T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Software Defined Radio,
Interference Analysis,
&
Hearing Aid Compatibility
Convergence of HAC, Wireless and
Intelligent Networks
Presentation to the IEEE EMC Society Central Texas Chapter – Feb. 20, 2008
Stephen Berger
TEM Consulting
(512) 864-3365
[email protected]
© Copyright 2008 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 02/20/08 - HSB
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Overview
• What are:
– Software Defined Radio
– Policy Defined Radio
– Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks
• What is:
– IEEE SCC41
– IEEE 1900.2
• What does this mean for HAC?
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Software Defined Radio
(draft – IEEE 1900.1)
]
A type of Radio in which some or all of the physical
layer functions are Software Defined.
Ant: Hardware Radio
NOTE 1:
Radios in which the communications functions are implemented in software are
considered Hardware Radios for regulatory purposes if the regulated emission or reception parameters
cannot be changed in the field, post manufacture, without physically modifying the device. However, a
device having regulated parameters that can be changed without physical modification is considered a
Software Defined Radio, even if such change requires specialized equipment or proprietary procedures.
NOTE 2:
This term represents an idealized abstraction that is useful in designating categories of
radio devices (e.g., Hardware Radio, Software Defined Radio, and Cognitive Radio) to which certain
regulatory provisions or functional capabilities may apply. The term is also useful in describing the general
evolution in the software reconfigurability of radio devices with Hardware Radio not being software
reconfigurable and Software Defined Radio being software reconfigurable. Software Defined Radios include
software reconfigurable hardware such as microprocessors, digital signal processors, and field
programmable gate arrays that are used with software to implement communications functions. The degree
of software reconfigurability will depend on the radio implementation.
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Software Defined Radio
]
U.S. Federal Communications Commission Definition [1]:
A radio that includes a transmitter in which the operating parameters of
frequency range, modulation type or maximum output power (either
radiated or conducted), or the circumstances under which the
transmitter operates in accordance with Commission rules, can be
altered by making a change in software without making any changes to
hardware components that affect the radio frequency emissions.
ITU-R Definition (including the notes) [2] [3]:
A radio in which RF operating parameters including but not limited to
frequency range, modulation type, or output power can be set or altered
by software, or the technique by which this is achieved.
NOTE 1 – Excludes changes to operating parameters which occur during the normal pre-installed and
predetermined operation of a radio according to a system specification or standard.
NOTE 2 – SDR is an implementation technique applicable to many radio technologies and standards.
NOTE 3 – Within the mobile service, SDR techniques are applicable to both transmitters and receivers.
[1] FCC Report and Order FCC 05-57, “Facilitating Opportunities for Flexible, Efficient, and Reliable Spectrum Use Employing Cognitive Radio Technologies,” ET Docket No. 03-108, March 11, 2005
[2] ITU-R Report M.2064, “Software-Defined Radio in the Land Mobile Service.”
[3] ITU-R Report M.2063, “The Impact of Software Defined Radio on IMT-2000, the Future Development of IMT-2000 and Systems Beyond IMT-2000.”
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Policy-Based Radio
(draft – IEEE 1900.1)
]
A type of Radio in which the behavior of
communications systems is governed by a PolicyBased Control Mechanism.
Policy-Based Control Mechanism
(draft – IEEE 1900.1)
]
A mechanism that governs radio behavior by sets of
rules, expressed in a machine readable format, that
are independent of the radio implementation
regardless of whether the implementation is in
hardware or software.
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks
(draft – IEEE 1900.1)
]
Wireless networks that employ dynamic spectrum
access functionality.
Dynamic Spectrum Access
(draft – IEEE 1900.1)
]
The real-time adjustment of spectrum resource usage
in response to changing circumstances and objectives.
NOTE: Changing circumstances and objectives also include (and are not limited
to) energy-conservation, changes of the radio’s state (operational mode, battery
life, location, etc.), interference-avoidance (either suffered or inflicted), changes
in environmental/external constraints (spectrum, propagation, operational
policies, etc.), spectrum-usage efficiency targets, Quality of Service (QoS),
graceful degradation guidelines and maximization of radio lifetime.
