SIRJ-MBT Volume 2 Issue 1 (February 2015)
www.scrutinyjournals.com
Online ISSN 2349 - 0101
Print
ISSN 2349 - 0098
Scrutiny International Research
Journal of Microbiology and
Bio Technology (SIRJ-MBT)
Phycoremediation of textile dying effluents with algal
species from aquatic origin
C. Sasikala and S. S. Sudha
Department of Microbiology, Dr. N. G. P. Arts and Science College,
Coimbatore, India
Article history: Submitted 11 October 2014; Accepted 22 November 2014; Published 28 February 2015
Abstract
Algae are distributed in nearly all parts of the world and in all kinds of habitats. The use of algae for the
treatment of effluent is very efficient in terms of cost and low chemical inputs. Algae can also degrade a number of
dyes and its ability to degrade depends upon the molecular structure of dyes and the species of algae used. The
present study deals with the decolourisation of textile dye effluent by using different algal species isolated from
various water bodies and they were identified based on the morphological features. Twelve different reactive and
azo dyes were used for the preliminary screening of decolourisation ability. The isolates demonstrated significant
decolourisation of the dyes subjected for the study. Aphanotheca sp., Gloeocapsa sp., and Phormidium sp., were
showed decolourisation of most of the dyes. Aphanotheca sp., exhibited significant decolourisation and was found
to decolourise 90% of Orange M R and 83% of Blue MEZRL after 20days of treatment and 59% of red acid crude
and 69% of navy blue M R after 10 days of incubation. Orange ME RL was not decolourised by algae used in the
present study expect Oscillatoria sp., which showed less significant decolourisation in the early incubation period.
Three algal species which showed prominent activity in screening were subjected to decolourisation and
degradation of organic compounds in textile dye effluent. The selected species were found to grow only on
chemically treated dye effluent. No growth found in raw dye effluent.
2
3
2
Key words: Algae, Aphanotheca sp., Decolourisation, Dying effluent, Orange M R
2
Corresponding author
C. Sasikala
Department of Microbiology,
Dr. N. G. P. Arts and Science College,
Coimbatore, Tamilnadu,
India
Introduction
Environmental pollution and the demand for water have increased tremendously.
Agricultural, industrial and domestic sectors are consuming 70%, 22% and 8 % of fresh
water and also results in generation of a number of pollutants (Saba et al., 2013). Textile is
the largest industry in India, and it is one of the greatest consumer of water which is used
www.scrutinyjournals.com
Sasikala & Sudha / SIRJ-MBT 2:1 (2015)
for dyeing processes i.e. about 100 L of water is used to process about 1 kg of textile
materials, resulting in the generation of high amounts of pollutants. Among these pollutants,
the important class of pollutant is dye (Gupta and Suhas, 2009). The use of large amounts of
dye stuff during the dyeing process release coloured effluent from the industry. Till the late
nineteenth century, all the colorants were obtained mostly from natural sources like plants,
insects and molluscs and prepared on small scale but after the discovery of first synthetic
dye, Mauveine discovered in 1856, other dyes were manufactured synthetically on a large
scale. All dyes do not bind to the fabric. As a result 280,000 tons of dyes are discharged
every year worldwide, which leads to severe contamination of receiving water bodies (Ali,
2010). Dye molecules comprise of two key components: the chromophores, responsible for
producing the colour and light absorption in dye molecules, and the auxochromes, which
not only supplement the chromophore but also render the molecule soluble in water and
give enhanced affinity towards the fibers (Correia et al., 1994). The thin layer of discharged
dyes formed over the surface decreases the amount of dissolved oxygen, reduces
photosynthetic activities due to reduced light penetration which badly affects the aquatic
flora and fauna. In addition to the aesthetic damages to sites, dyes are also toxic and
carcinogenic (Mark et al., 1993). The removal of organic dyes from the waste water is a
great challenge for the textile industries, since they are persistent in nature. All existing
conventional methods (carbon adsorption, activated sludge treatment, membrane filtration)
and modern techniques (Advance Oxidation Processes) are highly intensive in terms of
chemicals, energy and operations and has further disadvantages of liberation of secondary
pollutants (Gomathi et al., 2009). There is a great demand to find alternative biodegradation
methods that are effective in removing dyes from large volumes of effluents in low cost
(Robinson et al., 2001). In recent years a number of studies have focused on some
microorganisms, which are able to biodegrade, and biosorb dyes in wastewater.
