Namur, 22 sept. 2016
Opportunities and Constraints
for Farming INSECTS to feed
livestock and pet animals:
a global overview
[email protected]
Overview / Summary
1.
Context and Drivers in the global Food and
Feed supply:
The (animal!) Protein crunch
2.
Protein Alternatives? and
Why Insects ?
Most suitable alternative, globally
3.
What’s going on: Fast unfolding sector (FEED)
FAO’s role: Info sharing, research, consumer
acceptance and policy/regulation development
1. Global FOOD & FEED production
• FOOD for direct human consumption, including
food ingredients like colorants, flavours, flagrances,
spices, thickeners, etc:
8.4 b tons (fresh)/year (source FAOSTAT 2015)
• FEED for our animals (feed, fodder,
ingredients,…)
1. Livestock, farmed animals for human consumption
2. Pet animals (cat, dogs, race horses, zoo animals,…..):
6.4 b tons dry matter/year (source GLEAM 2014)
What food ?
Animal
• Milk
• Meat:
( b$ / mTons)
226 / 723
– Cattle 169 / 62
– Pig
169 / 109
– Chicken 132 / 93
• Eggs
55 / 66
(751b$)
................
By 2050: 70% more
8.4 billion tons
Vegetal
(FAO, 2015)
(b$ / mTons)
• Rice
186 / 738
• Wheat
79 / 671
• Soy
61 / 241
• Tomato
59 / 161
• Sugarcane 58 / 1842
• Corn
54 / 873
• Potatoes
49 / 365
• Vegetables 46 / 270
• Fruits (4)
122 / 186
• Cassava
25 / 269
(739b$)
By 2050: 50% more
What FEED ?
SOY
Soy
Corn mainly
OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2015-2024
To feed the WORLD in 2016
Global food/feed production requires:
• 40% of world ice-free land surface is for
AGRICULTURE (forest: 30%; deserts-mountains:25;
wetlands,urban,....
• 70% of total agriculture land use is for feeding
livestock
• 1/3 of all grains fed to animals (Soy:80%/Corn:50%)
• 70% of total fresh water use is for agriculture
• 110 million tons of chemical fertilizer
• 2,3 million tons of pesticides (1/3 glyphosates!)
• 14 a 17% of total GHG emissions (65% CATTLE!)
Pressure: more PROTEIN !
Per capita consumption increase of major food items in developing countries
(1961-2005) → increasing demand for meat and other animals products
eggs x 5
meat x 3
milk x 2
FAO, 2009
To feed our animals
In 2016
Close to 800 million tonnes of cereals (1/3 cereal production)
By 2050
an additional 520 million tonnes (1/2 cereal production)
Monogastric sector (chickens, pigs, aquaculture,.)
2013: Consumed 155 million tonnes of feed protein (mainly Soy)
By 2050: Additional 110 million tonnes of feed protein (50% from
cereals/soy and rest from alternative protein sources)
In 2013
110 million tonnes of course grains used for bioethanol
FOOD - FEED - ENERGY (+bioplastics) COMPETION
60%
30%
10%
2. Protein alternatives
in addition to improve existing protein production and consumption practices
• Capture more out of oceans: Medusae, Jelly fish, krill,...
• Farming the sea: macro, micro Algae (Spirula – High tech)
• Artificial proteins: meat (120.000$/kg), synthetic AAs (6-16
$/kg)
• More out of Agro-industry processing byproducts: mais gluten,
brewers grains, yeasts, potato protein concentrate, ...
• Farming more plant protein sources: oil seeds; legumes,
forages, duck weed, trees (Moringa leaves),.......
Compete for land, water, fertilizers, farm inputs OR
High capital/tech (spirula)
potential: regional- niche markets
Why Insects ?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Food for 2 b people + natural feed of chickens, carnivore fish, pigs,...
Good proteins, fats, minerals, + micro nutrients
Feed conversion efficiency: 4x cattle
Can be Fed with organic waste, not competing with foods for humans
Fast breeding cycle (days to 1 month)
Less water, land, CHG,..
