Supplemental Materials
Impact of Goal Priority and Goal Conflict on the Intention-Health Behavior Relationship: Tests on
Physical Activity and Other Health Behaviors
by M. Conner et al., 2016, Health Psychology
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000340
Study 1 and 2: Measures
Behavior Measure
1. I have exercised vigorously at least 3 times per week for the last four weeks. [reverse scored]
definitely yes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
definitely no.
2. Over the last four weeks, I have exercised vigorously ____ times per week on an average.
Intentions Measure
1. I will make an effort to exercise vigorously at least 3 times per week for the next four weeks.
definitely false
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
definitely true
2. I will try to exercise vigorously at least 3 times per week for the next four weeks. [reverse scored]
definitely will
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
definitely will not
3. I intend to exercise vigorously at least 3 times per week for the next four weeks. [reverse scored]
definitely do
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
definitely do not
4. How likely is it that you will exercise vigorously at least 3 times per week for the next four weeks?
Not at all likely
1
2
3
4
5
1
6
7
extremely likely
5. I expect to exercise vigorously at least 3 times per week for the next four weeks
unlikely
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
likely
6. I will definitely exercise vigorously at least 3 times per week for the next four weeks.
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
strongly agree
7. I am going to exercise vigorously at least 3 times per week for the next four weeks.
Definitely no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
definitely yes
8. I plan to exercise vigorously at least 3 times per week for the next four weeks.
Definitely no 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
definitely yes
9. I want to exercise vigorously at least 3 times per week for the next four weeks.
Definitely do not
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
definitely do
10. I desire to exercise vigorously at least 3 times per week for the next four weeks.
No desire
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
strong desire
Goal Priority Measures
1. I would be prepared to give up many other goals and priorities to exercise vigorously at least 3 times per
week for the next four weeks. [reverse scored]
Strongly Agree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Disagree
2. I would be prepared to give up work ambitions to exercise vigorously at least 3 times per week for the
next four weeks. [reverse scored]
2
Strongly Agree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Disagree
3. I would be prepared to give up things I usually do in my leisure time to exercise vigorously at least 3
times per week for the next four weeks. [reverse scored]
Strongly Agree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Disagree
4. I would be prepared to turn down invitations from my friends to exercise vigorously at least 3 times per
week for the next four weeks. [reverse scored]
Strongly Agree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Disagree
5. I will prioritize exercising vigorously at least 3 times per week over other goals for the next four weeks.
[reverse scored]
Strongly Agree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Disagree
6. I will choose to exercise vigorously at least 3 times per week for the next four weeks rather than other
things I also value. [reverse scored]
Strongly Agree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Disagree
7. When I think things I want to achieve exercising vigorously at least 3 times per week for the next four
weeks is always near the top of my list. [reverse scored]
Strongly Agree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Disagree
4
5
6
7
Unsure
Goal Conflict Measures
1. This goal fits in well with my other plans.
Sure
1
2
3
2. This goal conflicts with some of my other goals.
3
Strongly Disagree 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
6
7
Strongly Agree
3. This goal clashes with my other goals.
Strongly Disagree 1
2
Study 3: Measures
Non-Sedentary Intentions
I intend to be sedentary as little as possible tomorrow.
Strongly Disagree 1
2
3
4
5
Activity Intentions
Tomorrow I intend to engage in at least 30 minutes moderate or vigorous intensity physical activity.
Strongly Disagree 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly Agree
Self-Reported Activity
How many minutes moderate or vigorous intensity physical activity did you engage in today?
_____ minutes
4
Study 4: Measures
Below you will find a list of statements relating to eating five fruit and vegetables a day over the next
four weeks.
Please use the following definition: eating at least five portions of fruit AND / OR vegetables daily.
For each question, please circle the number on the scale at the point which reflects what you think about the
statement.
Past Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you eaten five fruit and vegetables?
(please enter number) ___
Intention Measures
1. I am likely to eat five fruit and vegetables a day over the next four weeks:
Very likely
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Very unlikely
2. I intend to eat five fruit and vegetables a day over the next four weeks:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Goal Priority Measure
1. I would prioritize eating five fruit and vegetables a day in the next four weeks over other goals
important to me:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Behavior Measure
2. On how many days in the past four weeks have you eaten five fruit and vegetables?
(please enter number) ___
Below you will find a list of statements relating to wearing a helmet when (if) riding a bicycle over the
next four weeks.
For each question, please circle the number on the scale at the point which reflects what you think about the
statement.
NB: If you do not currently ride a bicycle, please try and answer the questions with respect to what
you would think about wearing a helmet if you were to ride a bicycle over next four weeks.
