EWB Challenge 2010 Submission Cover Sheet Instructions Participating universities may enter up to four team submissions per university per year for external judging (if the EWB Challenge is run in both semesters, the semester in which the course is run follows the submission deadline for that semester). Each submission MUST include the following: Completed cover sheet (MS Word preferred) Executive summary as part of the report (for more information, go to http://www.ewb.org.au/ewbchallenge/challenge/submission) One (1) electronic copy of the report (PDF – preferred or MS Word) via email Submissions should be sent via either of the two following methods: 1. Email electronic copy to [email protected] (with completed coversheet) or 2. Via You Send it (for files over 2 MB is size), accessible from details below: www.yousendit.com/ Email: [email protected] Password: P@ssword Submission deadline (Semester One): 23 July 2010 Submission deadline (Semester Two): 22 October 2010 Please complete this coversheet and send electronically: University: Central Queensland University Course name: ENEG11002 Engineering Skills 2 Degree Program: Bachelor of Engineering Technology Course semester: Semester 2, 2010 University Contact Details (Course Coordinator) Name: Address: Stephen Pinel 45 Gregory Cannonvalley Road Gregory River QLD 4800 Telephone: Email: 0437 736062 [email protected], [email protected] Title of design project: 2010 EWB Challenge :– Bendee Downs – Design Area 5 - Energy Name of students in team Discipline Email 1 Melinda Noble [email protected] 2 Leon Chick [email protected] 3 Vinay Shravage [email protected] 4 5 Ian Boardman Max Fraser [email protected] [email protected] Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design PRELIMINARY PROJECT SCOPE STATEMENT 2010 EWB CHALLENGE- BENDEE DOWNS BUILDING DESIGN FLEX GROUP B ENEG11002 CQUNIVERSITY 11.08.2010 Melinda Noble Leon Chick Ian Boardman Max Fraser Vinay Shravage 2 Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Executive Summary This document focuses on a new construction to replace a shearing shed that is located in Bendee Downs in Nebine, Queensland. The key focus of the EWB Challenge in 2010 is the redevelopment of the Bendee Downs site as a financially viable regional hub that can assist with maintaining the important ecology that surrounds the Bendee Downs site. Flex B team has taken the challenge to modify the building design by completely knocking down and re-constructing the building using fresh designs for the structural, electrical and the heating and cooling with the intent of it becoming a tourist centre. Developing and implementing a sustainable design was one of the major factors considered in this design. Throughout the design process a sustainable design approach was incorporated in all of the different aspects of not only the shed itself, but its potential environmental impacts. This document is divided in to three different sections. 1. Structural Our structural team has focused on the structural integrity of the building whilst keeping in mind the impact of each material used in the construction of the building. The focus of the structural design was environmental sustainability. The use of high insulation products for the floors, walls and ceiling reduces everyday power use for heating and cooling. Where ever possible renewable materials have been specified such as Replas Composite Fibre planks which are made from recycled plastic, this reduces the amount of raw materials used and utilises a pre-used product that would otherwise end up in landfill. 2. Electrical The electrical design in this document is in three parts, being “The Lighting Design”, “The Power Design” and “Hot Water”. The purpose of the power system is to provide electrical power for the appliances within the building. This includes power supply to such things as the dishwater, hot water unit, cooling and heating system etc. The lighting system focuses on the aesthetics of the building and what will go in it while keeping in mind the initial and the ongoing cost of electrical power. 3. Mechanical Thermal load calculations are often considered one of the most important aspects in any heating and cooling system design. Accurate load calculations are needed to ensure proper system and equipment selection. A proper system/equipment selection can guarantee maximum performance and maintain desired comfort levels. Comfort, health, low environmental impact & performance were other major factors that were considered in this design. A Fabric Energy Storage system was decided upon by considering the reduction in the overall heat load and to have a sustainable approach towards our design. 3|Page Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Team Reflection As a Flex team, separated from both the university and each other by hundreds of kilometres, this project proved a difficult task. Our approach from the beginning was to divide up the project into three categories and work on each part in pairs. What eventuated was even more division of tasks as each member of a pair worked on separate parts of their supposed pair task. Our team meetings were where we tried to resolve any differences in approach that resulted from such individual work. This approach has the advantage of making each task smaller and therefore more manageable but the difficulty of bringing the pieces back together at the end and trying to form a coherent whole. While our approach allowed each team member to choose a task that matched their strengths or skills, it allowed little scope for collectively solving problems. Most of our teamwork was performed at the beginning and end of the project, the former being choosing what part of the EWB scope to work on and how it might be made to fit the requirements and the latter being bringing all the pieces together into a single report. We all felt from the beginning that the scope we were given lacked detail and this caused ongoing problems throughout the project. Without clearly defined requirements or a maximum budget, the team often had conflicting ideas on what would be the correct direction. This helped push us towards a more individualistic work approach and made producing a coherent and uniform report more difficult. The vagueness of the scope also caused problems in meeting our internal deadlines. When the question or request isn’t clear, neither is the answer. The whole team struggled to put together their submissions in a timely manner, some more than others. Managing the time lags was difficult as no-one completely understood the requirements and so couldn’t press others to simply ‘do the work’ or solve the problems. Mostly the team understood each other’s struggle with the requirements and didn’t push their teammates too hard. This avoided some conflicts but let due dates slip by. As the team was randomly chosen and not selected for the right mix of skills, some gaps in knowledge across the whole group were inevitable, however as we are all mature age students and in the workforce, sometimes our focus was united. Our client focused approach and attempt to deliver an actual buildable product reflect our years trying to deliver physical solutions to clients problems. Our report is not just a series of possible theoretically useful aspects of a structure, but a nearly complete design that could be a physical reality without much further additions. While reflecting our structural design limitations, the report is still an almost complete answer to a client’s request. None of the team have ever worked on a project scope like this one in their professional lives. The lack of access to the client and no clear budget may have been less of an issue if we weren’t all accustomed to having these things. Our experiences in the workforce were at times an obstacle rather than an advantage and a more open minded approach may have benefitted our team in meeting our deadlines. The whole team also had to adjust to new collaboration tools such as the Windows Live site and it’s Skydrive for sharing documents and also conference calls via Skype. These are very 4|Page Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design useful tools but are not an equivalent substitute for a face to face meeting. One thing missing from these types of communication technologies is non-verbal communication. Not being able to see a team members reaction to a suggestion or not being able to quickly sketch a design and share it with others at a glance are both major handicaps to any collaborative effort. Our design and report would have been greatly improved by either of these abilities. Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... 3 1. Structural......................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Electrical .......................................................................................................................................... 3 3. Mechanical ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Team Reflection ......................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction and scope ............................................................................................................... 7 Project and Product Objectives .......................................................................................................... 7 Product or Service Requirements and Characteristics ....................................................................... 7 Product Acceptance Criteria ............................................................................................................... 7 Project Boundaries .............................................................................................................................. 8 Project Requirements and Deliverables ............................................................................................. 