = nickel, S = sulfur, Si = silicon, V = vanadium, Zn = zinc
11
Allergic sensitization
RR
(95% CI)
1.10
(1.01, 1.19)
1.08
(1.01, 1.16)
1.12
(1.02, 1.25)
1.07
(1.01, 1.14)
1.05
(1.00, 1.12)
1.08
(0.99, 1.17)
1.07
(1.01, 1.14)
1.07
(0.99, 1.17)
1.11
(1.03, 1.19)
1.04
(0.96, 1.13)
1.08
(1.02, 1.15)
1.03
(0.97, 1.10)
1.05
(0.98, 1.13)
1.10
(0.96, 1.26)
1.03
(0.96, 1.11)
1.08
(0.97, 1.20)
1.06
(1.00, 1.13)
1.02
(0.97, 1.08)
1.02
(0.97, 1.08)
1.00
(0.91, 1.11)
1.04
(0.96, 1.13)
eTable 7.
Adjusted a associations of asthma, hay fever, and allergic sensitization with exposure at the current address. Associations are
presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals.
Exposure (increment)
NO2 (8.2 g/m3)
PM2.5 abs. (0.28 10-5 m-1)
PM2.5 (1.2 µg/m3)
PM10 (1.1 µg/m3)
PMcoarse (0.7 µg/m3)
Cu PM2.5 (1.6 ng/m3)
Cu PM10 (4.3 ng/m3)
Fe PM2.5 (36.7 ng/m3)
Fe PM10 (135.1 ng/m3)
K PM2.5 (7.1 ng/m3)
K PM10 (16.9 ng/m3)
Ni PM2.5 (1.2 ng/m3)
Ni PM10 (1.3 ng/m3)
S PM2.5 (112.1 ng/m3)
S PM10 (72.9 ng/m3)
Si PM2.5 (23.6 ng/m3)
Si PM10 (80.7 ng/m3)
V PM2.5 (1.8 ng/m3)
V PM10 (2.0 ng/m3)
Zn PM2.5 (8.9 ng/m3)
Zn PM10 (13.6 ng/m3)
Incident asthma b
Asthma symptoms b
OR
1.08
1.03
1.05
1.02
1.04
1.05
1.01
1.04
1.02
1.04
1.09
1.09
1.08
1.14
1.06
1.05
1.03
1.08
1.08
1.02
1.03
OR
1.06
1.04
1.11
1.02
1.05
1.06
1.06
1.04
1.03
1.00
1.05
1.09
1.08
1.10
1.07
1.07
1.02
1.09
1.08
0.98
1.01
(95% CI)
(0.97, 1.21)
(0.93, 1.15)
(0.90, 1.23)
(0.94, 1.12)
(0.96, 1.12)
(0.92, 1.20)
(0.93, 1.10)
(0.92, 1.18)
(0.93, 1.12)
(0.93, 1.15)
(1.00, 1.18)
(0.95, 1.25)
(0.96, 1.22)
(0.95, 1.36)
(0.96, 1.17)
(0.90, 1.22)
(0.95, 1.12)
(0.96, 1.22)
(0.96, 1.21)
(0.90, 1.15)
(0.93, 1.15)
(95% CI)
(0.98, 1.15)
(0.96, 1.12)
(0.99, 1.24)
(0.96, 1.09)
(1.00, 1.11)
(0.96, 1.17)
(1.00, 1.12)
(0.96, 1.14)
(0.97, 1.10)
(0.93, 1.08)
(0.99, 1.10)
(0.99, 1.21)
(0.99, 1.18)
(0.97, 1.25)
(0.99, 1.15)
(0.96, 1.19)
(0.96, 1.08)
(0.99, 1.19)
(0.99, 1.18)
(0.91, 1.07)
(0.94, 1.09)
12
Hay fever b
OR
1.04
1.00
1.08
0.95
1.00
1.02
1.05
1.00
0.99
1.03
1.02
1.05
1.04
1.18
1.07
1.13
0.94
1.04
1.04
1.06
1.04
(95% CI)
(0.89, 1.21)
(0.86, 1.16)
(0.86, 1.35)
(0.84, 1.08)
(0.90, 1.11)
(0.84, 1.23)
(0.95, 1.17)
(0.84, 1.19)
(0.88, 1.12)
(0.91, 1.17)
(0.92, 1.12)