Past Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you ridden a bicycle? (please enter number) ___
2. On how many of these days have you worn a helmet? (please enter number) ___
Intention Measures
3. I am likely to wear a helmet when (if) riding a bicycle over the next four weeks:
Very likely
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Very unlikely
4. I intend to wear a helmet when (if) riding a bicycle over the next four weeks:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
6
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Goal Priority Measure
1. I would prioritize wearing a helmet when (if) riding a bicycle in the next four weeks over other goals
important to me:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you ridden a bicycle? (please enter number) ___
2. On how many of these days have you worn a helmet? (please enter number) ___
Below you will find a list of statements relating to engaging in the recommended levels of physical
activity over the next four weeks.
Please use the following definition: engaging in at least 30 minutes of at least moderate intensity physical
activity, at least 5 times a week. NB. Moderate physical activity can include brisk walking, cycling etc.
For each question, please circle the number on the scale at the point which reflects what you think about the
statement.
Past Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you engaged in moderate intensity physical activity for
at least 30 minutes?
(please enter number) ___
Intention Measures
5. I am likely to engage in the recommended levels of physical activity over the next four weeks:
7
Very likely
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Very unlikely
6. I intend to engage in the recommended levels of physical activity over the next four weeks:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Goal Priority Measure
1. I would prioritize engaging in the recommended levels of physical activity in the next four weeks over
other goals important to me:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you engaged in moderate intensity physical activity for
at least 30 minutes?
(please enter number) ___
Below you will find a list of statements relating to exercising regularly over the next four weeks.
Please use the following definition: engaging in any form of vigorous exercise (e.g., running, aerobics, and
football) for at least 20 minutes, 3 times a week.
For each question, please circle the number on the scale at the point which reflects what you think about the
statement.
Past Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you engaged in vigorous intensity exercise for at least
20 minutes?
(please enter number) ___
Intention Measures
8
7. I am likely to exercise regularly over the next four weeks:
Very likely
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Very unlikely
5
6
7
Strongly agree
8. I intend to exercise regularly over the next four weeks:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
Goal Priority Measure
1. I would prioritize exercising regularly in the next four weeks over other goals important to me:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you engaged in vigorous intensity exercise for at least
20 minutes?
(please enter number) ___
Below you will find a list of statements relating to eating a low-fat diet over the next four weeks.
For example: limiting intake of fatty foods such as cakes, biscuits, and crisps; trying to pick low-fat options
were possible (e.g., low-fat spreads, skimmed or semi-skimmed milk).
For each question, please circle the number on the scale at the point which reflects what you think about the
statement.
Past Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you eaten a low fat diet?
(please enter number) ___
9
Intention Measures
9. I am likely to eat a low fat diet over the next four weeks:
Very likely
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Very unlikely
5
6
7
Strongly agree
10. I intend to eat a low fat diet over the next four weeks:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
Goal Priority Measure
1. I would prioritize eating a low fat diet in the next four weeks over other goals important to me:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you eaten a low fat diet?
(please enter number) ___
Below you will find a list of statements relating to using sunscreen when exposed to the sun.
Please use the following as a definition: using sunscreen of at least 15SPF when exposed to the sun (for
example when sunbathing)
For each question, please circle the number on the scale at the point which reflects what you think about the
statement.
Past Behavior Measure
11. In the past four weeks, I have used sunscreen of at least 15SPF when exposed to the sun:
Never
1
2
3
4
10
5
6
7
Always
Intention Measures
12. I am likely to use sunscreen of at least 15SPF when exposed to the sun:
Very likely
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Very unlikely
13. I intend to use sunscreen of at least 15SPF when exposed to the sun:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Goal Priority Measure
1. I would prioritize using sunscreen of at least 15SPF when exposed to the sun over other goals important
to me:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Behavior Measure
14. In the past four weeks, I have used sunscreen of at least 15SPF when exposed to the sun:
Never
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Always
Below you will find a list of statements relating to taking vitamin supplements over the next four weeks.
For each question, please circle the number on the scale at the point which reflects what you think about the
statement.
Past Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you taken vitamin supplements?
(please enter number) ___
11
Intention Measures
15. I am likely to take vitamin supplements over the next four weeks:
Very likely
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Very unlikely
7
Strongly agree
16. I intend to take vitamin supplements over the next four weeks:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
Goal Priority Measure
1. I would prioritize taking vitamin supplements in the next four weeks over other goals important to me:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you taken vitamin supplements?
(please enter number) ___
Below you will find a list of statements relating to brushing teeth twice a day over the next four weeks.
For each question, please circle the number on the scale at the point which reflects what you think about the
statement.
Past Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you brushed your teeth twice?
(please enter number) ___
12
Intention Measures
17. I am likely to brush my teeth twice a day over the next four weeks:
Very likely
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Very unlikely
7
Strongly agree
18. I intend to brush my teeth twice a day over the next four weeks:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
Goal Priority Measure
1. I would prioritize brushing my teeth twice a day in the next four weeks over other goals important to
me:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you brushed your teeth twice?