8 Project Assumptions ........................................................................................................................... 9 Initial Project Organization ................................................................................................................. 9 Initial Defined Risks ........................................................................................................................... 10 Schedule Milestones ......................................................................................................................... 10 Initial Work Breakdown Structure .................................................................................................... 10 Project Configuration Management Requirements.......................................................................... 11 Project Management Approach ........................................................................................................ 11 Design ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Structural design ............................................................................................................................... 13 Walls-External ............................................................................................................................... 13 Roofing Material ........................................................................................................................... 15 Structure-Primary ......................................................................................................................... 17 Veranda Area ................................................................................................................................ 18 Flooring Material........................................................................................................................... 21 Cooling and heating ...................................................................................................................... 23 Footings......................................................................................................................................... 24 Electrical design ................................................................................................................................ 25 5|Page Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Design............................................................................................................................................ 25 Location......................................................................................................................................... 25 Lighting .......................................................................................................................................... 26 Hot Water System ......................................................................................................................... 28 Mechanical design ............................................................................................................................ 31 Heating and cooling design ........................................................................................................... 31 Heat load calculations ................................................................................................................... 35 Sensible heat calculations ............................................................................................................. 35 Latent heat calculations ................................................................................................................ 39 System Selection ........................................................................................................................... 41 Inverter control ............................................................................................................................. 43 Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 45 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 47 Recommendations .................................................................................................................... 48 References ................................................................................................................................ 49 Appendices ............................................................................................................................... 50 Structural drawings ........................................................................................................................... 50 Lighting design .................................................................................................................................. 50 6|Page Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Introduction and scope This Preliminary Project Scope Statement defines the scope of the 2010 EWB ChallengeBendee Downs Building Design project. This project is derived from EWB and is based on the needs/ requirements of the Kooma Traditional Owners Association Incorporated (KTOAI). The project objective is to start up an environmentally sustainable tourism hub at Bendee Downs that will generate a profit. Project and Product Objectives Flex group B is to provide a complete design the new tourism centre that will be replacing the existing shearing shed at Bendee Downs, this design will be cost efficient, have minimal environmental impact and will be able to function effectively as a tourist hub; this is to be handed in by October 5th. This project will be using local resources including labour and materials All work will be handed in by the 5th; a construction timeframe will be created at a later date. A total cost estimate for the project will be handed in with all documentation. Product or Service Requirements and Characteristics It is required that the structural team is to design the building size, shape and layout that will incorporate tourism as its prime function. This design is to be provided to the mechanical and electrical disciplines who will then design an effective heating & cooling system, solar power system & specify the best form of insulation for the project. All designs are to be environmentally sustainable, have minimal impact on the area surrounding the shed or on the rest of the property, are relatively cheap & can be built by ill experienced locals. Product Acceptance Criteria To ensure the quality of the products developed under the EWB Bendee Downs building design project, the following product acceptance criteria have been established: All new materials must comply with Australian Standards All structural, electrical and mechanical systems must be documented 7|Page Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design All structural and aesthetic reused material must be assessed before reusing. The engineers will be provided with photos/ video to ensure that the project is complying with the documentation. The building will require ‘signing-off’ by the engineer &/or building certifier before it can be used. Existing solar panels must comply with Australian Standards Project Boundaries The initial boundaries that are found is the information is provided for us but can be considered very general, also we have no access to site to see what the exact conditions are and the availability to ring someone to clarify conditions, client requirements etc. there is almost no local knowledge on the area, therefore to create timeframes for the construction phase is hard. It is unknown how skilled locals are & how readily available certain resources will be. Project Requirements and Deliverables It is required that we are to provide by September 27th. A single hard copy folder/portfolio of the project will be sent to Steve Pinel at CQUniversity as well as a soft copy email to him by the due date. This will be followed by a presentation which will be made via Skype about the project. This documentation will include: An executive summary Reflection on the project Collation of background information Structural & civil which includes: Materials used Design information Assumptions made Dimensions Cost Environmental impact Transportation/ storage of materials Mechanical which includes: Insulation material Design information Assumptions made Cost Environmental impact 8|Page Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Something else Electrical which includes Lighting requirements Shearing outlet requirements Design information Assumptions made Dimensions Cost Environmental impact Electricity provided during construction phase Total costing of the project Conclusion KTOAI wish to plan and manage Murra Murra & Bendee Downs primarily for cultural and natural heritage protection. They also hope the properties will ‘provide as base for many social activities and programs’. Some of these programs will be formal and general income. The key focus however is to redevelop Bendee downs as a financially viable regional hub that can assist with the maintaining of the ecology that surrounds Bendee Downs. Project Assumptions Currently assumptions with the project include: The new building replacing the shearing shed will be used for tourism The new building will require a kitchenette, toilets and a shower. That the long sides of the shed face east-west not north-south. Access for a truck to deliver materials is already available That the building is to be reasonably self sufficient The clients’ budget Initial Project Organization The building is split into three disciplines: structural/civil, mechanical & electrical. The structural/ civil are to complete stage one of the project which includes the designing the building layout etc. This will then be the basis for the mechanical and electrical design. Mechanical will work on the thermal properties of the building so that minimal heating and cooling is required. Electrical will focus on using solar power to run the site during and after construction, with the aim to make the building as self- sufficient as possible. 