STATUS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS IN
GANGA BASIN
CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
STATUS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS IN
GANGA BASIN
CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
‘Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar
Delhi-110032.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER
NATIONAL STATUS OF WASTEWATER GENERATION AND
TREATMENT
THE GANGA BASIN
CHAPTER II
STATUS OF SEWAGE GENERATION AND TREATMENT IN THE GANGA BASIN
2.1
2.2
URBAN CENTRES AND STATUS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT
YAMUNA ACTION PLAN AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS IN DELHI,
HARYANA AND UTTAR PRADESH
CHAPTER III
OPERATIONAL STATUS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
3.1
3.2
INSPECTION AND MONITORING OF STP’S
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE OF STP’s
CHAPTER IV
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY ADOPTED UNDER GANGA ACTION PLAN.
DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER
OPERATIONAL STATUS OF STP’S
PERFORMANCE OF STP’S
EXPENDITURE TOWARDS OPERATION & MAINTENANCE( O&M)
STATE WISE SPECIFIC OBSERVATIONS
UTTARANCHAL
UTTAR PRADESH
BIHAR
WEST BENGAL
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1
5.2
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATIONS
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Table 2.3
Table 2.4
Table 2.5
Table 3.1
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 4.3
Table 4.4
Table 4.5
DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER IN GANGA BASIN, FROM CLASS-I
CITIES AND CLASS-II
TOWNS
WASTEWATER GENERATION IN
TOWNS ALONG THE
TRIBUTARIES OF GANGA
SUMMARY OF SEWAGE GENERATION TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL IN THE GANGA BASIN
STATUS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT IN DELHI (TOTAL
CAPACITY VS ACTUAL FLOW)
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT CAPACITY UNDER YAMUNA
ACTION PLAN IN HARYANA, DELHI AND UTTAR PRADESH.
DESIGN CAPACITY AND PROCESS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS IN THE STATE OF UTTARANCHAL, UTTAR PRADESH,
BIHAR & WEST BENGAL
TREATMENT SYSTEMS UNDER GAP PHASE-I IN UTTRANCHAL,
UTTAR PRADESH, BIHAR AND WEST BENGAL
DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER FROM THE TOWNS COVERED
UNDER GANGA ACTION PLAN IN UTTRANCHAL, UTTAR
PRADESH, BIHAR & WEST BENGAL.
PERFORMANCE OF STPS UNDER GANGA ACTION PLAN IN
UTTRANCHAL, UTTAR PRADESH,BIHAR AND WEST BENGAL
PERCENT (%) REDUCTION OF BOD,COD AND TSS IN EACH STP
IN UTTRANCHAL, UTTAR PRADESH, BIHAR & WEST BENGAL.
EXPENDITURE FOR O&M OF STPS IN UTTARANCHAL, UTTAR
PRADESH,BIHAR & WEST BENGAL
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1
Figure 2
STATUS OF STP’S LOCATED IN GANGA BASIN
DECADAL GROWTH OF WASTEWATER GENERATION AND
TREATMENT JOINING AMUNA RIVER
FOREWORD
The Ganga is the largest and the most important river of India. The 2,525 kilometres
long river carries off the drainage of a vast basin area 861,404 kilometres covering
26.2 percent area of India’s total geographical area. The watershed of the river
Ganga spreads over ten States of India, namely Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Jharkhand, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh
and Delhi.
Discharge of untreated sewage from urban centres is a major cause of river water
quality degradation. Since local authorities are not able to cope with the problem due
to paucity of resources, Govt. of India came forward and launched a programme for
cleaning the river Ganga, called Ganga Action Plan.
In Ganga Action Plan Phase-1,35 Sewage Treatment Plant’s were planned ( 3
STP’s in Uttaranchal, 10 STP’s in Uttar Pradesh, 7 STP’s in Bihar, and 15 STP’s in
West Bengal). Among them, 32 are commissioned and 29 were found functioning.
The sewage treatment plants found under loaded are Jajmau-Kanpur, DLWVaranasi, Naini-Allahabad whereas over loaded plants are Dinapur and Bhagwanpur
at Varanasi. The sewage treatment plants need upgradation are SwargashramRishikesh, Kankhal-Haridwar, Jajmau - Kanpur, Bhatpara-E, Titagarh and Panihati
in West Bengal.
In the present report an attempt is also made to identify the gap in wastewater
generation and treatment in the entire Ganga basin. The total wastewater generation
from 222 towns in Ganga basin is 8250 MLD, out of which 2538 MLD is directly
discharged into the Ganga River, 4491 MLD disposed into tributaries of river Ganga
and 1220 MLD is disposed on land or low lying areas.
We hope the findings of the study will be useful to all concerned with the wastewater
management and water quality improvement programmes for rivers in India.
(Dilip Biswas)
Chairman
CONTRIBUTION
Planning and Coordination
and Report Preparation
Dr.B.Sengupta, Member Secretary
Dr.R.C.Trivedi,Additional Director
Mr. R.M. Bhardwaj, Sc.C
Inspection and Monitoring of STP’s
Mr. R.M.Bhardwaj,Sc.’C’
Mr. N.C. Durgapal, Sc. C
Mr. B.P. Shukla,SEE
Mr. B.R. Naidu,SEE
Ms. Mita Sharma,SEE
Ms. Kokil Mehrotra,JRF
Report Typing and Graphics
Shri Satish Changra, UDC
Shri Suresh Sharma,DEO
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER
Urban centers are discharging wastewater in the water bodies and for
irrigation in the agriculture fields. In the early stages of human history,
wastewater discharges did not pose problem to water bodies as the nature
had the capacity and the system to degrade wastes and restore normal
condition. Nature still does, but with the advent of urbanization,
industrialization and resultant concentrated massive wastewater discharges,
the aquatic systems are overloaded. The major source of organic pollution in
fresh water bodies is sewage. In India, all the cities and towns did not have
sewage treatment facilities. Untreated or improperly treated human wastes
disposed into aquatic resources from where the downstream city’s water
requirements are drawn, constitute a big public health hazard in terms of their
potential for spreading water borne diseases.
1.2
NATIONAL STATUS OF
WASTEWATER GENERATION AND
TREATMENT
The total wastewater generated by the 299 class I cities is 16,662 Mld
approximately 81% of the water supplied. The state of Maharashtra alone
contributes about 23%, while Ganga river basin contributes about 31% of the
waste generated. Only 74% of the total wastewater generated is collected. Out
of 299 class I cities 160 cities have sewerage coverage for more than 75% of
the population and 92 cities have between 50 and 75% of population coverage.
On the whole 70% of the population of class I cities are provided with sewerage
facility. The type of sewerage system is either open or closed or piped.
As per the latest estimate out of 22,900 Mld of wastewater generated, only
about 5900 Mld (26%) is treated before letting out, the rest i.e., 17000 Mld is
disposed of untreated. Twenty-seven cities have only primary treatment
facilities and forty-nine have primary and secondary treatment facilities. The
level of treatment available in cities with existing treatment plant varies from
2.5% to 89% of the sewage generated.
