WATERMED - WATer use Efficiency in natural vegetation
and agricultural areas by Remote sensing in the
MEDiterranean basin
José A. Sobrino and Naoufal Raïssouni
WATERMED co-ordinator. Gobal-Change Unit. University of Valencia (UVEG-Spain). Dept. of Thermodynamics. Faculty of Physics. University of Valencia. C/ Dr. Moliner 50. 46100 Burjassot. Valencia (Spain). Tel:
(34) 96 398 31 15. Fax: (34) 96 398 30 99. E-mails: [email protected] and [email protected]
Albert Olioso
Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA-France). Department of Bioclimatology. Site Agroparc, Domaine Saint-Paul. 84914 Cedex 09. Avignon. France.
Charlotte Bay Hasager
Risoe National Laboratory (RISOE-Denmark). Wind Energy and Atmospheric Physics Department. Building VEA-125 P.O. Box 49 Frederiksborgvej 399. DK-4000. Roskilde. Denmark.
Mohamed Aït Belaid
Centre Royal de Télédétection Spatiale (CRTS-Morocco). Avenue de France, 16 bis- Agdal. Rabat. Morocco.
Sami Abdel Rahman
The National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space (NARSS-Egypt). Department of Agric, Soils & Marine Div. 23, Joseph Brows Tito St., El-Nozha El-Gedida. 1564 Alf-Maskan. Cairo. Egypt.
ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
The general objective of the WATERMED project is to develop a
The general method
objectivefor
of the WATERMED
is to and
develop
comprehensive
study of the project
water use
the a
comprehensive
method
for natural
the study
of the water
use in
and
resistance
to the drought
of the
and irrigated
vegetation
thethe
resistance to the
drought
the natural
andmeans
irrigated
in the
Mediterranean
Basin
(see ofFigure
1), by
of vegetation
a combined
Mediterranean
Basin (see
Figure 1),
by means
of database,
a combined
historical
and current
space-based
remote
sensing
historical
and and
current
space-based The
remote
sensing
database,
vegetation
models
field measurements.
general
concept
is to
vegetation
models and
measurements.
The general concept is to
integrate
all available
datafield
of the
studied environments.
integrate all available data of the studied environments.
THE SYSTEM TO BE STUDIED
THE SYSTEM TO BE STUDIED
Figure 2 depicts the project schematic representation. The project aims
2 depicts
the projectof
schematic
The
aims
at Figure
estimating
the properties
the keyrepresentation.
components of
theproject
system
at estimating
the properties
the resolution
key components
of the data
system
through
a combination
of low andofhigh
remote sensing
a combination
andthrough
direct field
measures. of low and high resolution remote sensing data
and
direct field measures. Regional Survey
Low Spatial Resolution
Earth Observation Data
Ground-based measurements
Upscaling study
High Spatial Resolution
Earth Observation Data
Ground-based measurements
Information Database
A retrospective study of the
Mediterranean Basin
- Most likely site to be affected
by desertification.
- Most fragile areas to the
drought.
- Evolution of the ecotones.
- Maps of critical parameters.
Local assessment
Vegetation Models
Fig. 1 : NDVI image of the region that will be studied in the WATERMED project. The image was obtained by the Global change Unit using Pathfinder AVHRR
dataset. Squares represent the test areas of the project
Algorithms Validation
Land-Cover Change Indicators
Vegetation Resistance & Water Use Efficiency
Desertification and water use
trend monitoring
RECOMMENDATIONS
about the existing vegetation and/or the introduction of new vegetation communities for better
mitigation of the drought periods, aridity and desertification processes.
Decision Makers
Fig. 2 : Schematic representation of the project.
SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES
SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES
1. A retrospective study of the Mediterranean Basin at the regional
1. using
A retrospective
study
of the
Mediterranean
at the regional
level,
NOAA data
from
1981
to present. Basin
This objective
is
level, using
NOAA
1981 toprojects
present. related
This objective
innovative
respect
to data
otherfrom
previous
to the is
innovative respect
to other
previous
relatedin tothethe
environmental
management
in arid
and projects
desert areas
environmental
management
aridEuropean
and desert
Mediterranean
Basin
and funded in
by the
Unionareas
in the inlastthe
CAMELEO,
Mediterranean
and funded
by the
European etc…)
Union because
in the last
decade
(DEMON, Basin
MEDALUS,
ROSELT,
CAMELEO,
etc…)
because
it carries
a historical
study of the
whole region
by means
of remote
decadeout
(DEMON,
MEDALUS,
ROSELT,
it carries
historical
the wholethe
region
by means
of remote
sensing
dataout
of athe
last 20study
years.ofBesides,
project
will combine
datavisible
of the(VIS),
last 20
years.
