“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF MOTHERS
REGARDING MANAGEMENT OF SELECTED MINOR
AILMENTS IN INFANTS WITH A VIEW TO
DEVELOP A SELF INSTRUCTIONAL
MODULE”.
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR
DISSERTATION
K.SWAPNA
NAVODAYA COLLEGE OF NURSING RAICHUR,
DECEMBER, 2010
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,
BANGALORE, KARNATAKA
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR
DISSERTATION
1. NAME OF THE CANDIDATE
AND ADDRESS
: Ms. K.Swapna
M.Sc. Nursing 1st year,
Navodaya College of Nursing,
Navodaya Nagar,
Mantralayam Road,
Raichur - 584103.
2. NAME OF THE INSTITUTION : Navodaya College of Nursing,
Raichur.
3. COURSE OF THE STUDY AND : M.Sc. Nursing 1st year
SUBJECT
4. DATE OF ADMISSION
Child Health Nursing.
: 04-06-2010
5. TITLE OF THE TOPIC:
“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF MOTHERS
REGARDING MANAGEMENT OF SELECTED MINOR
AILMENTS IN INFANTS WITH A VIEW
TO DEVELOP A SELF
INSTRUCTIONAL
MODULE”.
6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK:
Child safety
“It is like having
An egg
On a spoon
Walking with
It for life
That is what
Parents have
Pushed through
The laws of society
Written or unwritten
Everybody is
Alert by experience
Prevention is better than cure”.
Moeze Lalji
6.1 NEED FOR THE STUDY:
When your baby arrives, the days will be so much happier. However,
you must also be prepared for bad situations. Your newborn baby is very
likely to face some of the common health problems in her early days. Moms
usually get overly worried and panic finding their precious newborns sick. 1
A crying baby can be distressing for the mother because it is often
very difficult to know exactly what is wrong. Babies cannot tell you what
hurts, how they feel, or what is wrong. There are some common minor
conditions that most babies will suffer from which could be the cause and
which you can treat at home or with advice from your community health
nurse. 2
Most maternal and neonatal deaths in developing countries happen at
home, beyond the reach of health facilities. India contributes about 1 million
new born and infant deaths to the global burden, and its infant mortality is
43/1000 live births globally ,in India its 53/1000 live births ,in Karnataka
45/1000 live births , a high rate that has not declined much in the recent past.
Hence the researcher felt the need to educate the mothers regarding the
minor ailments and how they can manage it at home.1
Common selected minor ailments in babies include colds, fevers,
colic, and diarrhea. Babies also commonly have skin problems like diaper
rash.
Kids are most susceptible to cough and cold, this being infectious. If
the mother or caretaker of the baby has cold, the baby will almost surely
catch it. Therefore it is very important for the people around the baby to
protect themselves from catching cold, to prevent the baby from getting it.
Older children mostly get it from their friends. Apart from being highly
infectious, changing weather is another big cause of catching cold. 3
Fever is an indication that the body is fighting the germs/anti-bodies.
Again plenty of water and liquids help wash away the toxins from the body.4
Infantile colic is now commonly defined as distress or crying in an
infant, which lasts for more than three hours a day, for more than three days
a week for at least three weeks in an otherwise healthy infant. It is a
common condition and, despite much research on the subject, the underlying
cause is still the subject of debate. 5
Diarrhoea is a common but potentially serious illness in early
childhood. A child suffers, on an average, 10 to 15 episodes of diarrhoea in
the first five years of life. Of these, three to five occur in the first year of life.
A child may lose almost as much water and electrolytes from the body
during an episode of diarrhoea as an adult, since the length and surface area
of intestinal mucosa of a child, from where the diarrhoeal fluids are secreted,
are fairly large.3
Children keep touching lots of things lying around and then putting
those dirty hands in the mouth. This or some spicy food may cause diarrhea.
Keeping the child hydrated by giving plenty of water, juices, ORS (as
prescribed) is most important.3
Nappy dermatitis (also known as diaper rash, nappy rash, diaper
dermatitis or irritant diaper dermatitis) is a broad term used to describe an
acute inflammatory skin reaction to irritation by urine, faeces, moisture or
friction in the nappy area. The anatomical area for nappy dermatitis
encompasses the lower abdomen, lower lumbar region, gluteal area,
genitalia and inner aspects of the thighs, the areas of the skin in closest
contact with the nappy.3
When your baby’s bottom is exposed constantly to wetness, then the
baby will get a diaper rash. Most babies often are relieved of the problem by
simply changing their diapers more often while also applying some over the
counter cream. In case the appearance of the rash is different compared to
the usual diaper rash and other simple measures do not work, then it is better
to talk to your health personnel about it. 6
When a child falls ill, the parents’ concerns are often influenced by their
knowledge of the ailments. Parents may get advice from the media, through
family tradition, from friends and via other sources which affect their
management of the ailments .The concept of self-management in
healthcare includes disease prevention, self diagnosis, self-treatment and
appropriate consultation with health care practitioners. Within the context of
children's ailments, the decision maker will usually be the child’s care taker.