1.3
THE GANGA BASIN
The Ganga is the largest and the most important river of India. The 2525
kilometer long river carries off the drainage of a vast basin bounded by the
snow peaks of the Himalaya on the north, and the Peninsular uplands and
the Vindhya range on the south.The Ganga basin encompasses an area of
1,060,000 (one million sixty thousand) square kilometers spread over four
countries: India, Nepal, Bangladesh and China. The catchment area of the
river Ganga in India is 861,404, covering 26.2 percent area of India’s total
geographical area. The watershed of river Ganga spread over ten States of
India, namely: Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal,
Himachal Pradesh,Rajasthan,Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Delhi.
.
The main river, rising in the northern most part of Uttranchal, flows through
Uttranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal and finally falls into the
Bay of Bengal. The Ganga Basin is bound on the north by the Himalayas and
on the south by the Vindhyas. The ridge between the Indus system and the
Ganga system, the Great desert of Rajasthan and the Aravalli hills form the
boundary on the west. After traversing a length of 1450 km in U.P. and 110
km in the boundary between U.P. and Bihar, the river enters Bihar and flows
for 445 km, more or less through the middle of the State. The length of the
river (measured along the Bhagirathi and the Hugli during its course in West
Bengal is about 520 km.
The Ganga has a large number of tributaries.Some of these are of Himalayan
origin and have considerable large flow. The important tributaries within India,
are the Kali, the Ramganga, the Yamuna, the Gomti, the Ghaghara, the
Gandak and the Kosi. The Yamuna although a tributary of the Ganga, is
virtually a river by itself and its major tributaries are the Chambal, the Sind,
the Betwa and the Ken. The main plateau tributaries of the Ganga are the
Tons, the Sone, the Damodar and the Kasai-Haldi.
It served as the cradle of the Indian civilization. The river houses the towns
like Rishikesh, Haridwar, Garhmukteswar, Kannauj, Allahabad, Mirzapur,
Varanasi and Nabadwip, that are important pilgrim centers with a very large
number of people taking dips in the river. In fact, all along the course of the
Ganga, from its source at Gaumukh to its mouth at Sagar Island is
considered holy and millions of people take bath in it every day to purge away
the sins. The rich soils of the basin provide the home of more than one third
of Indian Population.
CHAPTER II
STATUS OF SEWAGE GENERATION AND TREATMENT IN THE
GANGA BASIN
2.1
URBAN CENTRES AND STATUS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT
Urban population consisting of Class I Cities and Class II Towns in the Ganga
basin is 57 million (as per 1991) which is projected to be over 72 million in
2002. There are 101 Class I cities and 122 Class II towns in the basin. The
recent survey of Class I and Class II cities indicated that about 8250 mld of
wastewater is generated in the Ganga basin out of which treatment facilities
are available only for 3500 mld of wastewater . Out of 3500 mld treatment
capacity,880 mld is created under the Ganga Action Plan, 720 mld under the
Yamuna Action Plan and about 2189 mld is created by Govt. of Delhi for
restoration of water quality of river Yamuna. The treatment facilities at 48
additional towns along the Ganga and 23 towns on its tributaries/subtributaries are
Table 2.1 : DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER IN GANGA BASIN, FROM
CLASS-I CITIES AND CLASS-II TOWNS
State
Amount of
Wastewater
directly
discharged
into the
Ganga from
class I cities
& class II
towns (mld)
Bihar
Jharkhand
Haryana
Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Uttaranchal
West Bengal
Delhi
Total
412.1
653.8
42.5
1429.2
2537.6
Amount of
wastewater
discharged into
the tributaries
or subtributaries of the
Ganga from
class I cities and
class II towns
(mld)
171.5
119.6
136.9
503.0
210.7
881.6
24.0
93.6
2350.0
4490.9
Amount of
wastewater
discharged
on land/low
lying areas
from class I
cities and
class II
towns (mld)
Total
wastewater
(mld)
disposal in
Ganga
Basin
87.8
11.6
72.6
123.5
249.6
225.8
46.9
52.5
350.0
1220.3
671.4
131.2
209.5
626.5
460.3
1761.2
113.4
1575.3
2700.0
8248.8
being created under Ganga Action Plan Phase-II and National River Action
Plan. It is expected that after completion of these plans, an additional
capacity of about 1500 mld will be created. However, still there will be a large
gap between the wastewater generation ( 8250 mld) and treatment capacity (
3500 mld) (table 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3).
Table 2.2 : WASTEWATER GENERATION IN TOWNS ALONG THE
TRIBUTARIES OF GANGA
Tributary
A) Betwa
B) Chambal
C) Damodar
Towns
4 Bhopal
5 Mandideep
6 Vidisha
MP
MP
MP
Wastewater
Generation (mld)
189.3
8.6
1.Kesharaipatan
2.Kota
3.Nagda
Rajasthan
Rajasthan
MP
112
10
West Bengal
West Bengal
Jharkhand
Jharkhand
Jharkhand
West Bengal
Jharkhand
Jharkhand
West Bengal
Jharkhand
Jharkhand
Jharkhand
22.6
56.3
29.7
5.8
5.4
-
1.Andal
2.Asansol
3.Bokaro-Kargali
4.Chicunda
5.Dugdha
6.Durgapur
7.Jharia
8.Ramgarh
9.Raniganj
10.Sindri
11.Sudamdin
12.Telumoncbu
State
D) Gomti
1.Jaupur
2.Lucknow
3.Sultanpur
UP
UP
UP
18.2
106.0
9.7
E) Khan
F) Kshipra
1.Indore
2.Ujjain
UP
UP
145.0
27.0
Total
23 towns
745.6
Table 2.3: SUMMARY OF SEWAGE GENERATION TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL IN THE GANGA BASIN
(i)SEWAGE GENERATION
1.Total number of towns generating significant amount of
222
sewage ( class I cities and class II towns )
2.Sewage generation from 222 towns
8250 mld
3.Sewage directly disposed into the Ganga river
2538 mld
4.Sewage disposed into tributaries of the Ganga
4491 mld
5.Sewage disposed on land or low lying areas
1220 mld
(ii)SEWAGE TREATMENT
1.Sewage Treatment capacity created under Ganga Action
882 mld
Plan Phase-I
2.Sewage treatment capacity created along the Yamuna
2631 mld
3.Additional towns (48 towns) where sewage treatment capacity is
(600 mld)
being created under GAP Phase-II
4. Number of towns where sewage treatment capacity is being
(750 mld)
created on tributaries of the Ganga
The Ganga river basin report indicated that Uttar Pradesh contributed the
major share of more than 55% of the total urban industrial pollution load to
the basin.
2.2
YAMUNA ACTION PLAN AND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS IN DELHI,
HARYANA AND UTTAR PRADESH
Delhi generates about 3600 mld of wastewater. Out of which treatment facility
is available for only 2109 mld. Plant-wise sewage treatment capacity is
provided in Table 2.4. It is observed that there is continuous efforts by the
Govt. Of National Capital Territory of Delhi to augment the treatment capacity.