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
A Critical Issue
• Increasing demand for spectrum
– General movement from human as the end point to data to devices as the end
point
• Data load growing dramatically
• Network increasingly important
– Increasing pressure to find spectrum for new services
• Spectrum management
– Current “Command and Control” approach will not take us into the future
•
•
•
•
Bosnia took 500 people 9 months to plan spectrum!
Must have faster ways to coordinate multi-service operations
Must be able to shift spectrum use to reflect local needs
Mobile devices must respect host countries during transit
• Dynamic Spectrum Access addresses these issues
– Simulations show 80-100 X improved efficiency possible
– DARPA XG project demonstrated 18 X improved efficiency
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
Dynamic, Adaptive
Spectrum Management
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
All Spectrum May Be Assigned, But…
Developing the Technology and
System Concepts to Harvest and
Utilize Available Spectrum
…Most Spectrum Is Unused!
Maximum Amplitudes
Amplidue (dBm)
Heavy Use
Heavy Use
Sparse Use
Medium Use
Goal: Demonstrate Factor of 10
Increase in Spectrum Access
Frequency (MHz)
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
EVOLUTION OF THE “RADIO
OPERATOR”
… FROM MAN TO MICROCHIPS
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Manual Control of
Spectrum
NOW
Wireless Internet
Access
Multi-band
Dynamic
Spectrum
Access
Wearable Wireless
1934
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
1980’s
2025
Network-centric
Adaptive
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
DoD Evolution Toward
Dynamic Spectrum Access
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIOS
CONVENTIONAL LEGACY RADIOS
Time
EPLRS
SINCGARS
DMR
Have Quick
SINCGARS ASIP
Non-Adaptive
JTRS/WNW
NTDR
JTRS/SRW
Partially
Adaptive
• Multi-band, Multi-mode, MultiWaveform
•
•
•
•
Specific Frequency Channel
Assignments and Hop Sets
Single Operating Band
Fixed Modulation & Bandwidth
Limited Data Rates or Analog
Voice Channels
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
• Dynamic Channel Monitoring
and Selection - Fixed
Assignments
• Hybrid Wideband Waveforms
and Frequency Hopping With
Interference Mitigation
• Variable High/low Data Rate to
Match the Channel
• Packet Network Radio - Packet
Voice, Data, and Video
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
XG
Cognitive Radio?
Fully
Adaptive
• Self-managing, Capable of
Dynamically Sensing and Using
Any Available Channels
• Capable of Negotiating Shortterm Spectrum Leases
• Spectrum “Etiquette” for
Interference Avoidance
• Flexible Waveforms & Data Rates
Adapt to Available Spectrum,
Interference and Threats
• Multi-network / Protocol Capable:
WAN, LAN, PAN
• Self-forming / Healing Networking
With Robust Routing
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Development of International Standards
 In 2005 the IEEE 1900 effort was created by a
cooperative agreement between:


IEEE Communications Society
IEEE ElectroMagnetic Compatibility Society
 March 22, 2007 the IEEE approved the advancement as
in independent standards sponsor
IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee SCC 41
Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN)
 April 20, 2007 is the inaugural meeting of SCC 41
 SCC 41 developing international standards for DySPAN
for coordinated and dynamic use of spectrum by
commercial, military, NASA and public safety.
Presentation to the IEEE EMC Society Central Texas Chapter – Feb. 20, 2008
© Copyright 2008 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 02/20/08 - HSB
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
IEEE 1900.2
Recommended Practice for the Analysis of In-Band and Adjacent Band
Interference and Coexistence between Radio Systems
Scope and Purpose
• Scope: This standard will provide technical guidelines for analyzing the
potential for coexistence or in contrast interference between radio
systems operating in the same frequency band or between different
frequency bands.