Besides,
willinfrared
combine
datasensing
from the
near
infrared
(NIR)the
andproject
thermal
datawhich
from will
the visible
(TIR),
permit:(VIS), near infrared (NIR) and thermal infrared
(TIR), which will permit:
1.1.- To carry out a climatology of the study area to distinguish
carryareas
out atoclimatology
thethe
study
area to of
distinguish
the1.1.mostTo
fragile
the droughtofand
evolution
the
the most
fragile
areas
to thethe
drought
and the
evolution
the
ecotones.
This
allow
to study
land cover
change
in theoftime
ecotones.
This allow to study the land cover change in the time
period
chosen.
period chosen.
1.2.- To provide maps of critical parameters at regional scale,
1.2.To provide
of critical
parameters
at regional total
scale,
such
as land
surfacemaps
temperature,
emissivity,
atmospheric
such
as land
surfacenormalised
temperature,
emissivity,
atmospheric
water
vapour
content,
difference
vegetation
indextotal
water albedo.
vapour content, normalised difference vegetation index
(NDVI),
(NDVI), albedo.
INNOVATIVE PROJECT
TheINNOVATIVE
project is innovative because it PROJECT
approaches the problem, from the combination of retrieval history of the area, field data and the application of synoptic data such as those derived from
different
satellites.
Different because
satellite it
spatial
resolutions
data arefrom
of great
importance of
to retrieval
monitor history
and study
local
andfield
regional
environmental
problems.
Remotely
The project
is innovative
approaches
the problem,
the combination
of the
area,
data and
the application
of synoptic
data sensed
such asdata
thoseprovide
derivedanfrom
adequate
toolsatellites.
for such objective
it provide
dynamic
and global
information
the surface
of the earth
that can
veryregional
useful inenvironmental
improving ourproblems.
understanding
of surface
On an
different
Different as
satellite
spatial
resolutions
data are
of great about
importance
to monitor
and study
localbeand
Remotely
sensedprocesses.
data provide
the other
hand,
satellite
remote
sensing
can be
used toand
quantify
photosynthetic
of the
vegetation
cover
produce
spectral
manifestation
of reduced orofaltered
adequate
tool
for such
objective
as itdata
provide
dynamic
globalthe
information
aboutcapacity
the surface
of the
earth that
canthat
be very
useful
in improving
our understanding
surfaceinterannual
processes. On
and/or
intrannual
with
climatic
data the
such
as precipitation
and temperature.
Moreover,
respect
to other
previous
projects of
related
to or
thealtered
environmental
the other
hand,photosynthetic
satellite remoteactivity
sensingassociated
data can be
used
to quantify
photosynthetic
capacity
of the vegetation
cover that
produce
spectral
manifestation
reduced
interannual
management
in
arid
and
desert
area
in
the
Mediterranean
Basin
and
funded
by
the
European
Union
in
the
last
decade
(DEMON,
MEDALUS,
ROSELT,
,
CAMELEO,
etc…),
the
present
ROSELT
and/or intrannual photosynthetic activity associated with climatic data such as precipitation and temperature. Moreover, respect to other previous projects related to the environmental
project
carries outinaarid
historical
study area
of theinwhole
region by means
of remote
sensingbydata
the last 20
years.in the last decade (DEMON, MEDALUS, ROSELT, CAMELEO, etc…), the present
management
and desert
the Mediterranean
Basin
and funded
the ofEuropean
Union
project carries out a historical study of the whole region by means of remote sensing data of the last 20 years.
INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS CONTRIBUTION
INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS CONTRIBUTION
2. A study of water use efficiency in four specific test areas chosen in
A studycritical
of water
usei)efficiency
in four specific
testSpain),
areas chosen
the2.
following
zones:
the Guadalentin
Basin (SE
ii) the in
the following
i) the Guadalentin
Basin
(SE Spain),
ii) the
Tensift
Al Haouzcritical
regionzones:
of Morocco,
iii) the lower
Rhone
valley (SE
Tensiftand
Aliv)
Haouz
region region
of Morocco,
iii) the
lower Rhone
valley
France),
the northern
of the Sinai
Peninsula
in Egypt.
This(SE
France),
andmade
iv) thebynorthern
regionmeasurements
of the Sinai Peninsula
Egypt. This
study
will be
using field
and highinresolution
study (LANDSAT,
will be made SPOT-HRV)
by using field
high sensing
resolution
imagery
andmeasurements
also airborneand
remote
imagery (LANDSAT,
SPOT-HRV)
also areas
airborne
remote sensing
measurements
(DAIS, POLDER,
MAIS).and
In these
the methodology
MAIS).