However, the exponential population growth is nullifying the results. Following
figure present the decadal growth of sewage generation and its treatment.
Figure 2 indicates that the gap is continuously widening inspite of the efforts
of the authorities and monitoring of the Hon’ble Supreme Court.
Volume of Wastewater,
mld
FIGURE 2 : DECADAL GROWTH OF WASTEWATER
GENERATION AND TREATMENT JOINING YAMUNA RIVER
5000
4000
Untreated
Treated
3000
2040
2000
850
1000
0
50
310
125
475
450
630
1090
1961
1971
1981
1991
2300
2001
YEAR
The Cities and Towns discharging municipal wastewater in the River Yamuna
in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh are taken up under Yamuna Action Plan.
There are 12 Towns in Haryana and 8 Towns in Uttar Pradesh considered for
setting up of sewage treatment plants.Two sewage treatment plants in Delhi
also constructed under this plan at Sen Nursing Home Drain and Delhi Gate
Drain with a design capacity of 10 Mld each. Under the plan 34 STP’s are
commissioned with a treatment capacity of 743.25 Mld.The deatails of STP’s
in each town, capacity and the type of sewage treatment plant is presented in
table 2.5.
Table 2.4: STATUS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT IN DELHI (TOTAL
CAPACITY VS ACTUAL FLOW)
Name
of
Sewage
Treatment Plant
Mehrauli
Vasant Kunj
Okhla
Najafgarh
Papan Kalan
Kesho Pur
Nilothi
Coronation Pillar
Rohini
Total
Capacity
Actual Flow(Million
(Million litres per
litres per day )
day )
22.7
Nil
22.7
18.16
635
684.00
22.7
Nil
90.8
40.86
327.5
338.21
181.6
Under Construction
178
123.57
68.1
Under Construction
Narela
Rithala
Yamuna Vihar
Kondli
SenNursing
Home
DelhiGate
Rajghat
Nehru
Vihar
Oxidation Pond
Total
45.4
363.2
45.4
204.5
10
1.68
198.45
32.08
133.4
9.08
10
10.69
27.24
8.1
2254.84
1598.28
Table 2.5: SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT CAPACITY UNDER YAMUNA
ACTION PLAN IN HARYANA, DELHI AND UTTAR PRADESH
S.No
Town
I
Yamuna nagar
2
Karnal
3
Panipat
4
5
6
Sonepat
Gurgaon
Faridabad
7
8
9
10
11
12
Chhchhrauli
Gharaunda
Gohana
Indri
Palwaal
Radaur
Sub total :
DELHI
Delhi
14
15
16
Sub total :
UTTAR
PRADESH
Sharanpur
Muzaffar Nagar
Ghaziabad
17
Noida
18
Vrindavan
III
CAPACITY
(MLD)
TYPE
10
25
40
8
10
35
30
30
20
45
50
1
3
3.5
1.5
9
1
322
UASB
UASB
UASB
OP
UASB
UASB
UASB
UASB
UASB
UASB
UASB
OP
OP
OP
OP
OP
OP
HARYANA
1
II
13
NO. OF STPs
STP-I
STP-II
STP-I
STP-II
STP-I
STP-II
STP-I
STP-I
STP-I
STP-II
STP-III
STP
STP
STP
STP
STP
STP
17
STP-I
STP-II
2
STP
STP
STP-I
STP-II
STP-I
STP-II
STP-III
STP-I
10
OP
10
20
OP
38
32.5
70
3
56
34
27
9
4
UASB
OP
UASB
KT
UASB
UASB
UASB
OP
OP
19
Mathura
20
Agra
21
Etawah
Sub total :
GRAND TOTAL
STP-II
STP-I
STP-II
STP-I
STP-II
STP-III
STP
15
34
BCT--> Bio-Chemical Technology, KT-->Karnal Technology
*---> Inculded in one I&D scheme of Vrindavan
UASB--> Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
OP--->Oxidation Pond
0.5
14.5
12.5
78
10
2.25
10
401.25
743.25
OP
OP
OP
UASB
OP
OP
OP
Chapter III
OPERATIONAL STATUS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
3.1
INSPECTION AND MONITORING OF STP’S
Inspection and monitoring of STP’s carried out during May and June 2001,
jointly by CPCB and respective State Pollution Control Board for the 35
sewage treatment plants in Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Bihar and West
Bengal. A list of 35 STP’s indicating the Design capacity and process of
sewage treatment plants in the State of Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar &
West Bengal is given in Table 3.1. The location of STP’s is indicated in figure
1.
Table 3.1: DESIGN CAPACITY AND PROCESS OF SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANTS IN THE STATE OF UTTARANCHAL, UTTAR PRADESH,
BIHAR & WEST BENGAL
Sl.No.
STP Town
UTTARANCHAL
1.
SwargashramRishikesh
2.
Lakkar
Ghat,
Rishikesh
3.
Kankhal- Hardwar
UTTAR PRADESH
1.
Farukhabad
2.
Kanpur-Jajmau
3.
Kanpur-Jajmau
4.
Kanpur-JajmauCETP
5.
Chorme Recovery
Plant
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
BIHAR
1.
2.
Allahabad
Mirzapur
Varanasi-Bhagwanpur
Varanasi Dinapur
Varanasi-SPT-DLW
Chapra
Patna, Eastern Zone
STP
Capacity
Old Plant
(MLD)
STP Capacity
New
Plant
(MLD)
STP
Commissioned/
not
commissioned
-
0.33 RBRC
Commissioned
-
6.00 OP
Commissioned
-
18 ASP
Commissioned
-
3.96 OP
36 UASB
130 ASP
5 UASB
Commissioned
Commissioned
Commissioned
Commissioned
-
0.0045
Commissioned
1.2TF
-
60 ASP
14 UASB
8 ASP
80 ASP
12 ASP
Commissioned
Commissioned
Commissioned
Commissioned
Commissioned
2 OP
4 OP
Commissioned
Not
Commissioned
3.
4.
5.
6.
Patna- Saidpur
Patna- Beur
Patna-Sourther Zone
Munger
7.
Bhagalpur
West Bengal
1.
Garden Reach
2.
South Suburban (E)
3.
4.
5.
Cossipore- Chitpur (
Bangur)
Bhatpara,E
Bhatpara,B
6.