(0.87, 1.27)
(0.88, 1.23)
(0.92, 1.52)
(0.93, 1.23)
(0.92, 1.38)
(0.83, 1.06)
(0.88, 1.23)
(0.89, 1.22)
(0.92, 1.23)
(0.91, 1.18)
Rhinitis b
OR
1.11
1.08
1.17
1.04
1.05
1.07
1.06
1.04
1.05
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.07
1.19
1.09
1.07
1.03
1.07
1.07
1.09
1.10
(95% CI)
(0.98, 1.25)
(0.96, 1.21)
(0.99, 1.40)
(0.94, 1.14)
(0.97, 1.15)
(0.91, 1.25)
(0.97, 1.16)
(0.90, 1.19)
(0.95, 1.15)
(0.99, 1.21)
(1.00, 1.17)
(0.92, 1.24)
(0.94, 1.22)
(0.98, 1.46)
(0.98, 1.21)
(0.89, 1.27)
(0.94, 1.13)
(0.94, 1.22)
(0.94, 1.21)
(0.97, 1.22)
(0.99, 1.22)
Allergic sensitization
RR
1.06
1.04
1.07
1.03
1.07
1.03
1.11
1.03
1.07
0.96
1.06
1.02
1.04
1.04
1.05
1.05
1.01
1.03
1.03
0.96
0.97
(95% CI)
(0.97, 1.17)
(0.94, 1.15)
(0.94, 1.23)
(0.97, 1.11)
(1.01, 1.13)
(0.92, 1.15)
(1.04, 1.19)
(0.93, 1.15)
(1.00, 1.15)
(0.88, 1.06)
(0.99, 1.14)
(0.95, 1.10)
(0.95, 1.14)
(0.90, 1.21)
(0.96, 1.15)
(0.92, 1.19)
(0.94, 1.08)
(0.97, 1.09)
(0.96, 1.09)
(0.87, 1.06)
(0.89, 1.07)
a
adjusted for sex, maternal education, parental allergies, breastfeeding, maternal smoking during pregnancy, smoking in the child’s home,
use of gas for cooking, mold/dampness in the child’s home, pets at home, daycare attendance during 1 st year of life, , and neighborhood
percent low income households..
b
Main effects from discrete-time hazard models for incident asthma and generalized estimation equations otherwise.
Cu = copper, Fe = iron, K = potassium, Ni = nickel, S = sulfur, Si = silicon, V = vanadium, Zn = zinc
13
eTable 8.
Crude a associations between lung function and exposure at the current address. Associations are presented as % difference
with 95% confidence intervals.
Exposure [increment]
NO2 (8.2 g/m3)
PM2.5 abs. (0.28 10-5 m-1)
PM2.5 (1.2 µg/m3)
PM10 (1.1 µg/m3)
PMcoarse (0.7 µg/m3)
Cu PM2.5 (1.6 ng/m3)
Cu PM10 (4.3 ng/m3)
Fe PM2.5 (36.7 ng/m3)
Fe PM10 (135.1 ng/m3)
K PM2.5 (7.1 ng/m3)
K PM10 (16.9 ng/m3)
Ni PM2.5 (1.2 ng/m3)
Ni PM10 (1.3 ng/m3)
S PM2.5 (112.1 ng/m3)
S PM10 (72.9 ng/m3)
Si PM2.5 (23.6 ng/m3)
Si PM10 (80.7 ng/m3)
V PM2.5 (1.8 ng/m3)
V PM10 (2.0 ng/m3)
Zn PM2.5 (8.9 ng/m3)
Zn PM10 (13.6 ng/m3)
a
FEV1
%diff
(95% CI)
-0.9
(-1.8, -0.1)
-0.7
(-1.5, 0.1)
-0.6
(-1.7, 0.5)
-0.4
(-1.1, 0.2)
-0.5
(-1.1, 0.0)