Decolourisation ability of some bacteria like Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas luteola (Chang et al.,
2001), Aeromonas hydrophila (Chen et al., 2003), Kurthia sp. (Sani and Banerjee, 1999); fungi
Aspergillus niger (Fu and Viraraghavan, 2001) yeasts: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida
tropicalis, Candida lipolytica (Aksu and Donmez, 2003) and algae: Spirogyra sp., (Mohan et al.,
2002); Chlorella vulgaris (Acuner and Dilek, 2004) have been reported. Algae are
environment friendly organisms feed on CO2. Algae help in the removal of chemical, organic
pollutants and heavy metals from waste water (Khataee et al., 2010). The benefits of algal
waste water treatment are its cost effectiveness, easy maintenance, independency of oxygen
supply and nonusage of chemicals and generation of biomass for renewable energy. The
sludge and biomass can use as fertiliser and biofuel with no more release of green house
gases (Munoz and Guieysse, 2006). The presence of various inducers was also found to have
a modulatory effect on enzyme activities and the decolorisation process (Patil et al., 2012).
The uses of micro algae are applied for tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater
and for many other applications (Oswald and Gotaas, 1957). The aim of the present study is
to isolate, identify and to screen algal species from water samples, screen the ability of
isolates to decolourise synthetic dyes and dye effluent.
Materials and Methods
Algal isolates and its culture conditions
The algal strains were isolated from various water samples. The isolates were
identified by microscopy. The four major filamentous cyanobacterial species were grown on
ASN III medium and BGII medium.
8
www.scrutinyjournals.com
Sasikala & Sudha / SIRJ-MBT 2:1 (2015)
Synthetic dyes
The most predominantly used synthetic textile dyes were collected from local
market in Tiruppur and subjected to decolourisation by the algal isolates. Dyes selected for
the study were as follows: Orange M2R, Red M5B, Yellow M8G, Orange ME2RL, Red Acid
(Crude), Blue MEZRL, Black, Navy Blue M3R, RE Yellow ME4RL, RQ Blue, Blue MR, RE
Yellow MERL. The above dyes selected for the study are used in the local textile industries.
Spectrometric analysis of synthetic dyes
The dye solution was prepared by dissolving 100mg of dye powder in 50ml of water.
The maximum absorption of these dye solution were analysed using UV – Visible
Spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU: UV - 1800) within the range of 200 – 800nm. Absorption
was taken both in UV and Visible range. All the dyes exhibited maximum absorption at
visible range. The percentage of decolourisation was measured at these corresponding
wavelengths.
Effluent source
The raw and treated textile dye effluents were collected from Karur. The physicochemical properties of the effluent were analysed according to the standard methods
followed by American Public Health Association (APHA, 1998).
Screening for the decolourisation activity of synthetic dyes by isolated algal strains
The study was carried out in three sets. The first experimental set up was prepared
with 50ml of media inoculated with 0.5mg of wet algae to serve as growth control. Second
set with 50ml of broth with 100mg of dye as dye control. The last set was prepared by
amending the medium with both dye and algae as test flask. All the experimental flasks
were kept for incubation at 25⁰C for 20 days at 6000 Lux. After incubation period, the
supernatant from all experimental set up was collected and tested in UV – Visible
spectrophotometer (SHIMADZU: UV - 1800). Percentage of decolourisation was analysed
from the absorbance values obtained at range of its ʎ max.
% 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝐭 𝟎 − 𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝟏
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑨𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒓𝒃𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝟎
Absorbance at to - Absorbance at 0th time; Absorbance at t1 - Absorbance at time t1
Batch decolorisation operation using textile dying effluent:
The collected textile effluent was taken in 2 sets of four separate flasks. In each set
one flask was maintained as control. The remaining three flasks were inoculated with the
algal strains selected by initial screening namely Aphanotheca sp., Gloeocapsa sp., and
Phormidium sp. Every five days of interval the sample was taken from each flask and
analyzed for the decolorisation percentage and other physico-chemical factors.
9
www.scrutinyjournals.com
Sasikala & Sudha / SIRJ-MBT 2:1 (2015)
Results and Discussion
Morphological observation of algal species
Identification of algal isolates was made by referring the taxonomic publications of
Geitler (1932) and photomicrographs were taken using Leitz Diaplan Model (Germany)
photo micrographic unit. The identified species as follows: Gloeocapsa sp., Oscillatoria sp.,
Phormidium sp., Aphanotheca sp., Synechocystis sp., and Synechococcus sp., The Microscopic
images were shown in figure 1.