9|Page Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Initial Defined Risks Documentation & Design phase: The assumptions made were incorrect-the client didn’t get what they were expecting, the resources weren’t there etc. Might meet the indigenous needs but not the Australian standards Lack of (local) knowledge of the area, inability to travel there. Timeframe is quite short. Construction phase: The resources required are not available, with the substantial remoteness of the location, resourcing sources and having them delivered can be costly and very time consuming. A lack of experience or knowledge on site can result in mistakes, adding time and money to the project. Possible certification issues if any are required. OH&S issues with inexperienced workers. Schedule Milestones Project scope to be completed 17.08.2010 Research to be completed by 30.08.2010 Preliminary design to be completed on 15.09.2010 Final design to be completed on 22.09.2010 Collation of information and final product to be completed and handed in on 27.09.2010 Initial Work Breakdown Structure The work will be broken down into 4 stages: Preliminary stage: where the client requirements are thought about and a preliminary design/ concept is created Secondary stage: researching the area including weather, resources, labour skills, Australian standards etc. 10 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Final stage: having a final design that is documented with required design calculations and resources. Collation stage: Collating the structural, mechanical & electrical aspects, formalizing the information into one portfolio. A timeline for this will be written up shortly. The project manager will oversee that deadlines for each stage of the project will be met. Project Configuration Management Requirements Inclusions in the scope: A new building design to replace the shearing shed on Bendee downs Electrical design for the tourism building including solar power design Low costing insulation for the Bendee downs information centre Appropriate heating and cooling technologies for the Bendee downs tourism building Not included in the scope: Roads rectifications Water supply and sanitation systems Waste management Communications Project Management Approach As the Project Manager, Leon Chick will have overall authority and responsibility for the acceptance of the deliverables defined in this project. The project team will consist of personnel including: Melinda Noble (secondary project manager) Max Fraser, Ian Boardman, & Vinay Shravage EWB authorizes the project to develop and implement a new system, upgrade an existing, perform research, etc. A project plan will be developed and submitted to the Project Sponsor for approval. Commencement of project activities will begin upon approval of the project plan and the resources to execute it by the Project Sponsor. Included in the project plan are to be a scope statement; schedule; cost estimate; budget; and provisions for scope, 11 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design resource, schedule, communications, quality, risk, procurement, and stakeholder management as well as project control. The purpose of the Bendee Downs building design project is to have a building that is cost efficient, have minimal environmental impact and will be able to function effectively as a tourist hub therefore generate its own profit.. Leon Chick, as project manager is hereby authorized to interface with management as required, negotiate for resources, delegate responsibilities within the framework of the project, and to communicate with all contractors and management, as required, to ensure successful and timely completion of the project. The Project Manager is responsible for developing the project plan, monitoring the schedule, cost, and scope of the project during implementation, and maintaining control over the project by measuring performance and taking corrective action. The objective is to complete the project within the time, cost and quality constraints to be set forth in the project plan. Since this project is driven by specific quality requirements, the constraints of cost and time may be flexible to meet the quality constraint. We have assumed that the funding for this project is still however limited, therefore any variations on the project must be approved by KTOAI before being carried out. The project deliverables shall include a complete set of documentation on the 5th of October; this will be sent through the post on this date. Approved by the Project Sponsor: ________________________________________ Steve Pinel Project sponsor 12 | P a g e Date: __________________ Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Design Structural design Walls-External Product Specified -Thermomass With the concept of creating this structure by using processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle, it was necessary to not only consider the materials but the design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and deconstruction. Thermomass complies with all of these sustainable requirements that this building will eventually undergo. The Thermomass Building Insulation System consists of two layers of modified concrete with Styrofoam between The system is flexible enough to be used as tilt-up and will reduce the disturbance that this construction will have on the rest of the site as it does not require a large use of space on site. The construction process for the Thermomass wall is relatively easy, once made in a controlled environment it is then and shipped to the building location. Therefore there are little labour costs to be expected. Thermomass is in this project will be constructed with the inclusion of recycled material. The wall system construction produces no dust or airborne contaminants during construction and also does not allow moisture to be absorbed into the insulation of the panel. The thermomass sandwich panels limit or eliminate the transmission of moisture through the envelope, which eliminates condensation on the wall surfaces. The use of high mass walls provides a much more comfortable environment than standard lightweight construction. This is achieved by eliminating cold or hot spots in the occupant zones and by maintaining wall temperatures at or near the interior operating conditions, Because the Thermomass panels have excellent thermal storage properties, facilities using them have a reduced total load requirement. The energy costs can be reduced by as much as 50%. 13 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design A section through a Thermomass wall An example of what will be achieved with Thermomass Walls The benefits for using precast in this application include: Controlled environment Utilizing state-of-the-art steel casting beds and forming equipment Precision construction Superior quality finishes High-strength 5,000 PSI concrete Less construction labour Comparisons WALLING SYSTEM Material Cost Material 1 Material 2 Material 3 Labour Cost Material 1 Material 2 Material 3 R-Value estimated Total Cost BRICK VENEER TIMBER CLAD THERMOMASS WALLING Brickwork= $181/m Studwork= $216/m Plasterboard= $96/m Studwork= $216/m Plasterboard= $96/m Cladding= $464/m Thermomass= $696/m Plasterboard= $96/m NA Brickwork= $12 000 Studwork= $675 Plasterboard= $7150 R=1.4 $75 041 Cladding= $7150 Studwork= $675 Plasterboard= $7150 R=0.9 $82 560 Walling= 17920 NA Plasterboard= $7150 R=4.2 $65 310 Standard Compliances Thermomass will comply with the following standards: AS1170-Structural Design Actions Aggregate: -standard: to AS2758.1 Silica fume-standard: to AS3972.3 14 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Fly ash-standard: to AS3582.1 "fine grade" only. General Requirement: to AS3600 section 17 Portland cement: standard: to AS3972 All precast concrete work shall be carried out in accordance with AS3850, AS3600 and AS3610 as appropriate, and the appropriate work cover authority industry standard "Precast and Tilt-Up Concrete for Buildings" Roofing Material Product Used- Ritek Roofing To maintain the sustainability of the building the required criteria for the roof was basically a light, easy to work with roofing system that is atheistically pleasing and has good thermal insulation. Ritek Custom Roof Panels met all these criteria. These pre-fabricated sheets are made up of standard Custom Orb Colorbond sheeting, bonded to both sides of profiled Expanded Polystyrene (EPS). This yields high strength resulting in large spans and cantilevers along with a high insulation value. The ability to span large distances can eliminate the need for complex, expensive roof structures. Ritek also provides high level thermal comfort for a building’s occupants and reduces the need for air-conditioning or heating requirements and therefore the size of a building’s carbon foot print. A Ritek roof is cyclone tested, has a Group 1 fire rating, is fully Warranted for up to 25 years and BCA Part J compliant. Ritek Roof lap connection detail The Ritek roofing system has the ability to be built by supervised unskilled workers, once the panel is in place it is screwed to the steel supporting member and installation of the panel is complete (flashing and other such details will come at the end of assembling the roof). Maintenance on this sheeting is also very minimal as it is already covered in protecting sheeting. 