Titagarh
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Panihati
Baranagar-Kamarhati
Serampore
Kalyani
Behrampore
Howrah
Nabadwip
Chandannagore
North Howrah- Kona
(Bally)
28 ASP
20 ASP
-
17 ASP
15 ASP
25 AL
13.50 AL
-
11 AL
-
47 ASP
30 OP
8.5 ASP
4.5 ASP
4.5 OP
4.5 ASP
11 TF
45 TF
4.54 OP
-
Commissioned
Commissioned
Commissioned
Not
Commissioned
Commissioned
45 ASP
Commissioned
Not
Commissioned
Commissioned
10 OP
10 ASP
Commissioned
Commissioned
14 OP
Commissioned
12 OP
40 TF
18.90 TF
6 OP
4 OP
4.0P
18.16 TF
30 OP
Commissioned
Commissioned
Commissioned
Commissioned
Commissioned
Commissioned
Commissioned
Commissioned
Commissioned
Note:- RBRC :
Rotating Biological Rope Contractor
OP :
Oxidation pond
ASP :
Activated sludge process
UASB :
Up flow anerobic sludge blanket
AL :
Aerated lagoon
TF : Trickling Filter
3.2
OPERATION & MAINTENANCE OF STP’s
The operation and maintenance of STP’s are being done by Uttar Pradesh
Jal Nigam in Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh, by Bihar Rajya Jal Parishad in
Bihar and by three agencies viz. Calcutta Metropolitan Development Authority
(CMDA), Calcutta Municipal Water and Sanitation Authority (CMWSA) and
Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) in West Bengal.
In compliance to Hon,ble Supreme Court’s direction in the matter of Writ
Petition(Civil) No.3727/85, MC Mehta V/S UOI & others, CPCB carried out a
detailed inspection of STPs including performance studies. The findings of
the study are presented in chapter IV.
Chapter IV
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
4.1
TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY ADOPTED UNDER GANGA ACTION PLAN.
The STP’s were either renovated or constructed to treat the domestic sewage
by adopting treatment technologies such as low cost waste stabilisation
ponds, conventional Activated Sludge Process (ASP) Trickling Filter (TF)
and Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) treatment systems. The
details are provided in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 TREATMENT SYSTEMS UNDER GAP PHASE- I IN UTTRANCHAL,
UTTAR PRADESH, BIHAR AND WEST BENGAL
Sl.No. Treatment
System
Total
Nos.
1.
Oxidation Pond
11
Total
Capacity of
STP (MLD)
134.04
2.
Activated
Sludge Process
12
507.5
3.
Trickling Filter
5
134.26
Names of towns
UTTARANCHAL (1)
Lakkar Ghat- Rishikesh
UTTAR PRADESH(1)
Farukhabad,
BIHAR (2)
Chapra, Patna Eastern Zone
WEST BENGAL (9)
South,Suburban, Bhatpara,
Titagarh (2), Panihati, Bally,
Kalyani,
Bahrampore,
Nabadwip
UTTARANCHAL (1)
Kankhal-Hardwar
UTTAR PRADESH(5)
Kanpur,Alllahabad, VaranasiBHU, Varanasi Dinapur &
Varanasi SPT-DLW
BIHAR (2)
Patna - Saidpur,Patna, Beur
WEST BENGAL (4)
Garden Reach, CossiporeChitpur (Bangur), BhatparaB,
Titagarh
West Bengal (5)
Baranagar-Kamarhatti,
Kalyani, Serampore, Howrah,
4.
RBRC
1
0.33
5.
UASB
3
55
6.
Aerated Lagoon
3
49.5
Note:-
4.2
RBRC :
OP
:
ASP :
UASB :
AL
:
TF
:
Chandannagore
UTTARANCHAL (1)
Swargashram- Rishikesh
UTTAR PRADESH (3)
Kanpur(2),Mirzapur
BIHAR(3)
PatnaSourthern
Zone,
Munger,Bhagalpur
Rotating Biological Rope Contractor
Oxidation pond
Activated sludge process
Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket
Aerated lagoon
Trickling Filter
DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER
It was observed that in most cases a sizeable volume of the treated effluent
was being disposed into the river Ganga. The Table 4.2 provides a
comprehensive picture of the mode of disposal of the final treated effluent
from the STPs. As revealed from the Table there are instances when a
significant volume was being utilised for either irrigation or for pisciculture.
The STPs under GAP were set up to treat domestic sewage from the Class I
towns. Most of the industrial units in these towns are discharging their waste
water after necessary treatment through sewer lines leading to STPs.
Table 4.2 DISPOSAL OF WASTEWATER FROM THE TOWNS COVERED
UNDER GANGA ACTION PLAN IN UTTRANCHAL, UTTAR PRADESH,
BIHAR & WEST BENGAL.
Sl.No
.
STP Town
UTTARANCHAL
1
Rishikesh
2.
Hardwar
UTTAR PRADESH
1.
Farukhabad
2.
Kanpur
3.
Allahabad
4.
Mirzapur
5.
Varanasi
BIHAR
Mode of Wastewater disposal
Irrigation, river Song, River Ganga
Irrigation river Ganga
Irrigation, river Ganga
Irrigation, River Ganga, river Pandu
through Sisamau drain
Irrigation in Naini and Dandi farm,
river Ganga
Irrigation,river Ganga through Ghode
Sahid Nallah.
Irrigation, river Ganga through Assi
Nallah
1.
Chapra
2.
Patna
3.
Munger
4.
Bhagalpur
WEST BENGAL
1.
Garden Reach
2.
South Suburban (E)
Irrigation, river Ganga
Irrigation, river Punpun, river Ganga
Irrigation, river Ganga
Irrigation, river Ganga
3.
Cossipore-Chitpur (Bangur)
4.
Bhatpara,E
5.
Bhatpara,B
6.
Titagarh
7.
8.
Panihati
Baranagar- Kamarhati
9.
10.
11.
12.
13
14.
15.
Serampore
Kalyani
Behrampore
Howrah
Nabadwip
Chandannagore
North Howrah- Kona (Bally
4.3
Via Monikhali Canal to Ganga
Discharged into the Churial Khal
extension which leads to river
Ganga, STP yet to be commissioned
Disposed to Bagjola Canal which
leads River ganga partly used in
irrigation
Discharged into the Muktapur
Nikashi leads to river Ganga
Discharged into the Bhatpara
Nikashi which leads to river Ganga
River Ganga via Khardha Khal,
irrigation
Irrigation and piscicultre
River Ganga through Bagjola Canal
and Udaypur Khal
River Ganga, Pisciculture
Irrigation, river Ganga
River Ganga,
River Ganga
River Ganga
River Ganga through Garh
Irrigation, river Ganga through
Howrah drainage channel
OPERATIONAL STATUS OF STP’S
The quality of raw and treated wastewater is presented in Table 4.3 for
COD,BOD and total suspended solid with respect to individual STP’s for
evaluation of their performance.
Table 4.3: PERFORMANCE OF STP’S UNDER GANGA ACTION PLAN IN
UTTRANCHAL, UTTAR PRADESH, BIHAR & WEST BENGAL.
Raw Wastewater
Treated Wastewater
Sl. State and STP Town
mg/l
mg/l
No.
1.
2.