A care taker must be the parent or guardian of the child. In general, parents
with higher level of medical knowledge are expected to have a better
management of children’s ailments. This study aimed to enhance the
parents’ knowledge about their children’s illnesses and improve their
management of treating their children from minor ailments, in addition to
recommend that health care professionals should communicate with parents
and do not cast aside the latter’s beliefs about children’s ailments.
6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
Review of literature refers to an extensive, exhaustive and systematic
examination of publications relevant to the research project. It ascertains
what is already known in relation to a problem of interest.
It involves systematic identification, location, scrutinization and
summary of written material that contain information on a research
problem.7
A retrospective study was conducted to improve the caregiver’s home
management of common childhood illnesses through community level
interventions, the study obtained information using quantitative and
qualitative techniques, on key home management practices of common
childhood illnesses in Community-Integrated Management of Childhood
Illnesses (C-IMCI) and non-C-IMCI implemented local government areas
(LGAs) in Osun state Nigeria, to determine if any differences existed
between them. Data analysis was done using Epi-info version 6.0 for the
quantitative survey and content analysis method for the qualitative survey.
Findings revealed better key home management practices in the C-IMCI
compliant LGA than in the non-C-IMCI compliant LGA. 8
A prospective study to assess the knowledge of mothers regarding self
medication for infants with colic, it was conducted at the vaccination clinics
of 20 primary health care centres, each from different Local Government
Areas in Lagos, Nigeria. Eight hundred mothers that brought their infants for
vaccination between April and September, 2006 were interviewed with
open-and close-ended questionnaire. Six hundred and eighty three (85.4%)
mothers claimed they had a good knowledge of colic. Incessant and
excessive cry was the main clinical feature of colic identified by 430(62.9%)
mothers. Three hundred and seventy eight (67.7%) infants were treated by
self-medication, 157 (28.1%) sought medical intervention and 17 (3.1%)
were treated at a traditional birth attendant home. Herbal medicines
constituted 51.8% of the self-medicated medicines, of which 48 (26.2%)
were "Ororo Ogiri". Nospamin (49.5%) and Gripe water (43.0%) were the
two frequently prescribed and self-medicated medicines for infants with
colic. The study concluded Nigerian mothers are deficient in their
knowledge of colic.Health education would appear necessary to improve
parental management of this self-limiting condition.10
A descriptive study to assess the knowledge and attitude of mother’s
towards management of fever in children below 2 years in Italy. A survey
approach was used to select the samples. Data was collected by a structured
questionnaire. Of a total of 1,237 mothers who were interviewed, data were
analyzed for the 707 mothers who had coped with a febrile episode in their
children during the previous month. Of these, 59% were concerned about
fever in their children and 17% were very worried. At the onset of fever,
48% of the mothers gave their child an antipyretic and 18% called the
physician immediately. The study concluded that, these findings suggest that
informing mothers on the definition, consequences, and treatment of fever
can significantly improve their confidence in managing fever, as reflected by
fewer requests for physicians' visits.11
A descriptive study was conducted to assess the knowledge and
management of diarrhea among underserved parents/ caregivers in Los
Angeles, California. A survey was given to 219 parents/caregivers of
children less than 2 years of age who presented to a pediatric continuity
clinic. Interview schedule was used to assess the knowledge.
A wide
variation in the level of awareness of signs, causes, and treatment of
diarrhea was detected. The study concluded that In children, dehydration
from diarrhea
may be prevented
by increasing
parents'/caregivers'
general knowledge of diarrhea and dehydration and the appropriate usage of
oral rehydration solutions
An experimental study was conducted to assess the mother’s beliefs
and practices regarding prevention and management of diarrheal diseases in
2 different villages in Raipur Rani block of Haryana. The sample of the
study was selected by random sampling method and the sample size was 48
that are it included 48 mothers with atleast one child aged less than 2 years
living in 2 villages in Raipur Rani Block. Data was collected by using a
structured interview schedule. The findings emphasize the need to focus on
preventive measures by educating the public about causes and methods of
diarrhea prevention while considering the existing culture.13
A systematic review of clinical effectiveness of barrier preparations in
the prevention and treatment of nappy dermatitis in infants and preschool
children of nappy age the sample was infants 0-2 years of age and preschool
children 2-5 years who wear nappies in New Jersey. This review considered
any randomized controlled trials, other clinical trials including quasi
randomized control studies and cohort studies. Data was collected from
experimental / observational studies. Heterogeneity in studies are explored
and if sufficient studies are identified and included in this review a metaanalysis based on the methodological quality of the studies will be
performed, For individual trials, where possible mean differences (and 95%
confidence intervals) will be reported and for continuous variables, such as
duration of rash, For categorical outcomes such as 'resolution of rash' the
pooled relative risk and risk difference (and 95% confidence intervals) will
be reported.14
A descriptive study was conducted to asses the knowledge
and attitude of mother regarding the use of oral rehydration solution for
diarrhea(ORS) in For diarrhea management at home and feeding practices in
infants in New Delhi. This was a cross sectional survey. Sample was 300
house holds in the project area and a similar one in a control area were
randomly selected using a multistage stratified technique. Data was collected
by interviewing the mothers using a standardized questionnaire. Project and
control households were compared regarding differences in knowledge and
practice. Result show that more mothers in the project area received
information regarding ORS than in the control area (63% versus 59%). The
majority of mothers in both project and control areas recognized ORS
packets (97% versus 95%). A significantly higher proportion of mothers in
the project. Conclusion The study showed that a significantly higher
proportion of mothers in the project area knew how to prepare and use ORS
correctly area knew how to prepare ORS correctly (64% versus 55%).