-0.7
(-1.6, 0.2)
-0.3
(-1.0, 0.3)
-0.7
(-1.6, 0.3)
-0.3
(-1.0, 0.4)
0.2
(-0.6, 1.0)
-0.6
(-1.3, 0.0)
-0.4
(-1.1, 0.2)
-0.6
(-1.4, 0.2)
-0.8
(-1.9, 0.4)
-0.5
(-1.3, 0.3)
-0.4
(-1.4, 0.6)
-0.3
(-1.0, 0.4)
-0.4
(-1.0, 0.2)
-0.4
(-1.0, 0.2)
0.2
(-0.6, 1.0)
0.0
(-0.8, 0.8)
%diff
-0.8
-0.4
-0.2
-0.2
-0.3
-0.5
-0.1
-0.5
-0.0
0.3
-0.4
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.4
-0.4
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
0.3
0.2
FVC
(95% CI)
(-1.6, 0.0)
(-1.2, 0.3)
(-1.3, 0.8)
(-0.8, 0.4)
(-0.8, 0.3)
(-1.4, 0.3)
(-0.7, 0.5)
(-1.4, 0.3)
(-0.7, 0.7)
(-0.4, 1.1)
(-1.0, 0.2)
(-1.1, 0.2)
(-1.3, 0.2)
(-1.7, 0.6)
(-1.2, 0.3)
(-1.3, 0.6)
(-0.8, 0.5)
(-0.9, 0.1)
(-0.9, 0.1)
(-0.5, 1.1)
(-0.5, 0.9)
%diff
-1.2
-1.4
-1.7
-1.0
-1.7
-1.3
-2.3
-1.1
-1.7
0.1
-0.0
-1.4
-2.0
-1.3
-1.8
-1.3
-0.8
-1.4
-1.4
0.4
-0.1
FEF25-75
(95% CI)
(-3.7, 1.3)
(-3.7, 1.0)
(-4.9, 1.7)
(-2.9, 0.9)
(-3.3, -0.1)
(-4.1, 1.6)
(-4.3, -0.4)
(-3.8, 1.7)
(-3.7, 0.4)
(-2.4, 2.6)
(-2.1, 2.1)
(-3.4, 0.5)
(-4.3, 0.5)
(-4.8, 2.4)
(-4.2, 0.7)
(-4.3, 1.8)
(-2.8, 1.3)
(-3.1, 0.4)
(-3.1, 0.4)
(-2.2, 3.0)
(-2.6, 2.3)
adjusted for sex, ln age, ln height, ln weight
Cu = copper, Fe = iron, K = potassium, Ni = nickel, S = sulfur, Si = silicon, V = vanadium, Zn = zinc
14
eTable 9.
Adjusted a associations between lung function and exposure at the birth address. Associations are presented as % difference
with 95% confidence intervals.
Exposure (increment)
NO2 (8.4 g/m3)
PM2.5 abs. (0.29 10-5 m-1)
PM2.5 (1.2 µg/m3)
PM10 (1.2 µg/m3)
PMcoarse (0.8 µg/m3)
Cu PM2.5 (1.5 ng/m3)
Cu PM10 (4.8 ng/m3)
Fe PM2.5 (34.8 ng/m3)
Fe PM10 (142.1 ng/m3)
K PM2.5 (6.9 ng/m3)
K PM10 (15.8 ng/m3)
Ni PM2.5 (1.2 ng/m3)
Ni PM10 (1.3 ng/m3)
S PM2.5 (114.5 ng/m3)
S PM10 (74.9 ng/m3)
Si PM2.5 (23.9 ng/m3)
Si PM10 (92.0 ng/m3)
V PM2.5 (1.7 ng/m3)
V PM10 (2.0 ng/m3)
Zn PM2.5 (8.6 ng/m3)
Zn PM10 (13.4 ng/m3)
a
FEV1
%diff
(95% CI)
-0.4
(-1.3, 0.5)
-0.2
(-1.0, 0.5)
-0.2
(-1.2, 0.9)
-0.2
(-0.8, 0.5)
-0.3
(-0.9, 0.2)
-0.2
(-1.1, 0.7)
-0.2
(-0.8, 0.5)
-0.3
(-1.2, 0.6)
-0.1
(-0.8, 0.6)
-0.3
(-1.1, 0.5)
-0.4
(-1.0, 0.1)
-0.1
(-0.7, 0.5)
-0.2
(-0.9, 0.5)
-0.2
(-1.4, 1.1)
-0.1
(-0.8, 0.7)
-0.4
(-1.4, 0.6)
-0.4
(-1.0, 0.3)
-0.1
(-0.6, 0.5)
-0.1
(-0.6, 0.5)
-0.0
