THE RAW MATERIALS OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
A REVIEW OF CELLS
LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION
CELLS
• PROKARYOTIC
• EUKARYOTIC
• UNICELLULAR
• MULTICELLULAR
BACTERIA CELL (PROKARYOTIC)
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PLANT CELL (EUKARYOTIC)
ANIMAL CELL (EUKARYOTIC)
IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES
• NUCLEUS
• CHLOROPLAST
• MITOCHONDRION
• CYTOPLASM
• LYSOSOME
• CELL MEMBRANE
• CELL WALL
• RIBOSOME
IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES
• NUCLEUS—Contains DNA and includes the coding for protein
production in the cell
• CHLOROPLAST
• MITOCHONDRION
• CYTOPLASM
• LYSOSOME
• CELL MEMBRANE
• CELL WALL
• RIBOSOME
IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES
• NUCLEUS
• CHLOROPLAST—Plant cell organelle responsible for photosynthesis
(conversion of light energy into chemical energy)…has its own DNA
• MITOCHONDRION
• CYTOPLASM
• LYSOSOME
• CELL MEMBRANE
• CELL WALL
• RIBOSOME
IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES
• NUCLEUS
• CHLOROPLAST
• MITOCHONDRION (pl. mitochondria)—Site of cellular respiration; the
cellular organelle responsible for converting chemical energy (sugar)
into cellular energy (ATP’s)…also has its own DNA
• CYTOPLASM
• LYSOSOME
• CELL MEMBRANE
• CELL WALL
• RIBOSOME
IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES
• NUCLEUS
• CHLOROPLAST
• MITOCHONDRION
• CYTOPLASM—The gel-like material that fills the cell and supports the
organelles; mostly water, it is the site of many chemical reactions
within the cell
• LYSOSOME
• CELL MEMBRANE
• CELL WALL
• RIBOSOME
IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES
• NUCLEUS
• CHLOROPLAST
• MITOCHONDRION
• CYTOPLASM
• LYSOSOME—An organelle containing digestive enzymes; responsible
for breaking down cellular wastes and for apoptosis
• CELL MEMBRANE
• CELL WALL
• RIBOSOME
IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES
• NUCLEUS
• CHLOROPLAST
• MITOCHONDRION
• CYTOPLASM
• LYSOSOME
• CELL MEMBRANE (aka, plasma membrane)—A semi-permeable
membrane that regulates movement of molecules into and out of the
cell
• CELL WALL
• RIBOSOME
IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES
• NUCLEUS
• CHLOROPLAST
• MITOCHONDRION
• CYTOPLASM
• LYSOSOME
• CELL MEMBRANE
• CELL WALL—Gives support and structure to plant, bacteria, and some
fungi cells…in plants, the main component is cellulose
• RIBOSOME
IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES
• NUCLEUS
• CHLOROPLAST
• MITOCHONDRION
• CYTOPLASM
• LYSOSOME
• CELL MEMBRANE
• CELL WALL
• RIBOSOME—The site of protein synthesis in cells
CELLULAR PROCESSES—photosynthesis
PHOTO = ____________; SYNTHESIS = ___________.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS = PUTTING TOGETHER USING LIGHT
CELLULAR PROCESSES—PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• PRODUCERS (AUTOTROPHS)—CONVERT ENERGY
FROM THE ENVIRONMENT INTO CARBON BONDS
SUCH AS THOSE FOUND IN GLUCOSE
chemicals
Plants
Algae
Cyanobacteria
Deep sea bacteria
photosynthesis
chemosynthesis
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
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PIGMENT ABSORPTION ACROSS THE
VISIBLE SPECTRUM
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
sunlight
Carbon
dioxide
glucose
water
Sunlight + 6 CO2 + H2O
oxygen
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• SUNLIGHT ENERGY USED TO FORM C-C BONDS
IN THE FORM OF SUGAR (GLUCOSE)
• THE SUGARS CAN BE USED OR CAN BE
CONVERTED TO CELLULOSE, STARCH, OR OTHER
SUBSTANCES
CHEMOSYNTHESIS
CELLULAR PROCESSES—cellular respiration
• WHAT IS THE GENERAL EQUATION FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
SUGAR  waste products + ATP
• WHY IS ATP IMPORTANT?
ATP = ENERGY FOR EVERY CHEMICAL REACTION IN CELLS
AEROBIC = WITH OXYGEN
ANAEROBIC = WITHOUT OXYGEN
CELLULAR PROCESSES—cellular respiration
• ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION HAS TWO POSSIBLE SETS OF END PRODUCTS:
END PRODUCT SET #1 = ALCOHOL + CARBON DIOXIDE + 2 ATP
END PRODUCT SET #2 = LACTIC ACID + 2 ATP
• AEROBIC RESPIRATION REQUIRES AN ADDITIONAL REACTANT BESIDES
SUGAR AND YIELDS THREE DIFFERENT PRODUCTS. WHAT IS THE
EQUATION FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• BACTERIA…
• OBLIGATE AEROBES—RESPIRE USING OXYGEN (AEROBICALLY)
• CAN NOT RESPIRE WITHOUT OXYGEN
• OBLIGATE ANAEROBES—RESPIRE WITHOUT OXYGEN (ANAEROBICALLY)
• ARE POISONED BY OXYGEN
• FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES—CAN RESPIRE WITH OR WITHOUT OXYGEN
• GIVEN THE “CHOICE” WILL GATHER NEAR THE SURFACE WHERE OXYGEN IS PRESENT…WHY???
CELLULAR PROCESSES—cellular respiration
Our cells are capable of doing both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Which
type do they “prefer” to do and why???