Figure No. 1: Micrographic images of algal isolates
a) Phormidium sp.,
b) Gloeocapsa sp.,
c) Synechococcus sp.,
d) Synechocystis sp.,
Spectrometric analysis of synthetic dyes:
The ʎmax curve for each dye was obtained and tabulated. Most of the dyes showed
their maximum absorption under visible range. Only RQ blue retains its maximum
absorption under UV range. Orange ME2RL, Orange M2R, Yellow M8G, RE Yellow ME4
RL and RE Yellow MERL showed maximum absorption within the range of 400 to 500nm.
Red M5B, Red Acid (Crude), Blue MEZRL, Black, Navy Blue M3R and Blue MR which
belongs to the range of 500 to 600nm (Table 1).
Table No.1: Spectral behaviour of the synthetic dyes selected for the study
Name of the Dye
ʎmax (nm)
Orange M2R
Red M5B
Yellow M8G
Orange ME2RL
Red Acid (Crude)
Blue MEZRL
Black
Navy Blue M3R
RE Yellow ME4RL
RQ Blue
Blue MR
RE Yellow MERL
489
533
414
490
519
585
597
603
427
338
508
490
Maximum
Absorbance (OD)
1.443
1.70
3.392
0.381
1.820
1.061
2.595
0.799
0.753
1.139
0.147
0.492
Decolourisation activity of individual dyes
The percentage of decolourisation of the dyes selected for the study by the selected
six different algal strains were evaluated on the 10th (Table 2) and 20th (Table 3) days of
incubation. From the result, Aphanotheca sp., was efficient in decolourising on most of the
dyes. The species showed maximum decolourisation of Orange M2R (90%), Blue MEZRL
(83%), Red acid (crude) (59%) and Navy Blue M3R (69%). The rate of decolourisation was
maximum at 10th day of incubation. There was considerable result from the genus of
Gloeocapsa and Phormidium. Gloeocapsa sp., showed maximum decolourisation for RQ Blue
(98%), Navy Blue M3R (69%) and Red M5B (64%). Maximum dye was decolourised after
10
www.scrutinyjournals.com
Sasikala & Sudha / SIRJ-MBT 2:1 (2015)
10th day of incubation. There was a minimum increase in the percentage of decolourisation
at 20th day of incubation. Phormidium sp., decolourised Navy Blue M3R (65%) and Blue
MEZRL (71%). The decolourisation of RE Yellow MERL was started after 10 th day of
incubation. At the end 20th day 70% of RE Yellow was decolorised. Sadettin and Donmez in
2006 showed the bioaccumulation ability of Phormidium sp., for dyes like Reactive Black B
and Remazol blue under thermophilic conditions.
Table No. 2: Decolourisation percentage of synthetic dyes by the selected algal
species on the 10th day of incubation
Name of
Dyes
Orange M2R
Red M5B
Yellow M8G
Orange
ME2RL
Red Acid
(Crude)
Blue MEZRL
Black
Navy Blue
M3R
RE - yellow
ME4RL
RQ Blue
Blue MR
RE Yellow
MERL
Name of the organisms used for decolourisation (%)
Gloeocapsa
sp.,
Oscillatoria
sp.,
Phormidium
sp.,
Aphanotheca
sp.,
Synechocystis
sp.,
Synechococcus
sp.,
10
57
9
-
61
4
17
14
24
11
-
82
45
25
-
53
19
24
-
51
17
11
-
47
21
39
59
58
7
6
13
69
26
45
32
69
36
65
83
40
69
54
47
50
52
21
8
48
-
-
-
24
25
98
3
-
62
58
59
16
-
71
8
31
33
51
53
-
(-): no observable decolourisation
Table No. 3: Decolourisation percentage of synthetic dyes by selected algal species
on the 20th day of incubation
Name of Dyes
Orange M2R
Red M5B
Yellow M8G
Orange ME2RL
Red Acid (Crude)
Blue MEZRL
Black
Navy Blue M3R
RE Yellow ME4RL
RQ Blue
Blue MR
RE Yellow MERL
Decolourisation of dyes by the selected algal species (%)
Gloeocapsa
sp.,
Oscillatoria
sp.,
Phormidium
sp.,
Aphanotheca
sp.,
Synechocystis
sp.,
Synechococcus
sp.,
18
64
20
47
46
13
69
48
98
3
55
66
6
17
21
30
45
67
52
62
65
65
29
16
39
71
37
65
59
16
70
90
45
25
59
83
46.5
69
71
8
69
57.5
20
24
58
54
54
65
24
33
51
52
30
43
35
55
21
45
25
53
29
(-) : no observable decolourisation
Shah (Shah et al., 2001) reported more than 90% decolourisation of acid red and
direct black dyes by Phormidium sp., A study conducted by Parikh and Madamwar (2005)