(please enter number) ___
Below you will find a list of statements relating to flossing teeth daily over the next four weeks.
For each question, please circle the number on the scale at the point which reflects what you think about the
statement.
Past Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you flossed your teeth?
(please enter number) ___
13
Intention Measures
19. I am likely to floss my teeth daily over the next four weeks:
Very likely
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Very unlikely
6
7
Strongly agree
20. I intend to floss my teeth daily over the next four weeks:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
Goal Priority Measure
1. I would prioritize flossing my teeth daily in the next four weeks over other goals important to me:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you flossed your teeth?
(please enter number) ___
Below you will find a list of statements relating to binge drinking over the next four weeks.
Please use the following definition: drinking more than 8 units in one session (for a male) or more than 6
units in one session (for a female). NB. Pint of lager = 2.5 units, small glass of wine = 1.5 units, measure of
spirits = 1 unit.
For each question, please circle the number on the scale at the point which reflects what you think about the
statement.
Past Behavior Measure
14
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you binge drunk?
(please enter number) ___
Intention Measures
21. I am likely to binge drink over the next four weeks:
Very likely
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Very unlikely
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
22. I intend to binge drink over the next four weeks:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
Goal Priority Measure
1. I would prioritize NOT binge drinking in the next four weeks over other goals important to me:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you binge drunk?
(please enter number) ___
Below you will find a list of statements relating to drinking more than the daily recommended limits of
alcohol over the next four weeks.
Please use the following definition: drinking more than 3–4 units (if you are male) or 2–3 units (if you are
female) in one day. NB. Pint of lager = 2.5 units, small glass of wine = 1.5 units, measure of spirits = 1 unit.
For each question, please circle the number on the scale at the point which reflects what you think about the
statement.
15
Past Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you drunk more than the recommended daily limits for
alcohol?
(please enter number) ___
Intention Measures
23. I am likely to drink more than the recommended daily limits of alcohol over the next four weeks:
Very likely
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Very unlikely
24. I intend to drink more than the recommended daily limits of alcohol over the next four weeks:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Goal Priority Measure
1. I would prioritize NOT drinking more than the recommended limits of alcohol in the next four weeks
over other goals important to me:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you drunk more than the recommended daily limits for
alcohol?
(please enter number) ___
Below you will find a list of statements relating to smoking over the next four weeks.
16
For each question, please circle the number on the scale at the point which reflects what you think about the
statement.
Past Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you smoked?
(please enter number) ___
Intention Measures
25. I am likely to smoke over the next four weeks:
Very likely
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Very unlikely
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
26. I intend to smoke over the next four weeks:
Strongly disagree
1
2
Goal Priority Measure
1. I would prioritize NOT smoking in the next four weeks over other goals important to me:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you smoked?
(please enter number) ___
Below you will find a list of statements relating to using illegal drugs over the next four weeks.
Please use the following as examples of illegal drugs: ecstasy, cannabis, cocaine, etc.
17
For each question, please circle the number on the scale at the point which reflects what you think about the
statement.
Past Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you used illegal drugs?
(please enter number) ___
Intention Measures
27. I am likely to use illegal drugs over the next four weeks:
Very likely
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Very unlikely
5
6
7
Strongly agree
28. I intend to use illegal drugs over the next four weeks:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
Goal Priority Measure
1. I would prioritize NOT using illegal drugs in the next four weeks over other goals important to me:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you used illegal drugs?
(please enter number) ___
Below you will find a list of statements relating to speeding over the next four weeks.
18
Please use the following definition: exceeding the posted speed limit in an automobile on a public highway.
For each question, please circle the number on the scale at the point which reflects what you think about the
statement.
NB: If you do not currently drive, please try and answer questions with respect to what you would
think about speeding if you were to drive in the next four weeks.
Past Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you driven a car?
(please enter number) ___
2. On how many of these days did you exceed the speed limit?
(please enter number) ___
Intention Measures
29. I am likely to speed over the next four weeks:
Very likely
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Very unlikely
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
30. I intend to speed over the next four weeks:
Strongly disagree
1
2
Goal Priority Measure
1. I would prioritize NOT speeding in the next four weeks over other goals important to me:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
Behavior Measure
19
5
6
7
Strongly agree
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you driven a car?
(please enter number) ___
2. On how many of these days did you exceed the speed limit?
(please enter number) ___
Below you will find a list of statements relating to drinking & driving over the next four weeks.
Please use the following definition: driving when over the legal alcohol limit.
For each question, please circle the number on the scale at the point which reflects what you think about the
statement.
NB: If you do not currently drive, please try and answer questions with respect to what you would
think about drinking and driving if you were to drive in the next four weeks.
Past Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you driven a car?