15 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Transportation of these panels will require one truck, as the panels are light, the tonne capacity of a truck will not be breached by the entire roof worth of the panels. Benefits of using Ritek Roofing; Simple Construction Aesthetics High thermal mass, Recyclable Light, ease of manoeuvrability No ceiling is required Comparisons ROOFING SYSTEM Material Cost Material 1 Material 2 Material 3 Labour Cost Material 1 Material 2 Material 3 R-Value estimated Total Cost TILES & TRUSS STEEL & PURLINS STEEL AND RITEK Trusses= $14 455 Battens= $6468 Tiles= $2146 Steel= $26 779 Purlins= $18 063 Sheeting= 17 577 Steel= $26 779 Ritek= $94 080 NA Trusses= $14 455 Battens= $480 Tiles= $4743 R=1.4 $42 747 Steel= $5290 Purlins= $800 Sheeting= 6835 R=0.8 $57 919 Steel= $5290 Ritek= $14 530 NA R=5.0 $140 697 Compliances Ritek will comply with the following standards: AS1170-Structural Design Actions AS3600- Structural Steelwork Supply, fabricate and erect structural steelwork in accordance with AS4100 & AS4600 Unless noted otherwise, use: o 10mm plates. o M20 8.8/S bolts. o M20 4.6/S hold down bolts o 6mm continuous fillet welds made with E48XX mild steel o Electrodes. 16 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Structure-Primary Product used-Steel For the structure of the building conventional steel was used, this was for ease of construction and details with the roofing and walling panels, its low maintenance costs & its ability to span large distances efficiently. It has been designed so that the structural components can be transported to the site as 8 continuous roof beams which will then be bolted to the columns on site. The roof beams are 14m long and therefore can be transported on a truck without escorts required, it is estimated that one semi-trailer truck (standard trucks have a 28T capacity) can carry all the steel that is required for the building as the total amount of steel (excluding cleats) is 18T. The steel structure will require very minimal maintenance throughout the life of the building and once erected can support the walling and roofing systems. All holes will be prefabricated so local skill can be used to bolt the steel together. Reusing the existing steel (from the shearing shed) was not an option as it wasn’t capable of spanning the required distances and did not provided the required ability to have precast fixed to it. However this steel can be reused as the cleats for the purlins. Steel connection will be simple and bolted, no skill required Benefits of using conventional steelwork; Low skill required in construction Shallower member sections. Provides easy connection to precast panels Low maintenance Comparisons STRUCTURAL ROOFING Material Cost Material 1 17 | P a g e TRUSS & BATTENS STEEL & PURLINS Trusses= $14 455 Steel= $26 779 Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Material 2 Material 3 Labour Cost Material 1 Material 2 Material 3 R-Value estimated Total Cost Battens= $6468 Sheeting= $17 577 Purlins= $18 063 Sheeting= $17 577 Trusses= $6150 Battens= $480 Tiles= $6835 R=1.4 $51 965 Steel= $5290 Purlins= $400 Sheeting= 6835 R=0.8 $74 944 Standard compliances The steelwork for this project was designed in accordance with the following standards: AS1170-Structural Design Actions AS3600- Structural Steelwork Supply, fabricate and erect structural steelwork in accordance with AS4100 & AS4600 Unless noted otherwise, use: 10mm plates. M20 8.8/S bolts. M20 4.6/S hold down bolts 6mm continuous fillet welds made with E48XX mild steel Electrodes. Veranda Area Products used-Replas For the structure of the veranda thermal properties were not considered, instead the focus was on a renewable material that required minimal maintenance over a long period of time. With this in consideration Replas Composite Fibre is specified for the columns and lintels, Replas Enduroplank is specified as the flooring for the veranda area. Composite Fibre is stronger than steel, its light weight and can span long distances. Composite Fibre with last for over 40 years with no maintenance required, the product will not split, rot or be eaten by insects The fibre composite structural components are extremely lightweight, making them easy to install and transport 18 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Image of the Composite Fibre Structure Product by Replas Unlike wooden planking which can be awkward to work with due to knots and differently sized sections, every recycled-plastic Enduroplank is identical, making installation relatively easy. The recycled plastic planks are virtually maintenance free. They will not split, splinter or crack, will never need oiling and will outlast wooden decking by many years. It is generally claimed that the life expectancy of this recycled-plastic product of is 40 years plus. Unused items can be recycled where such facilities exist or returned to the manufacturer for recycling. Also there is no potential hazard involved in disposal in landfill if that is the only disposal option. The use of recycled-plastic products does not involve any environmental damage. The use of timber substitute preserves timber for other uses and in the long term could result in the preservation of such species as Red Gum, Ironbark and other hardwoods. The manufacture of products, likewise, does not harm the environment since any toxic Substances are generated and all production waste is reused. The energy required to process waste plastic is 75% more effective than that required to produce the product from virgin materials, which in many instances is based on the consumption of non-renewable resources. Benefits for using Composite Fibre & Enduroplank Recycled products Minimal maintenance less expensive over the lifetime of the building Half the weight of timber, one third of the weight of steel Corrosion and moisture resistant Can be prefabricated, low skill required for assembly 19 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Enduroplank can be laid directly on the ground without rotting Comparisons TIMBER VERANDAH STEEL/CONC VERANDAH REPLAS/ ENDUROPLANK Material 1 Timber roof= $14 455 Steel= $10 780 Replas= $40 850 Material 2 Timber floor= $15 230 Concrete= $8 295 Enduroplank=$19 840 Material 3 Sheeting= $11 532 Sheeting= $11 532 Sheeting= $11 523 Material 1 Timber roof= $14 455 Steel= $26 779 Replas= $20 723 Material 2 Timber floor= $6468 Concrete= $18 063 Enduroplank=$5150 Material 3 Total Cost Sheeting= $17 577 Sheeting= $17 577 Sheeting =$17 577 $42 747 $56 919 $115 663 VERANDAH SYSTEM Material Cost Labour Cost Standard compliances Replas and Enduroplank was design in accordance with the following standards AS1170-Structural Design Actions Supply, fabricate and erect in accordance with AS4100 & AS4600 Unless noted otherwise, use: 10mm plates. M20 8.8/S bolts. M20 4.6/S hold down bolts 20 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Flooring Material Products used-Hollow core precast concrete For the construction of the flooring precast hollow core concrete from Hollow Core Concrete Pty. Ltd. is specified. Hollow core slabs are precast, prestressed concrete elements. Each slab has four to six longitudinal hollow cores running through them, the primary purpose of the cores being to decrease the weight and material within the floor, yet maintain maximum strength. The slabs are reinforced with 12mm steel strand, running longitudinal. Hollow core floor slabs come with different thicknesses and surface finishing. Hollow core precast slabs are produced and cured in a controlled factory environment, allowing for low water / cement ratios, which translates to a more dense and durable endproduct. Hollow core slab installation is fast and efficient giving huge labour cost savings. Hollow core provides a ‘finished’ product ready for paint, pad or tiles. Hollow core is naturally fire and insect resistant which can decrease maintenance and insurance costs. Unlike in situ concrete slabs, precast hollow core slabs can be delivered over long distances and assemble on site without the time restraints associated with delivery of wet concrete from a concrete batch plant. This makes hollow core ideal for remote locations like Bendee Downs. As hollow core slabs are made in a factory environment they are able to achieve high density, high strength concrete with fewer contaminants and imperfections which can result from on site concrete batch plants. 21 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Although timber is a cheaper upfront material, hollow core slabs have a much greater life span resulting in a cheaper product in the long term. Timber is also vulnerable to insects such as white ants (termites). Hollow core slabs are naturally resistant to insects giving lower maintenance and repair costs. As hollow core slabs are made from concrete they don’t have any risk of fire as you do from timber flooring. Proposed hollow core flooring. Comparisons FLOORING Material Cost Material 1 Material 2 Labour Cost Material 1 Material 2 R-Value estimated Total Cost TIMBER FLOOR CONCRETE SLAB HOLLOW CORE FLOOR Timber surface= $29840 Timber bracing= $19020 Reinforcing= $18 000 Concrete= $75 000 Slabs= $58 875 Trimmer Beams= $19 840 Timber surface= $16740 Timber bracing= $10840 R=1.25 $76 440 Reinforcing= $35 000 Concrete= $19 000 R=0.80 $147 000 Slabs= $ 18 460 Trimmer Beams= $8 665 R=1.4 $105 840 Standard compliances Designed to AS3600 22 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Cooling and heating Method used-Underground labyrinth For the heating and cooling of the tourist centre an underground labyrinth system has been designed. The labyrinth consists of a maze of concrete walls built directly under the building. Air drawn from outdoors is forced though the maze before passing into the building above. As the concrete walls are not directly exposed to the environment they stay at moderate temperatures. The concrete acts as a heat store and conditions the air as it comes in contact with its surfaces, cooling in summer and heating in winter. Warm air during summer is cooled in labyrinth before circulation into the building. Concrete has great potential for heat exchange and tremendous compressive strength. This allows the concrete walls to have a dual purpose, as a heat store and the as the supporting structure for the buildings flooring. Compressed earth has similar thermal properties to concrete and is substantially cheaper but lacks the structural strength to support the flooring. The use of timber for the walls, although a cheaper alternative and do provide the structural strength needed, do not provide the capacity to act as a heat store therefore are not a viable option. The cooling labyrinth uses minimal energy to operate; the only electricity used is to drive the extraction fan. The estimated the running costs of the cooling labyrinth will be 10% that of conventional overhead cooling systems, this is not only economically beneficial but substantially better for the environment, reducing Bendee Downs carbon footprint. 