In these areas
the methodology
willmeasurements
be checked (DAIS,
in morePOLDER,
detail and
the algorithms
proposed
will be
will beand/or
checked
in more
detail and
the algorithms
validated
improved
in different
scenarios.
In this wayproposed
we can: will be
validated
improved
in methodologies
different scenarios.
In this way we can:
2.1.- and/or
check the
different
to estimate
2.1.- check the different
methodologies
to estimate
evapotranspiration
from remote
sensing data.
This will be done
evapotranspiration
fromand
remote
sensing
data. This will
firstly
on the French area,
different
methodologies
willbebedone
firstly on
the French
area, and
different methodologies
will be
compared
(SEBAL,
simplified
relationship,
microscale flux
comparedmodel,
(SEBAL,
simplified
relationship, microscale flux
aggregation
SVAT
modelling).
aggregation
model, SVAT
modelling).
2.2.study an upscaling
method
to make possible the test of
2.2.- study an upscaling
method
makeresolution
possible the
test (like
of
evapotranspiration
estimation
from to
coarse
sensor
evapotranspiration estimation from coarse resolution sensor (like
AVHRR).
AVHRR).
2.3.- check the validity of applying the resistance indexes,
2.3.- check
the validity
of applying
the resistance
developed
in semi-arid
areas,
to more degraded
areas.indexes,
developed
areas,
to moretodegraded
2.4.evaluate in
thesemi-arid
vegetation
resistance
the aridityareas.
and the
2.4.-drought
evaluateperiods
the vegetation
to the aridity
severe
(summerresistance
periods and
severe and the
severe drought
periods
(summer
and
the severe
interannual
periods)
for mapping
theperiods
grade of
water
use
interannual periods) for mapping the grade of water use
efficiency.
efficiency.
2.5.evaluate the vegetation resistance and water use efficiency in
2.5.- evaluate
the vegetation
resistance
and water
relation
to the environmental
factors
and Land
Use. use efficiency in
relation
to the
factors and
and temperature
Land Use. retrieval
2.6.compare
theenvironmental
models of emissivity
2.6.compare
the models of
and temperature retrieval
in the
different
environments
ofemissivity
the study area.
in the different environments of the study area.
The aim of the WATERMED project is to contribute to the international
efforts
to efficiency
in water use,
in particular
for thetoMediterranean
The aim
of the WATERMED
project
is to contribute
the international
Basin
countries.
We intend
to contribute
to the general
efforts
to efficiency
in water
use, in particular
for thedesertification
Mediterranean
framework
for suchWeaintend
systemto by
comparing
by
Basin countries.
contribute
to theresults
generalproduced
desertification
simulation
models
from satellite
framework
for with
suchvariables
a systemestimated
by comparing
resultsobservations,
produced by
previously
validated
means
of in situ
data. This
requires
implementing
simulation
modelsbywith
variables
estimated
from
satellite
observations,
andpreviously
evaluating
methodsbyand
techniques
water
use modelling
and
validated
means
of in situ for
data.
This requires
implementing
satellite
estimation of
some critical
variables. for water use modelling and
and evaluating
methods
and techniques
satellite estimation of some critical variables.
RESULTS PUBLICATION/DISSEMINATION PLANS
RESULTS
PLANS
PublicationsPUBLICATION/DISSEMINATION
in scientific journals and Transfer of results via WWW
site
http://www.uv.es/ucg/watermed
http://www.uv.es/ucg/watermed
REFERENCES
REFERENCES
Publications in scientific journals and Transfer of results via WWW site
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Sobrino,
J. A.,
Remote
Sensing,
37, Raissouni,
1425-1434.N., Simarro, J., Nerry, F and Petitcolin, F. 1999. Atmospheric Water vapor content over land
surfaces derived from The AVHRR Data. Application to the Iberian Peninsula. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and
Sobrino,
Remote
J. A.,
Sensing,
Raissouni,
37, 1425-1434.
N., 2000. Toward Remote Sensing methods for land cover dynamic monitoring. Application to
Morocco. International Journal of remote Sensing, 21, 353-366.
Sobrino, J. A., Raissouni, N., 2000. Toward Remote Sensing methods for land cover dynamic monitoring. Application to
Olioso,
Morocco.
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A., Carlson,
T.N., and
Brisson,
N., 1996.
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of diurnal
transpiration
and photosynthesis of a water
brightness
temperature.
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on Geoscience
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34, 1184-1190.
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stressed
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et Lemsanni, A. 1999. Approche intégrée pour le suivi de la désertification au Maroc.
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