• Purpose: New concepts and technologies are rapidly emerging in the
fields of spectrum management, policy defined radio, adaptive radio and
software defined radio. A primary goal of these initiatives is to improve
spectral efficiency. This standard will provide guidance for the analysis of
coexistence and interference between various radio services.
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
1900.2 Standard Outline
(1 of 2)
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Introduction
1 Overview
2 References
3 Definitions
4 Key Concepts
5 Structure of analysis and report
6 Scenario definition
7 Criteria for interference
8 Variables
9 Analysis: modeling, simulation, measurement and testing
10 Conclusions and summary
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
1900.2 Standard Outline
(2 of 2)
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Annex A (informative) Propagation modeling
Annex B (informative) Audio interference
Annex C (informative) Spectrum utilization efficiency
Annex D (informative) Sample analysis
– selection of listen-before-talk threshold
Annex D (informative) Sample analysis
– selection of listen-before-talk threshold
Annex F (informative) Sample analysis
– Low-power radios operating in the TV band
Annex G (informative) Sample analysis
- RF test levels for ANSI C63.9
Annex H (normative) Glossary
Annex I (informative) Bibliography
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
IEEE 1900.2
Key Concepts
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
• Interference and coexistence analysis
• Measurement event
• Interference event
• Harmful interference
• Physical and logical domains
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
IEEE 1900.2
Structure of Analysis
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
Scenario definition
Clause 6
Cases for analysis
Clause 7
Criteria for interference
Measurement event
Interference event
Harmful interference
Measurement
event
Variables and
behaviors
Interference event
and
harmful interference
thresholds
Modeling and
analysis
Conclusions
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Clause 8
Clause 9
Clause 10
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
IEEE 1900.2
Analytical Process
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
Scenario
Definition
Interference
Criteria
Interference
Criteria
Interference
Criteria
Variable
Selection
Variable
Selection
Variable
Selection
Matrix reduction
Modeling, simulation and analysis
Summation
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
IEEE 1900.2
Scenario Definition
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
Scenario Definition
Define Study Question
Benefits/Impacts of Proposal
Scenarios
Frequency
Relationships
Frequency
Relationships
Frequency
Relationships
Use Cases
Use Cases
Use Cases
System
Relationships
System
Relationships
System
Relationships
Baseline
Baseline
Baseline
Mitigation
Options
Mitigation
Options
Mitigation
Options
Select Cases Selected for Analysis
Continue with Analysis
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
IEEE 1900.2
Types of Interference
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Types of
Interference
Out of
Band
In Band
-
Co-channel
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
Adjacent
Channels
Non-Adjacent
Channels
Band Edge
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Far
Out-of-Band
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
IEEE 1900.2
Criteria for Interference
Case for Analysis
Criteria for Interference
Interference
Type, Characteristics & Impact
Measurement Event
Interference Event
Threshold of
Harmful Interference
Continue with Analysis
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
Widespread Graph
xw
% Users
% Events
Users
Excessive Graph
Measurement
Events
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
xe
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Aggrega
te
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
Expected
Interference Events
(>Z% of devices on average over
measurement sample)
Widespread Excessive
Interference Events
Excessive Widespread
Interference Events
(>X% of devices in population
experience Excessive Interference)
(>Y% of measurement sample
experience Widespread Interference)
Widespread
Interference Events
(>Y% of measurement sample
for any one device)
(> X% of devices in population
at one time)
Single
Receiver
Excessive
Interference Events
Observed
Interference Event
In practice
(Observed on 1 device in typical use)
Conceivable
Interference Event
(Theoretically Possible)
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
Overview
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Conceivable Interference Event
Observed Interference Event
Extended Interference
Widespread Interference
Widespread Excessive Interference
Probability of Interference
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB
T EM Co nsult i ng, LP
Scenario and Usage
Model Selection
Presentation To WG P1900 Plenary – Jan. 25, 2006
Harmful Interference
Model Selection
Critical Variables
Model Selection
© Copyright 2006 TEM Consulting, LP - All Rights Reserved
Rev 1.0 – 01/25/06 - HSB