23 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Comparisons LABYRINTH Material Cost Material 1 Material 2 Labour Cost Material 1 Material 2 Total Cost TIMBER COMPRESSED EARTH CONCRETE Timber surface= $50 110 Timber bracing= $19 530 Earth= $4 700 Bracing= $5 600 Concrete= $63 500 Reinforcement= $17 800 Timber surface= $27 520 Timber bracing= $8 760 $103 920 Earth= $14 300 Bracing= $9 400 $34 000 Concrete= $ 17 500 Reinforcement= $25 800 $124 600 Standard compliances Designed to AS3600 Footings Product used-Reinforced concrete For the construction of the footings conventional RC concrete has been specified. The column foundations are pad footings with reinforcing steel. The labyrinth wall foundations are strip footings with reinforcing mesh. Concrete is specified due to its high compressive strength and proven performance in this area. Reinforcing steel reduces the volume of concrete needed while maximising strength. This reduces the volume of material needed, minimising the impact on the immediate surrounding environment and reducing materials costs. Standard compliances All footings designed to AS3600, ASNZ4671, AS3972, AS1379, AS2758.7 with the assumption of class M soil, all designs shall be reviewed upon site soil classification. 24 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Electrical design Purpose To design the electrical system incorporating the power required for lights, fixed appliances, and socket outlets for non-fixed appliances. The design is in two parts, being “The Lighting Design” and “The Power Design”. Overview The electrical design is for a new building replacing the existing shearing shed on Bendee Downs in Central Queensland. Standards All designs have been prepared to Australian Standards and local electrical rules. AS/NZS 3000 – Electrical Installations - Wiring Rules AS/NZS 3008: Part 1 – Electrical Installations – Selection of Cables Design Power The design of the power system needed, other than for lighting, is to provide power for the fixed appliances like oven, boiling water unit, dish washer, cooling/heating system, and socket outlets for non-fixed appliances. See attached electrical design for the various power outlets that are required. The power design consists of the following: Single socket outlets Double socket outlets Oven Cooling/heating system Boiling Water Unit Fridge/Freezer Solar Hot Water Location Socket outlets and isolators are to be placed as per the electrical design. The height of socket outlets above the floor is 300mm in normal open floor areas, 200mm from the top of benches and the rest noted on the design drawing. 25 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Lighting Overview The lighting system in any building plays a major part of how the final concept looks. A well design lighting system can give the building visual impact for the worker and visitor. If the lighting system is poorly designed it can distract from the purpose of the building and give people a less satisfying experience. To design a complete lighting system for any building you need to take into consideration the following aspects: The purpose of the building. The use of each room in the building. The cost of the lighting system installation. The ongoing cost of the lighting system – lamp replacement, repairs & maintenance. The cost of electricity consumption. The purpose of the building The building is to be used as a place for displaying the local indigenous culture and historical use of the area. The building has the following rooms: Display Area Eatery Alfresco Kitchen Male/Female Toilets Kitchen Storage Plant Room Cost The cost of any lighting system needs to weight up the cost of installation versus the ongoing cost of running the lighting system. The government is recommending the use of low watt power consumption lights for all buildings. With the push to low watt lights our recommendation is to use fluorescent lights and LED lights in all areas of the building. These light sources have low running cost and long lamp life. E.g. LED down light lamps has greater than 50,000hrs lamp life, compared to conventional down light lamps of 2,000hrs. All fluorescents light are using electronic ballast over conventional wire round ballast, because they are longer life, more light output and no heat loss. 26 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Comparison Table for Display Area and Eatery Lights Lighting System Material Cost Units Lamps Total Units Total Cost Life Span (hrs) Halogen Down Lights LED Down Lights Fluorescent Lights High Bay Lights $100 $10 43 $4,730 2,000 $200 $50 43 $10,750 >50,000 $150 $10 42 $6,720 30,000 $400 $100 12 $6,000 20,000 The table above shows that it is cheaper to install the High Bay Lights with Metal Halide Lamps, but these lights will not fit the purpose of the building. The lights will give the required light output to cover the whole area, but no target light for any visual displays. The lamps have long start up time of about 10 minute, and they are great lights for a workshop. The installed lighting needs to fit the purpose of the building. LED lighting as recently been developed within the last 10 years and the cost of manufacture is coming down because more and more people are installing LED lighting. With the LED lights having over 50,000hrs lamp life and there low operating cost they are becoming more widely installed into everyday installations. The total estimated capital cost of the electrical for the project is between $40,000 - $60,000 which includes the Distribution Board, cables, infrastructure, socket outlets, light switches, and lights. These background costs are the virtually the same for any option chosen from the table above; the choice of lighting system will have the biggest effect on overall electrical cost. Recommendations For the Display Area and the Eatery I have used track lighting with all functions such as power supply, lighting control and connection to emergency lighting are seamlessly integrated into the multifunctional trunking. Luminaries can be positioned flexibly and the system can be adapted to suit structural alterations at any time. Assuming a Display Area will be required, the track lighting copes effortlessly with various lighting requirements – at the time it is installed and whenever there are changes. The track remains unchanged and forms the functional backbone of the system. It is simply a matter of replacing or adding lighting modules or light sources as required. Using track lighting meets a large variety of lighting requirements and makes extensive allowance for the particular requirements of specific visual tasks. The emphasis is always on economic efficiency – not only in terms of energy consumption, but also in terms of flexibility. There is a very wide range of luminaries which offer different levels of performance. Factors such as the number of lamps and the ability to choose spacing’s as required allow extra alternative choices. Tracking lighting is therefore ideally suited to economical solutions in the Display Area where the lights must match the visual displays that need to be highlighted. By using track lighting in this application the areas can be illuminated flawlessly, providing dynamic lighting scenarios that turn viewing into an experience for the visitor. 27 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design The lights installed in the Display Area and the Eatery has the possibility of having a dimming control system added to the track lights. This will give the client better light control and less power consumption, but has added installation expense which is not justifiable at this time. The lighting system including the track can be supplied from any company that meets the requirements within this document. Hot Water System Overview A hot water system can be a hidden but high energy cost in any building, but it is also one of the areas where simple changes can bring big savings. There are many options in the marketplace and even the opportunity for some do-it-yourself systems that can be quite effective. In an environment and climate like that around Bendee Downs, solar energy is in abundance and a solar hot water system seems highly appropriate to provide cheap hot water for the foreseeable future. The option chosen will depend on several things, including: The main purpose of the building – office, accommodation, café/restaurant, etc. The frequency and times of use of the hot water. The available types of energy i.e. Electricity or gas. The required temperature of the water. The flexibility of the system or its ability to adjust to changing requirements. The initial budget of the client and their desired ongoing energy costs. The main options for hot water supply are: Old style Electric storage (likely off-peak) Commercial Solar systems Instant hot water systems (almost exclusively gas fired) Do-it-yourself Solar systems Combinations of the above The Bendee Downs Property has a SWER line electrical supply and large solar systems so energy supply, particularly during daylight hours, is not an issue. The cost of this electricity over time though is an issue. For our proposed new building we have suggested an LPG bottled gas supply be installed for the kitchen stove to help limit peak electrical current requirements. This secondary energy supply also means that the site is not totally reliant on a single wire and source of energy. Heating with gas is quite efficient and energy is only used when heating and then turned off, there is no standby energy usage. Gas is also a pay-as-you-go system which can help with budgeting and also means there cannot be any surprise bills at the end of a quarter or billing period. This means that a gas fired instant hot water system is a viable option. 