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CITING SOURCES AND WEB SITES
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Introduction
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An important pan of the research process is compiling a bibliography ~ a list of sources
consul ted ~ and citing those sources. The main reason {Or citing sources is to give credit to the
authors whose ideasyou haI;e used in your research paper. Citing your SOl!fCt;'S also allows readers
of your work to build on your research by finding the sources to which you've referred. Finally,
if yOll don't cite the sources upon which YOllr research is based. yOll will be guilty of the most
ignohlt: academic sin: Plagiarism.
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Elements of a Citation
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Regardless of the citation style you use (see next section on eita~ion Styles and Style
J\.1anuals). thrre are certain f'lements common to all citations. Therefore, keep track of the
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following as you locate and gather research materials:
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Books:
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Articles: Aurhorts); Tide of article: Title of journal or magazine; Volume and Date of
periodical: and Page nurnberts) of article
Author (or editor); Tide: and Publishing information (City, Publisher, Year of
publ icatinn)
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If you access inf(ltll1ation via the \X,\:b, also record the address o/the W'eb site (or online database
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you used] and the dateyOlt accessed the site or database,
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Citation S~ and Style Manuals
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The citation style you choose 111ay depend on the style your professor prefers or the discipline
in wh ich ynu arc doing research. Styles manuals provide guidelines on how to format the
clements of your citation. including the order of the clements. punctuation, and spacing.
Style manuals may also contain other Llseful information such as proper page layout, usc of
quoratlOns. ere.
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The fdlO\vin~ style manuals arc the most commonly used citation guides for research. They
arc all available at the Reference Desk at Kennedy Library.
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Style
Source
APA
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Chicago
Publication Manual ofthe American Psychological Association, 5,l; cd., 2001.
BF76.7 PRJ 2001
Scit'ntitic.. Style and Format: The ,CBEManualfor Authors, Editors. and
PUb/;)lfH. 6<1' ed., 1':>94. TLL - S)86 1994
The Chicago Mnnua! olStyll', 14'" ed., 1993. PN147 - C'S 1993
Ml.A Handbook for WritfYS of'Research fJapers.5 m ed.. 1999. LB 2369 G5c) 1999
A Manual for W"riters o/Term Papas, Theses, and Dissertations, 6'h cd., 1996.
LB 2369. 18 1996
MLA
Turabian
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Also available at the Reference Desk arc:
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The Columbia Guide to Online Style. 1998. PN171 .F56 W35 1998
A guide to citing academic documents .and resources stored electronically: this interdisciplinary
template can be applied to a variety of already established style guides.
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Form and :'ltle: Research Papers, Report;'. Th:-JfJ, 10'h cd., ] 997. LB 2369.C3 1997
[>roVldes crranon examples for the APA, ChlCago, and iviLA styles.
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Assistance
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Fur assistance with any aspect of citing sources, please ask at the Reference Desk, rcl, 756-2649.
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Rnherr F. Kenne.iv Library. California Polvrerhnic Sr.itc Uuiversirv, S,Hl LuisObispo, All Right~ Re:sc':I'vr:d.
Using the Web as a Source of Information?
Make sure your citations are correct ...'
Suggested Formats for Citing Web Pages
Many style guide\ exist for citing information sources (APA, MLA, Chicago Style, ctc.). While variations in style
abound, the basic components of a citation remain the same: Author (if known), Title. Publication rnformarion, Date.
When citing a \X!eb page, the author of the document is listed first (if an author is given) and the title of the page
should h,,-' easily identified. Insread of puhl ication information, the URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is given. The
date created should he the date on the web page. The date you visited the page is given in parentheses at the end of the
citation
TITLE OF WEB PAGE
(or Article Title l
AUTHORIS
TITLE OF COMPLETE WORK
(or Journal Title)
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[ Kelch, David R. and Stefan Osborne. "Crop Production Capacity in Europe." Agricultural Outlook,
March 2001. http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/AgOutlooklMar2001lA0279g.pdf (I5 April 2001).
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URL (Address of Web page)
DATE CREATED
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DATE VISITED
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The above example illustrates rhe basic cirarion components. \~?hether you use italics. underline, or parentheses will
depend on the style guide you tollow (as determined by your instructor or department}. Below is a selective list of
documents from the \'(:'eh which cite electronic sources. Consult the individual sires for descriptions and examples.
Title:
LJRL:
Style:
Description:
Title:
URL:
Style:
Description:
Title:
LJRL:
Style:
Description:
Title:
URL:
Style:
Description:
Title:
URL:
Style:
Description:
Online! Citation Styles
www, bedfordsrmartins.com/online/cirex.html
APA, CBE, MLA, Turabian
A hypertext guide to citing electronic sources and online materials, complete with examples in several styles.
Electronic Reference Formats Recommended by the American Psychological Association
www.apastyle.org/elecref.html
APA
This is the APA's recommendations from rhe 5th edition fix citing entire Web sites. e-mail
communication. and articles and abstracts from electronic databases.
Documenting Sources from the Web
www.mla.org
MLA
From the Modern Language Association of America homepage.
Click on rhe link to ,\lILA Style. then go to the Frequently Asked Questions about rhe MLA Style,
Columbia Guide to Online Style
www.columbia.edu/ cuI cup!cgos/idx_basic.htrnl
APA, CBE, Chicago, MLA
This guidt includes both humanities style GvILA. Chicago) and scientific style (APA. CRE).
Citing Electronic Sources
learningJoc.gov/learn!stan/cite/index.html
MLA, Turabian
Compiled by the Library of Congress, rhis sire has suggestions lor citing digitized materials found on
the \Veb such as maps, photographs, recorded sound, etc.