Uttranchal
Rishikesh - Munikireti
Rishikesh-
COD
BOD
TSS
COD
BOD
TSS
369
676
162
357
214
317
83
319
15
133
61
125
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
Bihar
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
SwargashramHardwar- Kankhal
Uttar Pradesh
Farukhabad
Kanpur-Jajmau-UASB
Kanpur-Jajmau-CETP
Kanpur-Jajmau-ASP
Kanpur-Chrome
recovery Plant
Allahabad- Naini
Mirzapur
Varanasi-Dinapur
Varanasi- Bhagwanpur
Varanasi- DLW
Chapra
Patna-Saidpur
Patna-Beur
Patna-Pahari
Patna- Karmalichak
(Eastern Zone)
6.
Munger
7.
Bhagalpur
West Bengal
1.
Garden Reach
2.
South Suburban(E)
3.
Cossipore-Chitpur
4.
Bhatpara,E
5.
Bhatpara,B-1
5(a) Bhatpara,B-2
6.
Titagarh (ASP)
6(a) Titagarh( OP)
6(b) Titagarh (Bandipur)
7
Panihati (Natagarh)
8
Baranagar Kamarhati
9
Serampore
10
Kalyani
11
Behrampore
12
Howrah
13
Nabadwip
14
Chandannagore
15
North Howrah-Kona
323
---
66
147
278
60
121
967
173
1424
1110 331
1083
463
121
483
Not in operation
120
171
471
117
17
28
105
54
71
46
78
40
239
302
275
147
90
122
84
94
53
40
17
25
28
19
10.5
91
44
72
43
60
60
111
120
42
28
278
231
316
304
132
86
Sewage is not reaching to STP
Does not operate continuously, power problem
Does not operate continuously, power problem
Does not operate
Plant under construction
Plant under construction
Does not operate continuously, power problem
86
78
80
30
The Plant is under construction
161
99
187
40
485
245
248
112
174
94
199
56
89
21
27
19
315
123
112
108
304
109
28
70
43
78
147
100
46
129
46
106
63
70
34.2
211
147
229
40
56
24
53
46
175
74
254
33
205
155
344
72
34
15
35
19
295
124
395
47
Note: BOD: Biochemical Oxygen Demand,
COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand,
131
22
20
23
58
28
8
43
37
12
59
21
10
11
18
10
21
11
14
15
30
52
27
51
19
12
62
52
18
59
13
99
TSS : Total Suspended Solids.
4.4
PERFORMANCE OF STP’S
As part of the exercise in assessing the performance of the STPs the percent
reduction in pollution load was computed and is presented in Table 4.4. In
most of the STP’s the percent reduction in BOD, COD and TSS load was
more than 60%.
Table 4.4 :
PERCENT (%) REDUCTION OF BOD,COD AND TSS IN EACH STP
IN UTTRANCHAL, UTTAR PRADESH, BIHAR & WEST BENGAL.
Sl.No. STP Town
Type
COD
BOD
TSS
Uttranchal
1.
Rishikesh – Munikireti
OP
78
91
72
2.
Rishikesh- SwargashramRBRC
53
63
61
3.
Hardwar- Kankhal
ASP
90
95
91
Uttar Pradesh
1.
Farukhabad
OP
56.8
71.6
41.3
2.
Kanpur-Jajmau-UASB
UASB
82.3
83.8
96
3.
Kanpur-Jajmau-CETP
UASB
57.1
68.2
92.7
4.
Kanpur-Jajmau-ASP
ASP
74.7
55.3
91.7
5.
Kanpur-Chrome recovery
Not in operation
Plant
6.
Allahabad- Naini
ASP
49
71
61
7.
Mirzapur
UASB
73
78
86
8.
Varanasi-Dinapur
ASP
66
77
76
9.
Varanasi- Bhagwanpur
ASP
64
55
67.5
10
Varanasi- DLW
ASP
56
64
30
Bihar
1.
Chapra
Sewage is not reaching to STP
2.
Patna-Saidpur
Does not operate continuously, power
problem
3.
Patna-Beur
4.
5.
6.
7.
Patna-Pahari
Patna- Karmalichak
Munger
Bhagalpur
West Bengal
1.
Garden Reach
2.
South Suburban(E)
3.
Cossipore-Chitpur
4.
Bhatpara,E
Does not operate continuously, power
problem
Does not operate
Plant under construction
Does not operate
Does not operate continuously, power
problem
ASP
65
72
75
The Plant is under construction
ASP
75
77
73
OP
77
76
88
5.
5(a)
6.
6(a).
6(b)
7
8
Bhatpara,B-1
Bhatpara,B-2
Titagarh(Bandipur)
Titagarh
Titagarh
Panihati (Natagarh)
Baranagar Kamarhati
ASP
ASP
OP
OP&AS
P
OP
TF
68
79
79-91
64
70
62
81-89
65
74
62-92
75
74
54
35
85
9
10
11
Serampore
Kalyani
Behrampore
TF
TF&OP
OP
12
13
14
15
Howrah
Nabadwip
Chandannagore
North Howrah-Kona
TF
OP
TF
OP
68
84
83
77-92
71-82
71-75
STP not functioning, civil
structure failure
81
86
93
65
86
98
44
27
63
84
96
75
4.5
EXPENDITURE TOWARDS OPERATION & MAINTENANCE( O&M)
As per the information provided by the agencies responsible for operation and
maintenance of the STPs, the annual expenditure incurred for O&M is given
in table 4.5.
Table 4.5 : EXPENDITURE FOR O&M OF STP’S IN UTTARANCHAL, UTTAR
PRADESH, BIHAR & WEST BENGAL
Sl.No.
STP Town
1.
Uttranchal
Rishikesh - Munikireti
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
RishikeshSwargashramHardwar- Kankhal
Uttar Pradesh
Farukhabad
Kanpur-Jajmau-UASB
Kanpur-Jajmau-CETP
Kanpur-Jajmau-ASP
Kanpur-Chrome
recovery Plant
Allahabad- Naini
Mirzapur
Varanasi-Dinapur
Varanasi- Bhagwanpur
Varanasi- DLW
Fund
Fund allocation
requirement (in lacs)
lacs)
-
( Rs.in
133.76(Total amount for three
plants in Rishikesh and Hardwar
17.66
16.05
203.5
394.85
229.038
141.54
174.95
58.10
6.5 ( Power chemical
provided by DLW works.
etc
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7
8
9.
10
11
12
13
14
15
4.6
Bihar
Chapra
Patna-Saidpur
Patna-Beur
Patna-Pahari
Patna- Karmalichak
Munger
Bhagalpur
West Bengal
Garden Reach
Cossipore-Chitpur
Bhatpara,E
Bhatpara,B
Titagarh(Bandipur)
Titagarh
Panihati (Natagarh)
Baranagar Kamarhati
Serampore
Kalyani
Behrampore
Howrah
Nabadwip
Chandannagore
North Howrah-Kona
18.2
0.84( Plant not operation
79.60
7.08
125
11.04
78.15
43.3
under construction
under construction
16.2
-
23.80
29.80
42.90
6.35
1.00
29.50
1.00
19.25
25.90
46.80
9.70
23.25
33.80
12.70
1.25
STATE WISE SPECIFIC OBSERVATIONS
The state wise specific findings on the basis of inspection carried out are
given in para 4.6.1 to 4.6.4 for Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West
Bengal respectively. .