6.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
“A Study To Assess The Knowledge Of Mothers Regarding Management
Of Selected Minor Ailments In Infants With A View To Develop A Self
Instructional Module”
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
.
1. To assess the knowledge of mothers regarding management of
selected minor ailments.
2. To identify the relationship between the knowledge of mothers
regarding management of selected minor ailments in infants with
selected variables
3. To develop self instructional module regarding management of minor
ailments in infants.
6.5 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS:
 Knowledge
It refers to the level of understanding of mothers regarding
management of minor ailments in infants.
 Mothers
It refers to the women who are between 20-40 years of age and are
having children to children between the ages of 1 month to 12 months
.
 Minor ailments
It refers to the common condition that is self limiting and does not
prevent the infants from carrying out their normal functions for more
than a short period of time and can be managed at home .The common
minor ailments among infants are common cold, fever, colic, diarrhea,
nappyrash,constipation,otitismedia,cough,pneumonia,jaundice,nose
bleeds and throat infections. The selected minor ailments are :cold,
fever, colic , diarrhea and nappyrash.
 Infants
It refers to children between the ages of 1 month to 12 months i.e. (1
month – 1 year).
 Self Instructional Module
It refers to systematic and scientific information and specific
instruction related to management of selected minor ailments which
will be prepared in the form of a module.
6.6 SELECTED VARIABLES:
Variables under the study:
Variables are an attribute of a person or an object that varies, that
is, takes on different values.
.In this study it refers to age, education, religion, number of children,
occupation, type of family, and source of information
 Age: It refers to the chronological age of the mothers. For the present
study it is categorized as
a) 20 – 24 yrs
b) 25 – 29 yrs
c) 30 – 34 yrs
d) 35 – 40 yrs
 Education: For the present study it is categorized as
a) Illiterate
b) Primary school
c) High school
d) PUC
e) Graduation
f) Post-graduation and above
 Religion: It refers to their spiritual belief. For the present study it is
categorized as
a) Hindu
b) Muslim
c) Christian
 Number of children: For this present study it is categorized as
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4 and above
 Occupation: For the present study it is categorized as
a) Working women
b) House wife
 Type of family: For the present study it is categorized as
a) Nuclear
b) Joint
 Source of information: It refers to the media through which the
information is gathered. For the present study it is categorized
a) Mass media
b) Literature
c) Family members
d) Medical professionals
e) Others
6.7 HYPOTHESES
H1 There will be a significant relationship between the knowledge of
mothers regarding management of selected minor ailments in infants
with the selected socio demographic variables (age of the mothers,
education, religion, occupation, type of family, number of children,
and source of information).
6.8 PROJECTED OUTCOME
The present study gives an insight regarding the knowledge level of
mothers regarding management of selected minor ailments in infants by
which the researcher can implement educational programmes to improve the
awareness regarding management of selected minor ailments in infants and
also helps the future researchers to inculcate newer methods of assessment
and educational programmes.
7 MATERIALS AND METHODS
7.1 SOURCES OF DATA
Design
The research design is the plan for how the study will be conducted.
The research design adopted for this study is descriptive design.
Setting of the study
Raichur is one of the backward district in northern Karnataka. It
has an area of 60sq. km and it consists of 5 towns and 300 villages. The total
population of Raichur is 2,15,996. It consists of 50 ward, among which ward
no.13.i.e Zaheerabad area is selected for the present study. The population of
the area is 14,233 out of which 7,305 are males and 6,928 are females. From
this population, 100 mothers who have children from 0-1 years will be
selected for the study.
The boundaries of Zaheerabad area includes:
East: KSRTC Divisional control office
West: Ashok depot roads and Kurum Gadda
North: Church
South: Hillocks
Population :
The population included in the study are mothers residing in selected
area of Raichur.