(-0.9, 0.9)
-0.3
(-1.1, 0.4)
%diff
-0.2
0.0
0.1
0.1
-0.2
-0.1
-0.1
-0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.2
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2
-0.1
-0.3
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
0.1
-0.1
FVC
(95% CI)
(-1.0, 0.7)
(-0.7, 0.7)
(-0.9, 1.1)
(-0.5, 0.7)
(-0.7, 0.3)
(-0.9, 0.8)
(-0.7, 0.5)
(-1.0, 0.7)
(-0.5, 0.8)
(-0.7, 0.7)
(-0.7, 0.3)
(-0.7, 0.4)
(-0.8, 0.5)
(-1.4, 1.0)
(-0.9, 0.6)
(-1.2, 0.7)
(-0.7, 0.6)
(-0.6, 0.4)
(-0.6, 0.4)
(-0.7, 1.0)
(-0.8, 0.6)
FEF25-75
%diff
(95% CI)
-2.4
(-5.2, 0.4)
-2.1
(-4.3, 0.2)
-2.4
(-5.5, 0.9)
-2.0
(-3.8, -0.2)
-1.8
(-3.5, -0.2)
-2.1
(-4.9, 0.8)
-1.3
(-3.2, 0.7)
-1.9
(-4.5, 0.9)
-1.3
(-3.4, 0.7)
-1.9
(-4.2, 0.5)
-1.5
(-3.1, 0.2)
-1.0
(-2.9, 0.9)
-1.5
(-3.7, 0.7)
-1.3
(-5.3, 2.8)
-1.2
(-3.7, 1.3)
-2.1
(-5.1, 0.9)
-2.1
(-4.1, -0.1)
-0.9
(-2.5, 0.8)
-0.9
(-2.5, 0.8)
-0.5
(-3.3, 2.3)
-1.9
(-4.2, 0.5)
adjusted for sex, ln age, ln height, ln weight, respiratory infections during the past 3 weeks, maternal education, parental allergies,
breastfeeding, maternal smoking during pregnancy, smoking in the child’s home, use of gas for cooking, mold/dampness in the child’s
15
home, pets at home, daycare attendance during 1st year of life, neighborhood percent low income households, and short-term exposure to
air pollution (associations with NO2 were adjusted for NO2, all other associations were adjusted for PM10).
Cu = copper, Fe = iron, K = potassium, Ni = nickel, S = sulfur, Si = silicon, V = vanadium, Zn = zinc
16
eTable 10.
Adjusted a associations between lung function growth from age 8 to 12 years
and exposure during this period. Associations are presented as mean
difference in lung growth [mL/yr] with 95% confidence intervals.
Exposure [increment]
NO2 (8.4 g/m3)
PM2.5 abs. (0.29 10-5 m-1)
PM2.5 (1.2 µg/m3)
PM10 (1.2 µg/m3)
PMcoarse (0.8 µg/m3)
Cu PM2.5 (1.5 ng/m3)
Cu PM10 (4.8 ng/m3)
Fe PM2.5 (34.8 ng/m3)
Fe PM10 (142.1 ng/m3)
K PM2.5 (6.9 ng/m3)
K PM10 (15.8 ng/m3)
Ni PM2.5 (1.2 ng/m3)
Ni PM10 (1.3 ng/m3)
S PM2.5 (114.5 ng/m3)
S PM10 (74.9 ng/m3)
Si PM2.5 (23.9 ng/m3)
Si PM10 (92.0 ng/m3)
V PM2.5 (1.7 ng/m3)
V PM10 (2.0 ng/m3)
Zn PM2.5 (8.6 ng/m3)
Zn PM10 (13.4 ng/m3)
a
FEV1 growth
Mean
(95% CI)
diff.