4.6.1 UTTARANCHAL
i)
All the 3 STPs were found operational. The plants are being managed by
U.P. Jal Nigam.
ii)
The entire expenses for the operation and maintenance were borne by Govt.
of U.P. the Govt. of Uttaranchal has agreed to bear the expenses for
the
same in future.
iii)
The performance of 2 out of 3 STPs at Uttranchal is satisfactory however the
performance of 1 STP (Swargashram) is far below the expected norms. This
can be improved by more sincere efforts in operation and maintenance. The
Plant also needs up-gradation if it has to comply with the prescribed norms.
iv)
STPs did not obtain a consent from the State Pollution Control Board under
Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 for discharging their
wastewater in the environment.
v)
Revenue generation from the STPs is insignificant. This can be increased
with efforts. However, this will be a small fraction of the total cost involved in
the operation and maintenance, and thus the plants cannot become self
sustaining. In case of privatization, probably the expenses can be reduced to
a certain extent.
vi)
There are provision for stand by power through DG sets in case of power
failure.
4.6.2 UTTAR PRADESH
i)
Out of the 9 plants established, 8 are sewage treatment plants, and 1
Chromium recovery plant at Pioneer Tannery, Kanpur.
ii)
The chromium recovery plant at Kanpur was found non operational and all
other plants found operational, though some of them only partially.
iii)
The performance of the sewage treatment plants at Mirzapur, Allahabad,
DLW and Bhagwanpur ( Varanasi) were found satisfactory with almost all the
units in operation. Most of these plants could achieve the prescribed norms,
primarily due to the facts that they are over- designed, and the existing
organic (BOD) load is much below the design load. Thus, even though they
don’t perform upto the mark, surplus capacity enable them to achieve the
limits. The over design of plants is probably due to the fact that while
designing the plants, the concerned agency has not monitored the actual
sewage characteristics.
iv)
Some of the STPs are overloaded, for example Dinapur and Bhagwanpur
STP at Varanasi. The plant management needs to ensure that they are
operated only at the designed capacity of the plant and in no case beyond the
designed capacity as the biological system provided is very sensitive and the
overloading may completely spoil the performance of the plant by washing
out the biomass from the system.
v)
Some of the STPs are under loaded. The plant that was found to be grossly
under- loaded was 130 MLD STP at Jajmau, Kanpur, which operates merely
at 25% of the installed capacity. This results in discharge of more than 100
MLD untreated sewage to irrigation field or to the river Ganga, despite
facilities having been installed. Few other plants found under loaded are STP
at DLW, Varanasi, and STP at Allahabad.
vi)
There are provision for stand by power through DG sets in case of power
failure.
4.6.3 BIHAR
i)
In Bihar, seven STPs were sanctioned for construction in four towns with a
total capacity of 87.5 MLD by the Ganga Project Directorate. These towns are
Patna, Chapra, Munger and Bhagalpur. The Bihar Rajya Jal Parishad is
responsible for construction and operation of all the STPs in Bihar.
ii)
In Patna, the locations of STPs are Saidpur, Beur, Pahari ( Southern zone)
and Karmali Chak ( Eastern zone). The STPs of Saidpur and Beur were old
plants and constructed during 1936 and 1969 respectively with a capacity of
28 and 20 MLD. Under Ganga Action Plan, treatment capacity augmented
(17 MLD in Saidpur and 15 MLD in Beur) in two STPs and other two STPs
with a capacity of 25 MLD (Pahari) and 4 MLD (Karmali Chak) were planned.
The STP at Pahari have been commissioned, whereas the construction of
STP at Karmali Chak has so far not been completed except that of earthwork.
iii)
The present population of Patna city is 13.2 lakhs and the total water supply
in the town is about 175 MLD. The wastewater generation is about 143 MLD.
The total sewage treatment capacity created in the town is of the order of
101.45 MLD putting together the capacity of Saidpur, Beur and Pahari STPs.
But, due to various, problems in the functioning of STPs, only 49 MLD
capacity could be made operational. Thus, there is a gap of about 94 MLD,
which is not at all getting treatment and is discharged into river Ganga and
river Punpun ( which ultimately joins river Ganga).
iv)
The designed capacity of Saidpur STP(Central Zone) is 45 MLD and is
treating the sewage by activated sludge process. The actual flow to the plant
is about 33 MLD. One unit of this plant having the capacity of 4.55 MLD is not
functioning since November 1997 and all the mechanical components are
badly corroded. This unit require special repair, in case it has to be made
operational. Besides this, two digesters are out of order and needs overall
repair and replacement of screw pumps. The treated sewage from this plant
is disposed in open channel which is ultimately going to Pahari Jalla. The
STP is under-utilized due to insufficient pumping by the intermediate pumping
stations. The capacity of sludge drying beds is inadequate and should be
enhanced. The plant is not working continuously due frequent power failure.
v)
The designed capacity of Beur STP is 35 MLD, out of this, 15 MLD capacity
is only for Primary treatment and 20 MLD can be treated through Activated
Sludge Process. The actual flow to the plant is about 16 MLD and it remains
under utilised. There are two digesters in this plant. The digestors are in
operation, but gas produced in them is not utilized for power generation but
flared up. The wastewater collection system through intermediate pumping is
not properly managed and as a result the sufficient volume of wastewater is
not reaching to STP. The treated sewage from this plant is disposed through
effluent channel starting from effluent lifting station situated at Beur village
and meeting Badshahi Pan. The treated sewage is utilized for irrigation
otherwise reaching to river Punpun.The capacity of sludge drying beds is
inadequate and should be enhanced. The plant is not working continuously
due frequent power failure.
It is observed during the inspection and composite sampling of Beur and
Saidpur STPs that the power supply is one of the main hindrance besides the
shortage of skilled ( technically) manpower and sincerity of operations. The
STPs with activated sludge process are biologically controlled rather than
chemically and hence the operation of treatment system should be
continuous and assured round the clock. Otherwise, the bacterial population
working as tool, dies off enormously because of anaerobic conditions. This
may reduce efficiency of treatment system. The financial resources available
to the STP are grossly inadequate for optimum operation of STPs.
iv)
The designed capacity of Pahari STP in Patna is 25 MLD and the plant is
designed to treat the sewage by aeration in the lagoon. The plant is not in
operation due to one or the other technical as well as electrical faults. The
fish pond of this plant was observed to be full of algae, which indicates that
the aerated lagoon is not in operation for a considerable period of time. There
was no fish in the pond. During inspection there was serious problems with
the pumps,in the sump, receiving sewage from Kankarbag outfall drain. It is
observed that the power supply is also one of the main hindrance.