Socially more inclusive – easy to farm, no need for huge investment o
“high tech” skills
• Opportunities for business and jobs at any level, everywhere
• May help reduce use of antibiotics in feed......
• Global market potential........
“one stone....many birds”
Key messages: Insects are
1. Healthy and Nutritious
(food/feed)
2. Environmentally more friendly
(climate change, waste recycling,
protein/meat prod…..)
3. Socially more accessible
Insects are Socially more accessible
Farming insects does NOT require high investments
Knowledge – Capital - Land - Resources :
• also possible for the poor to farm insects, improve
their diets and gain cash income
• Farming insects is possible at any scale of
commercial undertaking , everywhere around the
world and during the full year.
• Good for the local economy
and jobs for the young !
Insects ? YES !!!! , but……
• Biggest challenges:
1. Yuck factor: more for food than for feed !
2. Legal framework (in progress: US, EU (Novel
Food, fish feed), CH,
China, Thailand, RSA, Mexico,
South Korea,…….)
3. Use of “Waste” to feed insects (Tech + Legal)
4. Product innovation and scaling up
………no validated production and trade data by countries
available!
Insects as animal feed
• Chicken feed:
Silk worm pupae: from Europe to China
Termites: Africa, Laos,
• Fish feed: # species
Traditional, artisanal uses
Farming - Substrate
Wide variety of organic materials :
– # insect species
– Species have specific feed requirements
– sequential species on same substrate + interaction with
others: earthworms, nemathods, fungi, yeasts, bacteria..
• Competing with the human \ farm animal food
chain: for example rearing crickets with commercial
chicken feed [EU Cat. 3 Catalogue Feed materials]
• Not Competing: low value rest streams, for example:
food waste, manure.
Black Soldier Fly larvae production
www.millibeter.be
Belgium
~1 Million BSF eggs
Supermarket waste
1 ton fresh vegetables
(13 % Dry Matter)
17 days @ 25°C
- Protein (30 kg)
62 Kg dry
Frass
100 kg fresh
(70% DM)
Larvae
160 kg fresh
(~40% DM)
- Lipids (24 kg)
- Chitosan (5 kg)
Black Soldier Fly larvae production
Alicante, Spain
0,4 kg seed larvae
100 Kg brewery waste
10 days
25ºC
33 kg fertilizer
Bio digester
33 kg larval biomass
12 kg fly meal
Examples from around the world
Global stakeholders: 1000+… and fast increasing !
http://www.fao.org/edibleinsects/stakeholderdirectory/en/
Way Forward
• Improve and focus awareness (Media, sectors: food, feed,... ....
• Events, projects, gastronomy...
Academia
Consumer acceptance
• Increase knowledge generation, dissemination,
networking.... (incl. protection of (indigenous) knowledge, nutrition data,
environmental benefits, LCA, socio-economic contribution, jobs, ....
• Legislation and regulatory frameworks (food, feed,
Policy makers
waste management, insect inclusive nature conservation strategies, habitat protection,
gathering, processing, trade, consumer protection, health, ..... (Codex Alimentarius)
• Economic’s and technology:
Private sector
reduce costs, improve efficiencies,
automation, business innovation and new products, .......
help structuring this emerging sector (organizing expert meetings – Chiang Mai 2008, Rome 2012,
International Conferences – Wageningen 2014 , info sharing and networking, Best Practices and
Codex Alimentarious)
Conclusions
• Animal feed key challence: reliable protein supply
• Insects already used/allowed: legally allowed for
petfood, traditional feed uses for fish, chickens
• Potential farming insects: solving 2 problems
simultaneously – waste disposal + protein prod.
• Constraints: legal (safe), technology and logistics
• FAO support: pets OK, phased approach in
approving various substrates for food/feed
• Fast expanding markets: USA/China/Europe Africa
• < 5 Species: Fly larvae (BSF,house fly), mealworms,.
Many Thanks
http://www.fao.org/edibleinsects/en/
[email protected]