reported that the algal species Gloeocapsa and Phormidium isolated from polluted
11
www.scrutinyjournals.com
Sasikala & Sudha / SIRJ-MBT 2:1 (2015)
environment with textile effluent decolourised acid red and blue dyes by more than 80%
after 26 days. The Oscillatoria sp., and Synechocystis sp., showed only a limited percentage of
decolourisation of most of the dyes. There was a considerable rate of decolorisation for RE
Yellow MERL (58%) by Oscillatoria sp., and Black (54%) by Synechocystis sp., Some species of
Oscillatoria can decolourise dye waste water by the removal of azo dyes. Further end
product of its decolourisation contains aniline and it can be utilized by other organisms
(Mostafa et al., 2009). As Oscillatoria sp., can tolerate pollution and can also decolorize dyes,
it will be a good for the treatment of textile dyes in effluents (Senthil et al., 2011). In this
present study, among selected algal strains, only Synechococcus sp., exhibited decolourisation
of Yellow M8G which decolorised 48% of the dye after 20th day of incubation. A number of
dyes supported the growth of Phormidium sp. and Synechococcus sp.
Batch decolourisation study on textile dying effluent
The decolourisation study was carried out in textile dying effluent samples with
Aphanotheca sp., Gloeocapsa sp. and Phormidium sp. Both the collected effluents were studied
for its physico chemical properties based on the APHA standard methods. The
interpretations for these analyses were given in table (Table 4).
Table No. 4: Physico – chemical properties of textile dying effluents
The untreated and treated indigo effluent was inoculated with the three efficient
species. After 20 days of incubation the percentage of decolourisation was calculated. The
Algal species subjected to the present study were found to grow only on treated effluent.
Because the treated effluent supports light penetration and the untreated effluent was
highly concentrated and it did not allow light to penetrate inside. This does not support
algal growth in the effluent samples. As the required biomass was not achieved
decolourisation was not observed (Table 5).
Table No. 5: Percentage of decolourisation of dye effluent
Name of the Algal
Species
Aphanotheca sp.,
Gloeocapsa sp.,
Phormidium sp.,
Decolourisation Percentage (%) at various time
interval
Raw
Treated
5th
day
-
10th
day
-
15th
day
-
20th
day
-
5th
day
-
10th
day
27
15th
day
32
20th
day
34
-
-
-
-
8
-
40
27
40
27
40
27
(-): no observable decolourisation
12
www.scrutinyjournals.com
Sasikala & Sudha / SIRJ-MBT 2:1 (2015)
% of Decolourisation
Figure No. 2: Decolourisation percentage for Orange M2R by different algal species
at 10th and 20th day of incubation
10th day
20th day
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Gloeocapsa sp., Oscillatoria sp.,
Phormidium
sp.,
Aphanotheca
sp.,
Synechocystis
sp.,
Synechococcus
sp.,
Figure No. 3: Decolourisation percentage for RED M5B by different algal species at
10th and 20th day of incubation
10th day
70
20th day
% of Decolourisation
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Gloeocapsa sp.,
Oscillatoria sp.,
Phormidium sp.,
Aphanothecasp.,
Synechocystis sp.,
Synechococcus sp.,
% of Decolourisation
Figure No. 4: Decolourisation percentage for Yellow M8G by different algal species
at 10th and 20th day of incubation
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
10th day
20th day
Gloeocapsa sp., Oscillatoria sp.,
Phormidium
sp.,
Aphanotheca
sp.,
Synechocystis
sp.,
Synechococcus
sp.,
13
www.scrutinyjournals.com
Sasikala & Sudha / SIRJ-MBT 2:1 (2015)
Figure No. 5: Decolourisation percentage for Orange ME2RL by different algal
isolates at 10th and 20th day of incubation
% of Decolourisation
20
10th day
20th day
15
10
5
0
Gloeocapsa sp., Oscillatoria sp.,
Phormidium
sp.,
Aphanotheca