v)
This STP at Karmali Chak in Patna was designed for 4.0 MLD and the plant
will treat the sewage by natural aeration in the oxidation ponds. The
construction of plant has not been completed due to the problem of
acquisition of land. The work of land acquisition has now taken place and the
construction work is again started but it is unlikely to complete during the year
2001. There are certain problems about cost escalation. The likely expenses
for completing the STP shall be around Rupees one crore. The physical
progress of construction work related to STP is about 43% and the laying of
sewer for transport of sewage is about 86% . There are number of peripheral
work, which are yet to be started.
vi)
The total water supply in Chapra town is about 11 MLD and resultant the
wastewater generation is 8.74 MLD. The STP in Chapra was designed for 2.0
MLD and is located in the Sherpur area. The plant is designed to treat the
sewage by natural aeration in oxidation pond. The plant is not getting the
sewage from the drain passing through the town due to various reasons. The
slope of the drain is such that it is carrying only about half of the waste
generated from the town towards the pumping station. During the inspection,
the STP was completely dry and perhaps the sewage has not reached here
since its inception. In view of its distant location ( about 5 km), its utility is
doubtful in the present circumstance. The Chapra municipality has initiated
desilting work of drain and once the work is over, operation of pumping
station for STP may taken up for transport of sewage. There shall be a gap
of about 6.74 MLD wastewater treatment capacity in the town, even if, the
present STP becomes operational.
The STP at Munger is designed for 13.5 MLD and is located at Bagh
Chapra, Sherpur. The plant is designed to treat the sewage by aeration in the
lagoons. The construction work of plant is not yet completed. There shall be
one anaerobic , two aerobic lagoons and one fish pond in the STP. About
50% civil work is completed and afterwords project went into disputes with
the contractor because the work was not done as per work order. The
antisocial elements hampered the progress of construction and now funds
are not available for resuming the work. In the present circumstances, the
possibility of getting the project completed in near future seems to be remote.
Viii)
The STP in Bhagalpur was designed for 11 MLD and is located near
Bhagalpur University. The plant is designed to treat the sewage by aeration in
the lagoons. The plant consists of primary settling tank, two aerated lagoons
and one fish pond. The plant receives about 4.0 MLD sewage due to non
functioning of three intermediate pumping stations. The plant was not in
operation during the inspection due to various reasons such as electrical
faults, non operation of motors and leakages. The amount of sewage
received in the plant also by-passed and plant does not virtually work, as a
result the entire sewage from the town find its way to the river Ganga. The
total water supply in Bhagalpur town is 35 MLD and resultant wastewater
generation is around 28 MLD.There shall be gap of 24 MLD wastewater
discharged, which remain untreated even if the present STP is operated.
IX)
Although all the STPs are required to take consent to operate under the
Water Act 1974, it was observed that none of them have taken consent from
the Bihar Pollution Control Board
X)
There are no provisions for stand by power arrangement; the power cut is
extending from couple of hours to number of days.
4.6.4 WEST BENGAL
i)
It was estimated that about 527 million liters of waste water fall into the river
Ganga from the 15 class I cities located along its bank. The Calcutta
Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) under the Department of Urban
Development, Government of West Bengal was designated as the nodal
organisation for implementation of the GAP Phase I schemes with the help of
CMWSA and the Public Health Engineering Department.
ii)
Different conventional sewage treatment technology were adopted at various
locations. Low cost treatment methods were used in some places where land
were available and were found to be most suitable to reduce the bacterial
load.
iii)
Performance of individual sewage treatment plant is satisfactory but the
influent sewage strength in terms of its organic matter content (BOD value) in
most locations were found to be low in comparison to the prior assumption.
Thus the STPs are mostly operated at under load condition.
iv)
It is observed that there are gaps in sewer lines and thus the sewage is not
reaching to the treatment plant. The sewer lines are also silted and thus the
sewage cannot flow smoothly towards treatment plant.
v)
Algae and water hyacinth growth was observed in low cost treatment plant.
vi)
Sewage treatment plant at Beharampur is non functional due to absence of
sewage. A stretch of 150 meter of sewer line leading to main pumping station
could not be laid properly due to some construction difficulties. Some
alternative arrangements are required to be formulated to make the system
operational.
vii)
Although all the STPs are required to take consent to operate under the
Water Act 1974, it was observed that none of them have taken consent from
the West Bengal Pollution Control Board.
viii)
The STPs were not provided with stand-by power arrangement. However, the
power supply was reasonably stable at the ASPs and trickling filters.
Chapter V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1
CONCLUSIONS
5.1.1 Out of 35 STPs planned under GAP Phase I ( 3 STPs in Uttaranchal, 10
STPs in UP, 7 STPs in Bihar, and 15 STPs in West Bengal), 32 are
commissioned and 29 were found functioning.
5.1.2. Adequate fund allocation for O&M of STPs is not provided particularly in
Bihar and U.P.
5.1.3. A number of sewage treatment plants are under loaded e.g. Jajmau Kanpur,
DLW Varanasi, Naini Allahabad and some are over loaded e.g. Dinapur and
Bhagwanpur at Varanasi.
5.1.4 Many treatment plants need upgradation e.g. all the STPs of Bihar,
Swargashram at Rishikesh, Kankhal Haridwar, Jajmau Bhatpra E Titagarh,
Panihati.
5.1.5 Out of 1345 mld of sewage joining the Ganga as estimated during 1985, the
STPs were planned for only 875 mld. Since then, the volume of sewage has
significantly increased.
5.1.6. In Bihar, the treatment plants at Karmali Chak (Patna), and Munger are yet to
be constructed. Similarly STP at Chapra and Bhagalpurare under-designed
as their capacity is 2 MLD & 11 MLD against 8.74 and 28 MLD respectively.
The Chapra STP is not receiving the sewage as it is located
far away ( 5 km) and there is siltation in the drain which is supposed to carry
the sewage through gravity flow.
5.1.7 None of the STPs has obtained consent from the concerned State Pollution
Control Boards although it which is obligatory under the Water Act, 1974.
5.1.8. Inadequacy of trained personal for O&M work is a major shortcoming.
5.1.9. Non- availability of uninterrupted power is another problem in most of the
places. Since the STPs are biological in nature, their continuous operation is
a must in order to maintain the biological growth at activated level.
5.1.10.In most of the cities/towns included in GAP, is proper sewerage system does
not exist and the sewage flows in open drains causing scenic and odour
probloem. In rainy season, the run-off water generally mixes with sewage.
Since the diversion of drains through pumping is taking care of only dry
weather flow, during rainy season it cannot pump the additional load of run-off
water. Thus, such interception will not be effective in controlling pollution of
the river during rainy season.
5.1.11.In many cities, the sewage is not reaching the STPs due to non- existence
or non-functioning of sewage transport system.