(please enter number) ___
2. On how many of these days did you drive whilst over the legal limits of alcohol?
(please enter number) ___
Intention Measures
31. I am likely to drink & drive over the next four weeks:
Very likely
1
2
3
4
20
5
6
7
Very unlikely
32. I intend to drink & drive over the next four weeks:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Goal Priority Measure
1. I would prioritize NOT drinking and driving in the next four weeks over other goals important to me:
Strongly disagree
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Strongly agree
Behavior Measure
1. On how many days in the past four weeks have you driven a car?
(please enter number) ___
2. On how many of these days did you drive whilst over the legal limits of alcohol?
(please enter number) ___
Study 2: Manipulations
a. Control Condition
Exercise Questionnaire 1
Thank you for your help in this research. Please ensure you complete each question.
21
By “vigorous exercise” in the questions that follow, we mean taking part in physical activity, including
sport, for more than 15 minutes at a time. For example, this would include exercise activities such as jogging,
running, cycling, swimming lengths, football, hockey, or attending exercise classes. It would not include
incidental or mild exercise activities such as walking, tennis, disco dancing, relaxing in a swimming pool,
bowling, or golf.
Write down 2 sentences about your friends.
1.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
b. Goal Priority Condition
Exercise Questionnaire 1
22
Thank you for your help in this research. Please ensure you complete each question.
By “vigorous exercise” in the questions that follow, we mean taking part in physical activity, including
sport, for more than 15 minutes at a time. For example, this would include exercise activities such as jogging,
running, cycling, swimming lengths, football, hockey, or attending exercise classes. It would not include
incidental or mild exercise activities such as walking, tennis, disco dancing, relaxing in a swimming pool,
bowling, or golf.
Often people do not achieve their goals because they do not think about how best to achieve them. One
reason people fail to achieve their goals is because they do not think about how to prioritize goals that are
important to them. So to achieve a particular goal involves prioritizing some goals over other goals. In order
to help achieve the goal of exercising 3 times a week over the next two weeks, please write 2 sentences
below on how you will prioritize your exercise goal over other goals (For example, “I am going to prioritize
my exercise goal over going out with my friends over the next two weeks by making time to exercise even if
this means arriving late at social events”).
1. Prioritizing exercising over other goals (1)
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Prioritizing exercising over other goals (2)
23
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
c. Goal Conflict Condition
Exercise Questionnaire 1
Thank you for your help in this research. Please ensure you complete each question.
By “vigorous exercise” in the questions that follow, we mean taking part in physical activity, including
sport, for more than 15 minutes at a time. For example, this would include exercise activities such as jogging,
running, cycling, swimming lengths, football, hockey, or attending exercise classes. It would not include
incidental or mild exercise activities such as walking, tennis, disco dancing, relaxing in a swimming pool,
bowling, or golf.
Often people do not achieve their goals because they do not think about how best to achieve them. One
reason people fail to achieve their goals is because they do not think about how to deal with conflicts
between goals that are important to them. So to achieve a particular goal involves clarifying which goals
conflict and how to deal with this. In order to help achieve the goal of exercising 3 times a week over the
next two weeks, please write 2 sentences below on how you will deal with goals that you think might
conflict with your exercise goal (For example, “For me, wanting to spend my leisure time with friends
conflicts with exercising, so over the next two weeks, I am going to ask friends to exercise with me e.g., go
swimming, go running, or go to the gym with me”).
24
1. Dealing with the conflict between exercising and other conflicting goals (1)
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. Dealing with the conflict between exercising and other conflicting goals (2)
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Study 3: Manipulations
a. Control Condition
Now please write down two sentences about your friends in the boxes below
(e.g., “My friends are always helping me.”
“My friends like spending time with me”).
1.
2.
Now you have written down two sentences read them back to yourself a couple of times to commit them to
memory.
25
b. Goal Priority Condition
Now write down two sentences about how you will prioritize getting at least 30 minutes moderate or
vigorous intensity physical activity each day for the next two weeks
(e.g.
“Each day, I am going to prioritize getting enough physical activity over other things I might do.”
“For the next two weeks, each day I will prioritize getting enough physical activity over all the other
things I would like to do.”)
1.
2.
Now you have written down two sentences read them back to yourself a couple of times to commit them to
memory.
c. Goal Conflict Condition
Now write down one sentence about a goal that might conflict with your getting at least 30 minutes
moderate or vigorous intensity physical activity each day for the next two weeks AND one sentence about
how you might deal with that conflict
(e.g., “For me, wanting to spend time socializing conflicts with my physical activity goals over the
next two weeks.”
“So over the next two weeks, I am going to go running with my friends so I can get my
physical activity and socializing done at the same time”).
26
1.
2.
Now you have written down two sentences read them back to yourself a couple of times to commit them to
memory.
27