-4.4
(-12.0, 3.1)
-3.3
(-10.1, 3.6)
-0.4
(-9.9, 9.1)
-2.4
(-7.3, 2.5)
0.8
(-3.4, 5.0)
-2.6
(-11.3, 6.2)
1.8
(-2.8, 6.4)
-1.5
(-9.6, 6.6)
1.4
(-3.8, 6.6)
0.2
(-5.9, 6.3)
1.6
(-3.0, 6.3)
0.9
(-5.5, 7.2)
1.3
(-6.1, 8.7)
5.6
(-5.2, 16.4)
2.0
(-4.5, 8.5)
-0.8
(-9.5, 8.0)
-2.1
(-7.1, 3.0)
0.9
(-4.7, 6.5)
0.9
(-4.7, 6.5)
1.8
(-4.9, 8.6)
0.0
(-6.2, 6.2)
FVC growth
Mean
(95% CI)
diff.
1.2
(-8.5, 10.8)
2.6
(-6.2, 11.4)
6.8
(-5.4, 19.0)
0.8
(-5.5, 7.1)
2.5
(-2.9, 7.8)
5.3
(-6.0, 16.6)
4.3
(-1.5, 10.2)
5.0
(-5.5, 15.5)
5.4
(-1.2, 12.1)
0.0
(-7.8, 7.8)
2.4
(-3.5, 8.4)
6.5
(-1.7, 14.7)
7.9
(-1.7, 17.4)
13.7
(-0.2, 27.6)
5.8
(-2.6, 14.3)
5.7
(-5.5, 17.0)
1.0
(-5.5, 7.5)
5.4
(-1.8, 12.6)
5.4
(-1.8, 12.6)
0.0
(-8.6, 8.7)
-0.0
(-7.9, 7.9)
adjusted for sex; difference in height, weight and age between the 8 and 12 year lung
function measurements; respiratory infections during the past 12 weeks, maternal
education, parental allergies, breastfeeding, maternal smoking during pregnancy,
smoking in the child’s home, use of gas for cooking, mold/dampness in the child’s home,
pets at home, daycare attendance during 1st year of life, and short-term exposure to air
pollution (associations with NO2 were adjusted for NO2, all other associations were
adjusted for PM10)
Cu = copper, Fe = iron, K = potassium, Ni = nickel, S = sulfur, Si = silicon, V = vanadium,
Zn = zinc
17
eFigure 1.
Adjusted a associations of asthma, hay fever, and allergic sensitization with
elemental composition b of particulate matter at the birth address without
and with additional adjustment for particulate matter mass.
Incident asthma
Asthma symptoms past 12 mo.
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.7
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
Hay fever ever
Rhinitis past 12 mo.
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.6
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
Allergic sensitization
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
Adjustment for PM mass
no
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
yes
1.3
Relative risk (95% confidence interval)
a
adjusted for sex, maternal education, parental allergies, breastfeeding, maternal
smoking during pregnancy, smoking in the child’s home, use of gas for cooking,
18
mold/dampness in the child’s home, pets at home, daycare attendance during 1 st
year of life, and neighborhood percent low income households..
b
CU = copper, Fe = iron, K = potassium, Ni = nickel, S = sulfur, Si = silicon, V =
vanadium, Zn = zinc
19
Adjusted a associations between lung function and elemental composition of
particulate matter at the current address without and with additional
adjustment for particulate matter mass.
eFigure 2.
FEV1
FVC
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
% difference (95% confidence interval)
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
% difference (95% confidence interval)
FEF25-75
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
Adjusted for PM mass
No
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
Yes
10
% difference (95% confidence interval)
a
adjusted for sex, ln age, ln height, ln weight, maternal education, parental allergies,
breastfeeding, maternal smoking during pregnancy, smoking in the child’s home, use of
gas for cooking, mold/dampness in the child’s home, pets at home, daycare attendance
during 1st year of life, neighborhood percent low income households, and short-term
exposure to air pollution (associations with NO2 were adjusted for NO2, all other
associations were adjusted for PM10).