28 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Some hot water storage would be beneficial if the building is to be used at night. If the building were not used at all after hours then the client can forego this extra cost. If the building were used intermittently then electrical systems can waste a lot of energy unless turned off and not remembering to turn them back on can cause inconvenience. Solar systems on their own are viable if the users of the building don’t mind not having hot water occasionally. This kind of compromise can save a lot of money and energy and still allows for additions in the future if building use changes. Several options were selected as options and costed as best as possible for the remote site of Bendee Downs and they are shown in the table below. Comparison Table for Hot Water Systems Hot Water system Solar & Instant Home made Solar & Instant Just Gas Instant Solar only Material Cost Solar Unit Gas Instant Home made solar Pump Labour $3,072 $1,500 Total Cost $3,072 $1,500 $100 $1,500 $750 $3,000 $750 $1,500 $750 $1,500 $750 $2,000 $8,322 $3,850 $3,750 $5,822 All prices in the above table are indicative only; they are average prices of units from selected suppliers, mainly from Toowoomba in Queensland but some others that also service the South West area of the state. Labour costs were based on both estimates from suppliers and also the estimates of a registered installer in Cunnamulla. Actual final prices may vary greatly due to the remoteness of Bendee Downs and also the lack of some licensed trades in the region, especially gas fitters. Systems Detail The Solar unit chosen was a dual panel system with a 300L on roof storage tank as pictured below. 29 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design This type of solar system is considered appropriate for medium to high solar gain areas and the large storage tank allows for greater flexibility in the future. If this system were chosen by the client then it could be thought of as the backbone to the system which could operate on its own or with backup from gas boosting. The cost of the unit is quite high at over $3000 and, if warranty is to be maintained, installation may also be comparatively expensive but solar rebates would help offset the initial cost with ongoing maintenance and running costs being very low. The home made solar could take on several forms but by far the cheapest and simplest is to buy 100m or more of black poly or plastic pipe and coil it on the roof of the building. This type of system is the recommended do-it-yourself system as it is the cheapest and requires the least skill. It has the disadvantages of problems with overheating in the middle of summer and no heating or even some net cooling of water on cold nights. The cooling can be managed easily with a bypass system, manually operated when appropriate. The overheating during summer could cause scalding at its worst and, without a safety system or temperature gauge, careful use and possibly pre-mixing with cold water is recommended. The gas ‘instant hot water’ booster system is a very flexible addition if chosen. It has the advantages of not using any energy when no hot water is required, only heating water to a mild temperature as no storage is required, and by using the LPG it becomes a pre-pay system with no surprise bills and easy monitoring of usage. This system would work well in combination with a solar system, using less energy but guaranteeing hot water at the desired temperature every time it is needed. The disadvantage is the cost of this system, if added to the solar unit, is quite high. On its own the unit is good value but doesn’t use the abundant solar energy available, meaning running costs will be higher. As the water at Bendee Downs is tank water from rain and bore sources and no information was available on the height of the tank or pressure in the system, a pump has been included in the price. The size and type of pump can vary depending on the setup of the system; there are as many pumps on the market as there are types of systems so choice is not limited. The price of the pump in the table above is based on a mid-range domestic water pump capable of pumping water up to the roof and through long pipe coils while still delivering good pressure at the tap. The pump is over-specified and could be changed for a lower cost unit however it has the capability of being used for more buildings if the site expands. Recommendations The type of system chosen by the client will depend on their priorities, budget, goals and personal preferences. The hot water system cost is only a small proportion of the overall cost but a good choice now will save money in the future. As the enterprise of Bendee Downs is new and still developing, flexibility will be important. Hot water systems can be installed or changed any time after the structure is built and so perhaps it would be better to spend less money up front and add to the system later as it is needed. On this basis the system representing both flexibility and value is the home made solar with Gas boost backup. The system is good value both initially and in terms of running costs with the possibility of more sophisticated solar and control system additions at any time in the future. 30 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Mechanical design Heating and cooling design Purpose This document focuses on a new building to replace a shearing shed that is located in Bendee Downs in Nebine, Queensland. The intent of this heating and cooling technology design document is to provide a functional, economical and environmentally sustainable design that will provide for the needs of the building occupants now and over a minimum 20-year life cycle. Developing and implementing a sustainable design was one of the major factors considered in this design. A sustainable design approach must incorporate all different aspects of not only the shed itself, but its potential environmental impacts. Overview Thermal load calculations are often considered one of the most important aspects in any heating and cooling system design. Accurate load calculations are needed to ensure proper system and equipment selection. A proper system/equipment selection can guarantee maximum performance and maintain desired comfort levels. Comfort, health, low environmental impact & performance were other major factors that were considered in this design. The selection of material and equipment was based on the basis of the knowledge available and gathered during the short period of 8-12 weeks. Building fabric - Building envelope components has three important characteristics that affect their performance: their U-value or thermal resistance R-value; their thermal mass or ability to store heat (heat capacity) and their exterior surface finish (for example, light surface colour reflects heat and dark surface absorb solar heat) Roof and Insulation - The roof receives the most direct heat gain from solar radiation. Suitable insulation was used to reduce this heat gain. Glazing - The type of glazing chosen should provide good visible light transmission but low solar heat transmission. Double glazing with built in tinting was selected as has a higher R value, which indicates less transfer of heat. A Fabric Energy Storage system was decided to be utilised by considering the reduction in the overall heat load this would provide and to have a sustainable approach towards our design. 