Example 1.3.3: For this example, consider the case study presented in the article titled “A Forced‐Choice Technique to Evaluate Deafness in the Hysterical or Malingering Patient” by Loren Pankratz, Stephan Fausti and Steve Peed. A two‐alternative forced choice method was used to evaluate a patient’s alleged hearing loss. Reference: Pankratz, L., Fausti, S., and Peed, S. (1975). “A Forced‐ Choice Technique to Evaluate Deafness in the Hysterical or Malingering Patient. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp421‐422. The methodology used in this case study is presented below. In addition, a mock‐up of the simulation is available on‐line. Methods section from article. Mock‐up of Simulation http://course1.winona.edu/cmalone/afc_hearing/ To anticipate the range of likely outcomes for a deaf person in your simulation, mute your computer speakers. The article above mentions 100 trials was used to evaluate this patient. Each trial consisted of a single tone being paired with either a red or blue light (i.e. two choices). Questions 1. If 100 trials were used, what would be the anticipated score for a hearing person? 2. If 100 trials were used, what would be the anticipated score for a deaf person? 3. What would it mean if a person got 0 out of 100 correct? Explain. 4. What would you use as a cutoff for when you start to believe that somebody is being untruthful in their ability to hear the tone? 5. Ask some of your neighbors at what point they would become convinced than an individual would be misleading in regards to their ability to hear the tone. Neighbor 1: ___________ Neighbor 2: _____________ Neighbor 3: ___________ Neighbor 4: _____________ 6. How does your cutoff value compare to your neighbors? In order to evaluate this patient’s alleged hearing loss, we will compare the outcome from his 100 trials (i.e. 36) to the likely outcomes from of a deaf person. Such a simulation can be done easily on a computer when you mute the computer speakers. Mute your computer speakers and run 20 trials of the simulation using the link below. Guess: Outcome: Guess: Outcome: Red or Blue Correct or Incorrect Red or Blue Correct or Incorrect 1 11 2 12 3 13 4 14 5 15 6 16 7 17 8 18 9 19 10 20 Questions 7. How many Correct did you get in your 20 trials? Next, ask 4 neighbors for their number Correct as well. This will give us a total of 100 outcomes, which represents 1 trial of this experiment. You: Neighbor #1: Neighbor #2: Neighbor #3: Neighbor #4: Total Plot the number correct from these 100 outcomes on the number line below. This represents one trial of the experiment. Questions 8. Is the outcome from this single trial close to the anticipated outcome for a deaf person? Explain. 9. Your friend makes the following false statement. “You and your neighbors must have done something wrong in your first trial because the outcome from this single trial is supposed to be an outlier when compared against the anticipated outcomes from a deaf person.” Explain why this statement is false. 10. Explain why a single trial is not enough to evaluate whether or not the outcome (36 out of 100 correct) from the patient in the case study is unusual when compared against the anticipated outcomes from a deaf person. Setup and run a Tinkerplots simulation to obtain 100 trials of this simulation. Plot the outcomes from your 100 trials on the plot below. 11. Using the 100 trials on the above plot, do you believe the patient in this case study is being deceitful in his ability to hear the tone? Explain.