20
Adjusted a associations between lung function and exposure at the current
address for children who did and did not change address during the follow-up.
eFigure 3.
FEV1
FVC
NO2
PM2.5 abs
PM2.5
PM10
PMcoarse
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
NO2
PM2.5 abs
PM2.5
PM10
PMcoarse
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
-3
% difference (95% confidence interval)
-2
-1
0
1
2
% difference (95% confidence interval)
FEF25-75
NO2
PM2.5 abs
PM2.5
PM10
PMcoarse
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
-10
Mover
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
Non-mover
8
% difference (95% confidence interval)
a
adjusted for sex, ln age, ln height, ln weight, respiratory infections during the past 3
weeks, maternal education, parental allergies, breastfeeding, maternal smoking during
pregnancy, smoking in the child’s home, use of gas for cooking, mold/dampness in the
child’s home, pets at home, daycare attendance during 1st year of life, neighborhood
percent low income households, and short-term exposure to air pollution (associations
with NO2 were adjusted for NO2, all other associations were adjusted for PM10).
Cu = copper, Fe = iron, K = potassium, Ni = nickel, S = sulfur, Si = silicon, V = vanadium,
Zn = zinc
21
Adjusted a associations of asthma, hay fever, and allergic sensitization with
exposure at the birth address for boys and girls separately.
eFigure 4.
Incident asthma
Asthma symptoms past 12 mo.
NO2
PM2.5 abs
PM2.5
PM10
PMcoarse
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
NO2
PM2.5 abs
PM2.5
PM10
PMcoarse
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.6
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
Hay fever ever
Rhinitis past 12 mo.
NO2
PM2.5 abs
PM2.5
PM10
PMcoarse
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
NO2
PM2.5 abs
PM2.5
PM10
PMcoarse
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.6
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Allergic sensitization
NO2
PM2.5 abs
PM2.5
PM10
PMcoarse
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
Boys
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.8
2.0
Odds ratio (95% confidence interval)
1.4
Relative risk (95% confidence interval)
22
Girls
2.2
a
adjusted for maternal education, parental allergies, breastfeeding, maternal smoking
during pregnancy, smoking in the child’s home, use of gas for cooking,
mold/dampness in the child’s home, pets at home, daycare attendance during 1 st
year of life, and neighborhood percent low income households.
Cu = copper, Fe = iron, K = potassium, Ni = nickel, S = sulfur, Si = silicon, V = vanadium,
Zn = zinc
23
Adjusted a associations between lung function and exposure at the current
address for boys and girls separately.
eFigure 5.
FEV1
FVC
NO2
PM2.5 abs
PM2.5
PM10
PMcoarse
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
NO2
PM2.5 abs
PM2.5
PM10
PMcoarse
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
-3
% difference (95% confidence interval)
-2
-1
0
1
2
% difference (95% confidence interval)
FEF25-75
NO2
PM2.5 abs
PM2.5
PM10
PMcoarse
Cu PM2.5
Cu PM10
Fe PM2.5
Fe PM10
K PM2.5
K PM10
Ni PM2.5
Ni PM10
S PM2.5
S PM10
Si PM2.5
Si PM10
V PM2.5
V PM10
Zn PM2.5
Zn PM10
-10
Boys
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
Girls
8
% difference (95% confidence interval)
a
adjusted for ln age, ln height, ln weight, respiratory infections during the past 3 weeks,
maternal education, parental allergies, breastfeeding, maternal smoking during
pregnancy, smoking in the child’s home, use of gas for cooking, mold/dampness in the
child’s home, pets at home, daycare attendance during 1st year of life, neighborhood
percent low income households, and short-term exposure to air pollution (associations
with NO2 were adjusted for NO2, all other associations were adjusted for PM10).
Cu = copper, Fe = iron, K = potassium, Ni = nickel, S = sulfur, Si = silicon, V = vanadium,
Zn = zinc
24