31 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Bendee Downs Location Format Latitude Longitude D° MM' SS" 28° 08' 55" S 146° 40' 27" E D° MM.MMM' 28° 08.924' S 146° 40.458' E 32 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Bendee Downs - Temperatures Reference Accessed online on 18th September 2010 http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_044010.shtml for Bollon Mary St (Nearest location to Nebine QLD) 33 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Bendee Downs - Humidity References Accessed online on 18th September 2010 http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/ for Bollon Mary St (Nearest location to Nebine QLD) 34 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Heat load calculations Outside design condition – 35.5⁰C Dry bulb temperature & 28⁰C Wet bulb temperature Inside design requirement – 24⁰C Dry bulb temperature & 50% relative humidity From the Psychometric chart (see figure 1), we find that the specific volume of the air at point 1 is vs1 = 0.855 m³/kg of dry air Enthalpy of air at point 1 H1 = 23.90 kcal/kg of dry air Enthalpy of air at point 2 H2 =11.70 kcal/kg of dry air Enthalpy of air at point A Ha = 14.33 kcal/kg of dry air Sensible heat calculations Heat conducted through the external walls Heat conducted (Q) through the walls is given by the equation: Q = AU (t0-ti) Where, A is the area of the wall in meter square U is the overall coefficient of thermal conductivity to is the outside temperature in ⁰C ti is the inside temperature in ⁰C 35 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design The material we are using for the external walls is Thermomass. The overall coefficient of heat transmission (U) for this material is 0.24, U-value being the inverse of the more widely recognised Rvalue. Using this value it is possible to find the heat conducted through the walls. East wall Q = 0.24 x 56 x (35.5⁰C-24⁰C) = 154.56 kcal/hr West wall Q = 0.24 x 54 x (35.5⁰C-24⁰C) = 149.04 kcal/hr North wall Q = 0.24 x 61.5 x (35.5⁰C-24⁰C) = 169.74 kcal/hr South wall Q = 0.24 x 61.5 x (35.5⁰C-24⁰C) = 169.74 kcal/hr Heat conducted (q) through the roof is given by the equation: Q = AU (t0-ti) = 514.2 kcal/hr Solar heat gain through glass There are 14 glazed windows in our shed which contribute to the heat gain. The U-value for aluminium frame with double 3mm glass with 6mm gap is 3.8 (Ref: http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs410.html) Total area of glazed surface calculated is 105 m² Heat conducted through the glass is given by the equation q = AU (to-ti) = 105 x 3.8 x 11.5 ⁰C = 4588.5 kcal/hr 36 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Radiation through glass Solar heat gain through glass areas varies from hour to hour, from day to day and from latitude to latitude. We would be assuming that the solar heat gain by radiation for south facing windows is 250kcal per hour per sq meter and nearly twice for glass facing east or west. There are not windows on the east facing wall West facing glass = 2 x 500 = 1000 kcal/hr South facing glass = Area x 250 = 5425 kcal/hr Heat gain by infiltration of air To account for infiltration of outside air through cracks around windows and doors a leakage rate of 12m³ per min is considered. The resultant sensible heat gain due to infiltration can be given by The mass of in filtered air at point 1 m1 = v1/vs1 = 14 kg/min Therefore the sensible heat gain due to infiltration air = m1 (Ha – H2) 14 (14.33-11.7) = 36.8 kcal/min = 2209 kcal/hr Heat Gain from occupants Human occupants of the building contribute sensible heat according to their activity. 50 kcal/hr per person is estimated for light activity. At any one time there would be around 50 people visiting the tourist centre (assumption) The heat gain due to human occupants in the shed gives us 50 x 50 = 2500kcal/hr 37 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Appliances like dishwashers, gas ovens, gas range add to the latent heat load of the shed. Dishwasher – 110kcal/hr Gas oven – 400kcal/hr Gas range – 1400kcal/hr Misc – 2000kcal/hr Adding all the heat gain from conduction and internal sources gives us Total sensible load Qs = 20790 kcal/hr Figure 1 38 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Latent heat calculations Heat Gain from occupants Human occupants also contribute to the latent heat gain of the shed which is 65kcal/hr (estimated) q = 50 (65) = 3250 kcal/hr Heat gain by infiltration of air The previous assumption of 12m³ of outside air brings latent heat into the building which is given by the below equation. Therefore the latent heat gain due to infiltration air = m1 (H1 – Ha) = 12(23.9-14.33) = 114.84 kcal/min = 6890 kcal/hr Appliances like dishwashers, gas ovens, gas range add to the latent heat load of the shed. Dishwasher – 90kcal/hr Gas oven – 200kcal/hr Gas range – 800kcal/hr Misc – 500kcal/hr Adding the latent heat gives us Total latent load Ql = 11230 kcal/hr 39 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Room sensible heat factor = Room sensible heat / Room sensible heat + Room latent heat = 20790/20790+11230 = 0.65 From the psychometric chart we find the enthalpy of air at point 4. H4 = 8.127 kcal/kg of dry air Enthalpy of air at point 3 is H3 = 16.25 kcal/kg of dry air We know that mass of air, ma = total room heat /total heat removed = RSH +RLH/H2-H4 = (20790+11230)/ (11.7-8.127) = 2675 kg/hr Where RSH = Room sensible heat Where RLH = Room latent heat Capacity required for the shed is ma x (H3-H4) = 2675 x (16.25-8.127) = 21729kcal/hr = 21729/3024 = 7.18 TR (ton of refrigeration) 7.18 x 3.516 = approx. 25 KW 40 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design System Selection Option 1 Commercial vapour compression refrigeration A ducted air conditioning system from major manufacturers could be considered suitable and would be utilised in heating & cooling the building. Option 2 Air evaporator system Air evaporative cooling system is most economical cooling, but unfortunately we cannot use the evaporative system in this instance because of the basic requirement of having a very dry outside air (less than 10%) humidity. We have around 40% average humidity. Some disadvantages of using this type of system. Performance High dewpoint (humidity) conditions decrease the cooling capability of the evaporative cooler. No dehumidification. Traditional air conditioners remove moisture from the air, except in very dry locations where recirculation can lead to a build up of humidity. Evaporative cooling adds moisture, and in dry climates, dryness may improve thermal comfort at higher temperatures. Comfort The air supplied by the evaporative cooler is typically 80–90% relative humidity; very humid air reduces the evaporation rate of moisture from the skin, nose, lungs, and eyes. High humidity in air accelerates corrosion, particularly in the presence of dust. This can considerably shorten the life of electronic and other equipment. High humidity in air may cause condensation. This can be a problem for some situations (e.g., electrical equipment, computers, paper/books, old wood). Water Evaporative coolers require a constant supply of water to wet the pads. Water high in mineral content will leave mineral deposits on the pads and interior of the cooler. Bleed-off and refill (purge pump) systems may reduce this problem. The water supply line may need protection against freeze bursting during off-season, winter temperatures. The cooler it-self needs to be drained too, as well as cleaned periodically and the pads replaced. 41 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Capital Cost In this instance we have selected two units of Fujitsu 14.5KW ducted inverter air-conditioning systems. Each installation would cost around $7500.00 + GST which include labour. Considering the remote location of the shed, a contingency of 25% is added to the price. Hence the total initial investment cost would be $18,750.00 + GST Operational Cost 29KW system in total @ 11c/kwh Total operating cost per year = $27,944.00 per year Maintenance cost = approximately 8% of the initial cost Comparative option – Air evaporative system An air evaporative system was considered during the system selection process, but rejected due to the basic requirement of very dry outside air. With the current location, the humidity of the air coming out of the cooler would be 80 to 90 % which is not acceptable. Sustainable design viability A Fabric Energy System is incorporated in our design which would lower the overall heat load. Highly efficient R410A refrigerant The R410A refrigerant, which is used in Fujitsu's Inverter ducted systems, has zero ozone depletion potential as it contains no chlorine. R410A also provides excellent stability and low toxicity, as well as offering superior energy saving. 42 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Inverter control The Inverter component allows the outdoor unit to vary its speed and output to match the required capacity of the indoor unit. Thus, the Inverter model can achieve 30% more operating efficiency than conventional models and therefore, is much cheaper to run. Operation sound (low noise) The new ducted models have increased airflow volume & decreased noise levels to 49dBA by adopting a plastic case, plastic fan and three airflow volume switch positions 43 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design ASHRAE Standards 1. ASHRAE Standard 15-2004 The purpose of this standard is to specify the safe design, construction, installation and operation of refrigeration systems 2. ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal comfort is one of the most important aspects that need to be addressed in any HVAC Design. Thermal comfort is defined as the “condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation.” 3. ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 Standard 90.1-2004 provides minimum requirements for the energy-efficient design of buildings 44 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Discussion The design team of Team Flex B have set out within this document to provide for the KTOAI what could be described as a blank canvas. Having no team members with insight into the culture of the clients, it was felt that a sustainably designed building of a multipurpose nature was the most appropriate and ethical option. Our team has tried to give the client several options in terms of cost and an essentially empty space into which they can design and install features and elements that suit their purposes, goals and culture. We feel that the building is such that it can evolve with the venture that the client has begun. This approach will have social benefits as the local people’s involvement is crucial during and after construction. The building will essentially be what the local people make of it. The building can be painted and decorated both inside and out in ways that suit the environment that it is in and the culture it is to help showcase. While we did not have a budget to guide us, we did have some design aims to consider. The aims included sustainability, the use of KTOAI people for labour during construction and for ongoing maintenance, to provide financial opportunities for Kooma people and to provide opportunities for cultural exchange. We feel that, within the design options provided, there is the option to choose a highly sustainable building design. The Thermomass and Ritek materials and building systems offer a building with very low long term energy use. Using materials like these that are pre-cast means less disturbance of the Bendee Downs site during construction. These materials also allow the Kooma people to be involved in the construction as they can be assembled on-site with correctly qualified supervision of low skilled labour. The use of partially constructed trusses and other structural members made from steel also means less skill being required during construction and therefore more involvement of local people. Not all portions of this building allow for large unskilled labour involvement. At times our team has chosen to recommend the use of external contractors due to the Australian Standards and Australian Workplace laws. Licensed tradespeople will be required for electrical, plumbing and gas fitting work and some items, such as a solar hot water system, have warranties that are invalid if an unlicensed installer is not used. In some circumstances other options are given that may prove less effective over time, such as a homemade solar hot water system, so that there is further opportunity for the Kooma people to choose their level of involvement. We felt that having a building with ‘green’ credentials was important in the context of a tourism business. Many tourists now prefer a destination where they can explore the environment without having to worry about their impact on it. We also feel that there would be a large crossover of tourists concerned with sustainability who are also interested in indigenous culture. We believe that the Kooma people will be more successful in their business if they can talk with pride about both their land and what they have built on it. Our team has elected not to use many local materials in the building as we wished to disturb the local flora and fauna as little as possible. We aimed for a building that could be put together on-site quickly and without having to reinstate large areas of natural flora 45 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design afterwards. This quick and low impact system also means that the tourist operation can be started very soon after construction has finished. We feel that this is a better result for the environment and the Kooma people than using local materials. The Ritek and Thermomass building options both provide a low maintenance building with little need for structural repair or outer cladding maintenance. The lighting design also provides the option of using very long life LED lighting to reduce maintenance. This frees up time for Kooma people to spend in their business and also money to be spent in more fruitful ways. Overall, the design recommendations we have made are most beneficial in the long term. We felt that the most ethical approach was to design a building with long lived components that will hopefully benefit more than one generation of the Kooma people. This sometimes involves a higher initial monetary cost, but a lower running cost and also lower costs to the environment. 46 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Conclusion Our team aimed to produce an environmentally sustainable tourist centre for the Kooma Traditional Owners Association Incorporated (KTOAI) located at Bendee Downs that could be utilised to generate a profit. Our final design satisfies this aim. Our tourist centre provides a platform for the indigenous people of Bendee Downs to share their rich cultural background and unique natural refuge with the Australian community as well as international tourists. The structure of the tourist centre has been designed largely from prefabricated elements; it can be constructed using local labour and community members with the minimal supervision of qualified personnel. This allows the people of KTOAI to be involved in the project and play a part in providing for the future. To achieve an environmentally sustainable building extensive research was completed, this was divided into 3 different areas, structural, electrical and mechanical. The structural research was focused on construction materials that met the environmental, economical and thermal properties needed to construct a sustainable building in such a remote area. In the final design materials such as Ritek roof panels and thermo-mass walls provided superior insulation which reduces power requirements for heating and cooling. The use of hollow-core flooring gives a high strength, durable product that reduces amounts of concrete needed. All of these products are prefabricated which reduces the need for skilled labour, allowing more local community members to be involved in construction. Extensive research and design has been conducted on lighting products and design. The use of LED and fluorescent lights reduces power usage and with a lamp life of up to 25 times that of halogen down lights increases the life span of the lighting system. This gives an environmental saving as well as an economic saving over an extended period of time. The incorporation of a solar hot water system utilises the natural energy source of the sun, reducing electricity consumption, this is a great example of a sustainable energy source. The mechanical research concentrated on methods of cooling and heating. A thorough research was done on the average temperatures and humidity of the Bendee Downs area. This information along with heat gain properties of structural products used allowed extensive heat load calculations to be completed. With this technical information the final design incorporates an underground labyrinth to assists the use of two fujitsu 14.5KW ducted inverter air-conditioning systems. The use of an inverter control further increases efficiency the air conditioning system lowering running costs and total electricity used. The resulting building design is one of low energy consumption, low maintenance with an expected life of over 50 years. By following the triple bottom line values the design has met the social, environmental and economical needs of the KTOAI people. Sustainability is an important concept in engineering, especially for future generations. We are confident that the design we have produced, using low energy technologies, natural energy resources and recycled materials is an environmentally friendly, sustainable proposal. 47 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design The bottom line cost of our teams design will vary according to the options chosen by the client. Our lowest cost options result in a building cost of $335,709.00 while our highest cost options result in a final cost of $694,511.00. Our recommended options tend towards the higher of these two prices but there is considerable scope for variance due to savings on labour by using Kooma volunteers. While we have made great efforts to be accurate, costs could also rise due to unforseen circumstance including weather and also due to costs associated with the remoteness of the site. To guarantee the costs would require a more detailed analysis and quotes from transport companies and contractors involved with performing skilled and or licensed work. Recommendations EWB undertake a soil condition survey to assess the soil class prior to construction and adjust designs as appropriate. Appropriate, qualified persons to be appointed for project management of the construction of the tourist centre. All designs to be checked and certified by appropriate bodies. Although significant research has been undertaken for the designs in the project, we are not qualified to certify any of the plans. 48 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design References 1. Textbook of Refrigeration and Air conditioning by R S Khurmi and J K Gupta (1995) Eurasia Publishing House 2. Australian Government, Bureau of Meteorology, http://www.bom.gov.au 3. Psychometric chart, www.handsdownsoftware.com 4. Gary Beckfeld, PDH course M199 (2007), HVAC Calculations and Duct Sizing www.pdhcenter.com 5. Standards Association of Australia 2009, Australian standard: Concrete structures (AS 3600), Standards Australia, North Sydney. 6. Standards Association of Australia 2009, Australian standard: Steel reinforcing materials (AS/NZS 4671), Standards Australia, North Sydney. 7. Standards Association of Australia 2009, Australian standard: Portland and blended cements (AS 3972), Standards Australia, North Sydney. 8. Standards Association of Australia 2009, Australian standard: Specification and supply of concrete (AS 1379), Standards Australia, North Sydney. 9. Standards Association of Australia 2009, Australian standard: Aggregates and rock for engineering purposes (AS 2758.7), Standards Australia, North Sydney. 10. Standards Association of Australia 2009, Australian standard: Structural design actions (AS/NZS 1170), Standards Australia, North Sydney. 11. Standards Association of Australia 2009, Australian standard: Steel structures (AS 4100), Standards Australia, North Sydney. 12. Standards Association of Australia 2009, Australian standard: Cold-formed steel structures (AS/NZS 4600), Standards Australia, North Sydney. 13. Rawlinsons Publications 2010, Australian Construction Handbook, Rawlinsons publishing, West Australia. 14. BHP 2010, BHP Steel guide 15. Replas Guide 16. www.ritek.net.au/ 17. www.thermomass.com.au/ 49 | P a g e Flex Group B- Project 2, EWB design Appendices Structural drawings Architectural plans Architectural elevations Design plans Designs details Lighting design Lighting design 50 | P a g e
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