sp.,
Synechocystis
sp.,
Synechococcus
sp.,
Figure No. 6: Decolourisation percentage for Red Acid (Crude) by different algal
species at 10th and 20th day of incubation
10th day
20th day
60
% of Decolourisation
50
40
30
20
10
0
Gloeocapsa sp., Oscillatoria sp.,
Phormidium
sp.,
Aphanotheca
sp.,
Synechocystis
sp.,
Synechococcus
sp.,
Figure No. 7: Decolourisation percentage for BLUE MEZRL by different algal
species at 10th and 20th day of incubation
% of Decolourisation
100
10th day
20th day
80
60
40
20
0
Gloeocapsa
sp.,
Oscillatoria sp.,
Phormidium
sp.,
Aphanotheca
sp.,
Synechocystis
sp.,
Synechococcus
sp.,
14
www.scrutinyjournals.com
Sasikala & Sudha / SIRJ-MBT 2:1 (2015)
Figure No. 8: Decolourisation percentage for Black bt differentt algal species at 10th
and 20th day of incubation
10th day
20th day
60
% of Decolourisation
50
40
30
20
10
0
Gloeocapsa sp., Oscillatoria sp.,
Phormidium
sp.,
Aphanotheca
sp.,
Synechocystis
sp.,
Synechococcus
sp.,
Figure No. 9: Decolourisation for Navy Blue M3R by different algal species at 10th
and 20th day of incubation
10th day
20th day
% of Decolourisation
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Gloeocapsa sp., Oscillatoria sp.,
Phormidium
sp.,
Aphanotheca
sp.,
Synechocystis
sp.,
Synechococcus
sp.,
Figure No. 10: Decolourisation percentage for RE Yellow ME4RL by different algal
species at 10th and 20th day of incubation
10th day
60
20th day
% of Decolourisation
50
40
30
20
10
0
Gloeocapsa sp., Oscillatoria sp.,
Phormidium
sp.,
Aphanotheca
sp.,
Synechocystis
sp.,
Synechococcus
sp.,
15
www.scrutinyjournals.com
Sasikala & Sudha / SIRJ-MBT 2:1 (2015)
Figure No. 11: Decolourisation percentage for RQ Blue by different algal species at
10th and 20th day of incubation
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
% of Decolourisation
10th day
20th day
Gloeocapsa sp., Oscillatoria sp., Phormidium sp., Aphanothecca
sp.,
Synechocystis
sp.,
Synechococcus
sp.,
% of Decolourisation
Figure No. 12: Decolourisation percentage for Blue MR by different algal species at
10th and 20th day of incubation
16
10th day
14
20th day
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Gloeocapsa sp., Oscillatoria sp.,
Phormidium
sp.,
Aphanotheca
sp.,
Synechocystis
sp.,
Synechococcus
sp.,
Figure No. 13: Decolourisation percentage for RE Yellow MERL by different algal
species at 10th and 20th day of incubation
10th day
60
20th day
% of Decolourisation
70
50
40
30
20
10
0
Gloeocapsa sp., Oscillatoria sp.,
Phormidium
sp.,
Aphanotheca
sp.,
Synechocystis
sp.,
Synechococcus
sp.,
Conclusion
All the six different algal isolates differ in their decolorisation ability. Aphanotheca sp.,
was efficient among these isolates which exhibited prominent decolourisation of the dyes
16
www.scrutinyjournals.com
Sasikala & Sudha / SIRJ-MBT 2:1 (2015)
subjected to the study. Other species like Gloeocapsa sp., and Phormidium sp., also
decolourised few major dyes. Orange ME2RL was highly resistant to decolourisation.
Oscillatoria sp., showed small percentage of decolourisation of Orange ME2RL. Based on
this analysis it was found that Aphanotheca sp., Gloeocapsa sp., and Phormidium sp., were
efficient in decolourisation of crude effluent. But the isolates exhibited difference in their
decolorisation ability of dyes and effluents. To achieve better decolorisation of the effluents
by algae, a detailed study should be carried out on the physico chemical nature of the
effluent, physiology and molecular biology of the algal strains. By designing a suitable
technology for aeration and light penetration to support the growth of algae, the treatment
of such effluents could be achieved effectively. The effluent can be treated by co cultivation
of two different microbes or consortium of microorganisms for better result.