5.1.12 There are 21 towns under Yamuna action plan,3 under Gomti action plan and
12 under Damodar action plan,3 under Betwa action plan, 3 under Chambal
action plan and one each under river Shipra and khan
5.1.13 There are 223 cities/ towns (Municipalities/Corporation) generating significant
amount of sewage in the Ganga basin. These cities/ towns generate about
8250 mld ( million litre per day) of wastewater, out of which about 2460 mld is
directly discharged into the Ganga river, about 4570 mld is discharged into its
tributaries or sub- tributaries and about 1220 mld is disposed on land or in
low- lying areas
5.1.14 Out of 8250 mld of wastewater generated in the Ganga basin, the treatment
facilities are available only for 3500 mld of wastewater ( town-wise treatment
capacity is provided. Out of 3500 mld treatment capacity, 880 mld is created
under the Ganga Action Plan, 720 mld is created under the Yamuna Action
Plan by NRCD, MoEF Govt of India and about 2189 mld treatment capacity
is created by the Govt. of Delhi for restoration of water quality in Yamuna
river
5.1.15 That, the treatment facilities at 48 additional towns along the Ganga and 23
towns on its tributaries/ sub- tributaries are being created under GAP PhaseII and National River Action Plan. It is expected that after completion of these
plans, an additional capacity of about 1500 mld will be created. However, still
there will be a large gap between the wastewater generation ( 8250 mld )
and treatment capacity (3500 mld).
5.2
RECOMMENDATIONS
O&M OF TREATMENT PLANTS
5.2.1
Since operation and maintenance of STPs and Pumping stations is the
weakest part in GAP, the O&M needs to be addressed on priority basis.
5.2.2
There should be a nodal office in each of the States to monitor and to
review the O&M works of all the STPs and pumping stations.
5.2.3
Each treatment plant should have basic minimum manpower and fund
required for O&M as follows:-
MANPOWER REQUIREMENT
_______________________________________________
Oxidation Pond
Operator
1
Guard /Sweeper
3
Analyst
1
______
Total
5
_______
UASB/ASP/TF
Operator Mechanical
3
Operator Electrical
3
Fitter
2
Sweeper
3
Analyst
2
Lab. Attendant
2
_________
Total
15
__________________________________________________________
Note:- Besides the operational staff, supervisory staff may be considered as per the
requirement and the above number may be decided according to local
situation size of the plant, sharing of laboratory and treatment of technology.
FUND REQUIREMENT FOR OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF STP( PER
ANNUM)
Operation
& Oxidation
Maintenance
Pond
(capacity
cost
less than 5 mld)
Rs. in lacs
Oxidation
Pond
(capacity
more than 5
mld) Rs. in
lacs
UASB/ASP/TF
(capacity less
than 5 mld) Rs.
in lacs
UASB/ASP/TF
(capacity more
than 5 mld )Rs.
in lacs
Per
MLD 2 .0
treatment
Pumping
2.0
Stations each
0.5
5.0
3.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
Note: the cost mentioned above is indicative based on experience of other STPs
under GAP. However, this can be decided according to local requirement and
depending on the size, capacity and treatment technology.
5.2.4 The staff responsible for O&M should be professionally qualified and trained .
There should be detailed operation manual for each STP. The operation
manual should be available to each staff. The staff should be fully aware of
trouble shooting. There should be qualified staff for collection and analysis of
samples.
5.2.5 Each staff member should be given responsibility in terms of specific activity
alongwith date and time in writing. The duty assignment records should be
maintained in a Master File which should be checked by officers of Nodal
office and State Pollution Control Board on regular basis.
5.2.6 There should be at least one Laboratory in each town where ASP is
functioning. In case of Oxidation Pond , one Laboratory can cater to the
service of other towns depending on distance and transport facilities, for daily
sampling. The Laboratory should have basic facilities for analysing pH,
conductivity, BOD,COD,SS, Volatile SS and dissolved Oxygen.
5.2.7 Training of O&M staff should be planned and implemented properly.
5.2.8 Separate provision of funds for O&M should be earmarked and sufficient
autonomy be given to the staff for remedial measures and smooth
functioning of STPs.
5.2.9
5.2.10
-
Strict action is required to be taken against the staff in case of default.
Each staff member show submit a monthly report indicating duty performed
by him and how it is matching with the assignment given to him. In case of
deviation, sufficient reason should be recorded.
Every treatment plant should be monitored for its performance on daily
basis, for BOD COD and SS. The monitoring results should be compiled
on monthly basis and submitted to the Nodal office in the form of a monthly
report. The monthly report should include following aspects:
Name of STP
Type
Capacity, mld
Actual treatment, mld ( average of the mld)
Performance in terms of % reduction in BOD,COD & SS on daily
basis.
MLSS and dissolved Oxygen level in aeration tank on daily basis in
case of ASP.
Raw sewage quality on daily basis in terms of BOD,COD & SS
Final effluent quality on daily basis in terms of BOD COD & SS
Unit-wise performance on daily basis
Abnormal situation encountered
Malfunctioning of any unit which needs repair
Abnormal situation like raid and storm water contribution etc.
Complete record of power failure alongwith date and duration.
The report should be reviewed by the Nodal Office. In case of any problem
in O&M of STPs or its performance, the Nodal Officer should discuss it with
incharge of the treatment plant and suggest remedial measures.
-
There should be a quarterly meeting of all the incharges of STPs including
operators to discuss the findings of monitoring results and other issues
related to O&M of STPs during the quarter. The outcome of the meeting
should be recorded in form of minutes and communicated to State
Pollution Control Board within 15 days of the meeting.
5.2.11
There should be a separate cell in the State Pollution Control Board for
monitoring management of sewage treatment plants. This cell should
constantly interact with the Nodal Officer on O&M of the STPs and other
related issues.The cell should also conduct vigilance monitoring of the
STPs atleast once in a month. The monitoring should include checking of
records of STPs and their functioning alongwith collection of samples and
analysis of BOD, COD and SS to evaluate their performance and
compliance of standards. In case of unsatisfactory results, the cell should
issue notice to the Nodal Officer under Water Act, 1974.
5.2.12
An annual report on the performance of STPs and O&M record should
be prepared State-wise and submitted to the State Boards, CPCB and
NRCD, highlighting all the important points including deficiencies and
annual expenditure.
5.2.13
It may be useful to involve local communities in monitoring the functioning
of assets created under NRCD
PROFESSIONAL STAFF IN MUNICIPALITIES
5.2.14
It is necessary to have a cadre of professional staff in municipalities
headed by technically qualified chief executives for planning and
implementation of water supply, wastewater and solid waste management
programme.
As of now, the chief executive are mostly drawn from administrative cadre
who are often posted for a brief tenure within which they are unable to
comprehend, organise and implement any meaningful initiative.
DECENTRALISED TREATMENT FOR NEW SETTLEMENTS
5.2.15 Decentralised approach in
management of sewage needs
to be
encouraged. Co-operative group housing societies, multi storyed housing
complexes, big hotels etc. need to set up appropriate on-site waste water
treatment facilities for recycling of waste water for gardening and other nondomestic uses to the extent feasible.
CONSENT TO OPERATE STP UNDER THE WATER ACT
5.2.16
STPs should be brought under regulatory mechanism for effective
monitoring and pollution control. The Municipalities must apply and obtain consent
from respective Pollution Control Board under Water (Prevention & Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974.