Guided Notes: Biochemistry
Organic Compounds
 __________ that contain ___________ are called ____________.
o Carbon has_____________ in outer shell.
o Carbon can form ______________________ with as many as ___ other atoms
(elements)
o Usually with ____, ____, ____, or ____.
 Example: _____________
Macromolecules
 ______________ are large _____________ __________________.
o Also called _______________
o Made up of smaller “building blocks” called ____________
o Examples include: ______________, ________________, ______________, and
_______________
 How are macromolecules formed?
o Answer: Dehydrated synthesis. Also called “_______________”
o Forms polymers by combining _____________ by removing ____________
 How are macromolecules separated or digested?
o Answer: Hydrolysis
o Separates ___________ by adding __________
Macromolecules: Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates include small _________________ to large __________________
o Examples: _______________, _________________, ________________
 Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides
o Monosaccharide: ___________________________
o Examples: _________________________________
 Carbohydrates: Disaccharides
o Disaccharide: ______________________________
o Examples: _________________________________
 Carbohydrates: Polysaccharides
o Polysaccharide: _____________________________
o Examples: _________________________________
Functions of Carbohydrates
Quick Source of Energy
Energy Storage
Structure (Cellulose)
 Main source of _________ for most organisms
o Cells utilize ____________ for energy
o Plants produce glucose through _____________
o Animals obtain glucose from ____________
 Animals
o Extra glucose stored as _________ (liver and
muscle cells)
 Plants
o Stored as __________
 Cellulose is made up of ___________ materials
 Makes up ___________ of plants
 Uses
o ____________ plants
o Important in animal ________ by helping
_______ tract work smoothly
Macromolecules: Lipids
 Compounds with are __________________________________________
 “Stores the most _________________”
o Examples: _______________________________________________
 Structure of fat/oil
o Composed of 1 ____________ and 3 ____________
o Fatty acids are insoluble
Saturated Fats
 Phospholipid:
Unsaturated Fats
Phosphate Head:
Two Layers:
Outsides: Polar Heads
Inside: Nonpolar Tails
Two Fatty Acid Tails:
 Lipid Bilayer: A ____________ layer of ___________________that make up the
membrane
 Other Lipids include: _____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
 Functions of Lipids
o Long term _____________________
o Protection against _________ loss (_________________)
o Protection against water loss
 _____________ (waxy coat on leaf) prevents water loss
o Chemical messengers (______________)
o Major component of cell membranes (___________________)
Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids
 _________________ are composed of long chains of _____________ linked by
______________________________________
 Nucleotides include the following parts:
o ___________________ group
o Pentose __________ (5-carbon)
o Nitrogenous Bases
 Adenine (___)
 Cytosine (___)
 Guanine (___)
 Thymine (___) -DNA ONLY
 Uracil (___) -RNA ONLY
Types of Nucleic Acids
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
 Abbreviated: ___________
 Sugar: _________________
 Shape: ________________
Ribonucleic Acid
 Abbreviated: _____________
 Sugar: ___________________
 Shape: ___________________
 Function of Nucleic Acids:
o ____________ and ___________ information in the form of a ___________
o Passes the __________________ from one ______________ to the next
Macromolecules: Proteins
 Four levels of protein structure : (A) Primary structure, (B) secondary structure, (C)
tertiary structure, (D) quaternary structure
Level
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Description
Diagram
 Amino Acids (_____ different kinds)
 Bound together by _______ chains
 Straight chains
 3-dimensional folding arrangement of
__________ structure, held together by
_____________ bonds
o Alpha Helix: ________
o Beta Pleated Sheets: _________
 Structures _____ and ______ into a more
complex 3-D arrangement of linked
polypeptides
 Bonds: __________________
________________________
 Called a “____________”




Composed of two or more “____________”
Globular in shape
Forms in __________ environments
Example: _______________ (hemoglobin)
Protein Functions
o The __________ of the protein determines its function. Functions include:
 Storage: albumin (________________)
 Transport: _________________
 Regulatory: ________________
 Movement: ________________
 Structural: _________________
 Enzymes: ___________________
Enzymes
 Most enzymes are _________________
 Act as a __________________ to speed up a chemical ______________ by helping
molecules react with each other faster
 Enzymes are…
o ________________
o ________________ for what they _____________ (speed up)
o End in ______________
Think about it: Explain why people lacking the enzyme lactase cannot digest milk.
 Enzyme Reactions:
 The Lock and Key Model: ________________________________________________
o Specific _________________ for each specific __________________
o Chemical Reaction:
 Enzymes work by weakening _______, which lowers __________________________!
o Activation Energy=__________________________________________________
 Enzymes are affected by:
o Temperature
o pH
o Denaturing=________________________________________________________