Reference
Acuner, E. and Dilek, F. B., 2004. Process Biotechnology, 39: 623 - 663.
Aksu, Z. and Donmez, G., 2003. Chemosphere, 50: 1075-1083.
Ali, H., 2010. Biodegradation of Synthetic Dyes - A Review. Water Air Soil Pollution, 213(1-4):
251–273.
Amit Parikh and Datta Madamwar, 2005. Textile dye decolorization using cyanobacteria.
Biotechnology letters, 4: 323-326
APHA, 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public
health Association, 20.
Chang, J., Chou, C. and Chen, S., 2001. Process Biochemistry, 36: 757-763.
Chen, K., Wu, J., Liou, D. and Hwang, S., 2003. Journal of Biotechnology, 101: 57- 68.
Fu, Y. and Viraraghavan, T., 2001. Bioresource Technology, 79: 251-262.
Geitler, L., 1932. Cyanophyceae. In: L. Robenhorst’s Kryptogamen Flora. Academische
Veelagsgesellschaft Leipzi, 11: pp. 96.
Gupta, V. K. and Suhas, 2009. Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: A review.
Journal of Environmental Management, 90(8): 2313–2342.
Jinqi, L. and Houtian, L., 1992. Degradation of azo dyes by algae. Environmental Pollution, 75(3):
273-278.
Kasthuri, J., 2008. Interaction between Coirpigh effluent and the cyanobacterium Oscillatoria
acuminata, M.Phil. Disseration, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, India.
Khataee, A. R., Zarei, M., Dehghan, G., Ebadi, E. and Pourhassan, M., 2010. Biotreatment of a
triphenylmethane dye solution using a Xanthophyta algae: Modeling of key factors by
neural network. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2:1-7.
Mark Brown, A. and Stephen Devito, C., 1993. Predicting azo dye toxicity. Current Review in
Environmental Science and Technology, 23(3): 249 – 324.
Mohan, S. V., Rao, N. C., Prasad, K. and Karthikeyan, J., 2002. Waste Management, 22: 575-582.
17
www.scrutinyjournals.com
Sasikala & Sudha / SIRJ-MBT 2:1 (2015)
Mostafa, M., Sheekhs, E., Gharieb, M. M. and Abou-El-Souod, G.W., 2009. Biodegradation of
dyes by some green algae and cyanobacteria. International Biodeterioration &
Biodegradation, 63(6): 699–704.
Munoz, R. and Guieysse, B., 2006. Algal-bacterial processes for the treatment of hazardous
contaminants. A Review Water Research, 40 (15): 2799-2815.
Oswald, W.J. and Gotaas, H.B., 1957. Photosynthesis in sewage treatment. Trans. Am. Soc. Civ.
Engng., 122: 105-112.
Parikh, A. and Madamwar, D., 2005. Biotechnol. Letter, 27: pp. 323.
Patil, S., Phugare, S., Kalyani, C., Surwage, N. and Jadhav, P., 2012. Bioremediation Perspective
of Navy Blue Rx –containing textile effluent by bacterial isolate. Bioremediation Journal,
16(4): 185-194.
Robinson, T., McMullan, G., Marchant, R., Nigam, P., 2001. Bioresource Technology, 77: 247-255.
Saba Sadiq, Abdullah Yasar and Madiha Zakria, 2013. Clean and low cost techniques for textile
dye bath. Effluent Treatment, 4: 74-88.
Sadettin, S. and Donmez, G., 2006. Bioaccumulation of reactive dyes by thermophilic
cyanobacteria. Process Biochem., 41: 836–841.
Senthil, P., Jeyachandren, S., Manoharan, C. and Vijayakumar, S., 2011. Biodiversity of
Cyanobacteria in industrial effluent. J. Adva.Biotech, 10(10): 157-159.
Shah, V., Garg, N. and Madamwar, D., 2001. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 17:499.
Venceslau Correia, M., Ton Stephenson. and Simon, J., 1994. Characterisation of textile
wastewater Review. Environmental Technology, 15(10): 917 – 929
Vijayakumar, S., Thajuddin, N. and Manoharan, C., 2005. Role of cyanobacteria in the treatment
of dye industry effluent. Poll. Res., 24(1):79-84.
18