Sample size :
Sample size for the study consists of 100 mothers residing at
Zaheerabad area, Raichur.
Sampling technique :
A purposive sampling technique will be used to select the area and
convenient sampling technique will be used to choose the subjects.
Inclusion criteria :
The study includes mothers who are
o having children of 1 month -1 year
o willing to participate in the study
o available at the time of data collection
Exclusion criteria :
The study excludes mothers who are not
o having children of 1 month -1 year
o willing to participate in the study
o available at the time of data collection
7.2 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT
A structured interview will be developed and used for collecting the
data. It consists of two parts
Part 1: It deals with socio demographic variables.
Part 2: It deals with the items related to knowledge of mothers regarding
management of selected minor ailments in infants.
7.3 DATA COLLECTION METHOD
After obtaining prior permission for data collection from concerned
authorities and the subjects, the interviewer will personally conduct the
study by using a structured interview schedule to assess the knowledge of
mothers regarding management of selected minor ailments in infants.
7.4 PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis will be done with the help of descriptive and inferential
statistics
 Descriptive statistics will be used to describe the background
characteristics of mothers. (i,e, frequency and percentages)
 Inferential statistics like chi-square test will be used to test the
level of significance of hypotheses.
7.5 DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION OR
INTERVENTIONS TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS OR
OTHER HUMAN OR ANIMALS? IF SO, DESCRIBE BRIEFLY.
Since it is a descriptive study, it does not require any investigation or
intervention to be conducted.
7.6 HAS ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR
INSTITUTION?
 Permission will be obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee,
Navodaya College of Nursing Raichur.
 Permission will be obtained from the Municipal Health Officer and
Ward Counselor.
 Consent will be obtained from all the participants.
8. LIST OF REFERENCES:
1. http://newbornbabyzone.com/health-safety/,
Minor,
common,
newborn ailments, April 2006.
2. http://newbornbabyzone.com/health-safety/, Well known ailments that
can happen to babies, December 2007.
3. Common Ailments among Children october 8, 2010 12:23 amyou are
here home parenting common ailments among children Written
by Anita Chanda on April 6, 2010 in Parenting.
4. Woodwell DA, Cherry DK. National ambulatory medical care
survey: 2002 summary. Adv Data. 2004;346:1–44.
5. Savino F, Grassino EC, Guidi C, et al; Ghrelin and motilin
concentration in colicky infants. Acta Paediatr. 2006 Jun;95(6):738-41
6. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
7. Denise.F.Polit,Benedeth.P.Hungler, “ Nursing Research principles
and methods.”6th edition, Philadelphia.Lippincott Company;1999.
8. J Child Health Care. 2010 Sep;14(3):225-38. Epub 2010 Apr 14.
PMID: 20392783 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE
9. PMID: 20392783 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE
Holland
PR, Mau MK, Yamamoto LG. Department of Pediatrics, University of
Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
10. Management of infantile colic. Am Fam Physician 1997 , 55:235242. PubMed Abstract
11.Piero Impicciatore M.D., Simona Nannini Pharm.D., Chiara
Pandolfini B.A. and Maurizio Bonati M.D. Laboratory for Mother and
Child Health, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” Via
Eritrea 62, 20157, Milan, Italy , Preventive Medicine Volume 27,
Issue 2, March 1998, Pages 268-273
12.Ifeoma Anidi MD Mohsen Bazargan PhDa and Frederick W. James
MD From the Department of Pediatrics, Charles R. Drew University
of Medicine & Science, King/Drew Medical Center, Los Angeles,
Calif Received 10 August 2001;
13.Kaur A, Chowdhury S, Kumar R. Department of Community
Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research,
Chandigarh. PMID: 7883322 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Indian Pediatr. 1992 Jul;29(7):914-7.
14.Borkowski, S., Diaper rash care and management., Pediatric Nursing,
30:467-470 2004.
15. BMC Public Health 2010, 10:147doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-147
16.Sarojini gupta Department of Pediatrics Institute of research New
Delhi.[Pub Med-Indexed MEDLINE] Indian pediatrics.2002 Sep;24
9. Signature of the Candidate
:
10. Remarks of the Guide
:
11. Name and Designation of the
11.1 Guide
: Mrs. Shameem. Gulnaz Unnisa.s
Associate Professor & HOD
Child Health Nursing
Navodaya College of Nursing
Raichur.
11.2 Signature
:
11.3 Co-guide(if any)
:
11.4 Signature
:
11.5 Head of the department
: Mrs. Shameem. Gulnaz Unnisa.
Associate Professor & HOD
Child Health Nursing
Navodaya College of Nursing
Raichur.
11.6 Signature
:
12. Remarks of the Chairman
And Principal
12.1 Signature
:
: