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Solar System
Design Basics
James M. Pleasants Company
www.jmpco.com
1
Availability of Solar Energy
• Solar constant at mean earth-sun distance
• 441 Btu/h · ft2 winter and 413.1 Btu/h · ft2 summer
• Solar Insolation is total radiation earth
1. Direct Solar radiation ((88 to 95%))
2. Diffuse Solar radiation
3. Reflected Solar radiation
3
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2011
ASHRAE HANDBOOK
HVAC Applications
I-P Edition
Supported by ASHRAE Research
4
CHAPTER 35
SOLAR ENERGY USE
QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF SOLAR ENERGY
Solar Constant
…The current value of the solar constant (which
is defined as the intensity of solar radiation on a
surface normal to the sun’s rays, just beyond the
earth’s atmosphere at the average earth-sun
distance) is 433 Btu/h · ft2. Chapter 15 of the
2009 ASHRAE Handbook-Fundamentals has
further information on this topic.
5
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413.1 Btu/h · ft2 Summer
441 Btu/h · ft2 Winter
The Earth is closest to the Sun in the Winter
6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasons
Earth’s yearly revolution around the sun
Earth revolves around the sun once per year. The axis of rotation points in the same direction throughout the yearly trip.
April
March
February
May
January
June
23.5o
July
December
August
November
September
October
7
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0408/es0408page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
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Earth’s yearly revolution around the sun
Earth revolves around the sun once per year. The axis of rotation points in the same direction throughout the yearly trip.
April
March
February
May
January
June
23.5o
July
December
August
November
September
October
8
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0408/es0408page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
Solar Insolation is total radiation earth
9
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Direct Solar radiation
(88 to 95%)
10
Diffuse Solar radiation
11
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Reflected Solar radiation
12
Solar Irradiance
433
13
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United States Solar Irradiance
C/O National Renewable Energy Laboratory Resource Assessment Program
14
15
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Solar Energy Definitions
• Latitude and Longitude
• Solar Sky Position (altitude, inclination & azimuth)
• Daily Solar Time (AM through PM)
• Collector Tilt Angle (Shade Effect)
• Atmospheric Clearness Factor
• % Sunshine per Month (Smog)
• Isogonic Chart USA
• SRCC - “SOLAR RATING & CERTIFICATION CORP”
• Stagnation “Where to Put the Heat?”
• Solar Fraction (% fuel saved)
• REC “Renewable Energy Certificates”
16
Latitude: The angular distance north or south of the earth's equator,
measured in degrees. Lines appear horizontal.
Arctic Circle
Tropic of
Cancer
Tropic of
Capricorn
Antarctic Circle
Longitude: The angular distance on the earth's surface, measured
east or west. Lines appear vertical.
17
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CHAPTER 35
SOLAR ENERGY USE
QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF SOLAR ENERGY
Solar Time
Solar Sky Position
(altitude, inclination & azimuth)
Fig. 1 Apparent Daily Path of the Sun Showing Solar Altitude (ß) and Solar Azimth (ɸ)
18
19
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Direction & Inclination
20
Solar Altitude
(or Solar Elevation from Horizon)
Solar Altitude is the angular height of the sun measured from the Horizon.
Above the horizon is positive, below is negative. The sun directly in the centre
of the sky has a Solar Altitude of 90 degrees.
Solar Elevation angle
Sun height, height angle, solar altitude angle or elevation is the angle between
a line that points from the site towards the centre of the sun, and the horizon.
Angle of Inclination
The angle of inclination (angle between the equatorial plane of the earth and
the orbital plane of the satellite) This is the direction of a celestial object,
measured clockwise around the observer’s horizon from north. So an object
d north
due
th h
has an azimuth
i th off 0o, one due
d eastt 90o, south
th 180o and
d westt 270o.
Azimuth and altitude are usually used together to give the direction of an object
in the topocentric coordinate system.
Sometimes, south is used as the starting point for azimuth angles instead of
north.
The solar azimuth angle is the azimuth angle of the sun. It is most often
defined as the angle from due north in a clockwise direction.
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Daily Solar Time
(AM through PM)
Greensboro, North Carolina
36° 4' 21" N / 79° 47' 32" W
Longest day of the year… June 21st - First day of Summer
Sunrise:
Solar noon:
Sunset:
Day Length:
6:03 am
1:21 pm
8:39 pm
14 hours 37 minutes
Shortest day of the year… December 21st - First day Winter
Sunrise:
Solar noon:
Sunset:
Day Length:
7:26 am
12:17 pm
5:09 pm
9 hours 42 minutes
April 1977
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35
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Collector Tilt Angle
“Shade Effect”
TILT INCREASE RELATIVE HORIZONTAL COLLECTING SURFACE AREA
• The angle of your solar collector should roughly equal the latitude of your location (± 10 degrees ok)
• In the Northern Hemisphere: Your collector should face South
• In the Southern Hemisphere: Your collector should face North
36
Collector Tilt Angle
FIGURE 2.3
EFFECT OF TILT ANGLE ON INSOLATION
Software available: F - Chart, Polysun
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Angle of Tilt
38
CHAPTER 35
SOLAR ENERGY USE
QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF SOLAR ENERGY
Solar Radiation at the Earth’s Surface
Atmospheric
Clearness
Factor
Fig. 5 Clearness Numbers for the United States
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% Sunshine per Month
Shows Average Daily Sunlight Hours Available For Solar Electric (Solar PV) Panels
40
http://www.solarpanelsplus.com/solar-panels/large-insolation-map.html
Urban Area Smog Correction
41
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Isogonic Chart USA
FIGURE 2.4 ISOGONIC CHART OF THE UNITED STATES
42
SRCC - “SOLAR RATING & CERTIFICATION CORP”
43
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SRCC - “SOLAR RATING & CERTIFICATION CORP”
OG-100
44
Stagnation “Where to Put the Heat?”
Stagnation is something you need to be aware of…
• Simply put, stagnation is when there is heat
available in the collector but no place to store it
• The end result is the small amount of fluid in the
collector flashes to steam
• When this occurs, no more heat will be available
to collect until the system cools down
45
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Stagnation “Where to Put the Heat?”
• Potential to occur exists in most systems
• Minimize its effects by
• Proper sizing of the storage tank
• Proper sizing of the expansion tank
• Using a good evacuating collector (serpentine)
• Using a good quality glycol
46
Stagnation “Where to Put the Heat?”
Expansion
Tank
Cold Inlet
47
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Solar Fraction (% fuel saved)
The solar fraction (SF) is the ratio of the energy
supplied by the solar system to the total energy
required by the process
process. Note that
that, for small collector
areas, a relatively small increase in collector area
leads to a steep increase in solar fraction. As the
collector area is increased, however, each addition al
square foot of collector area yields a smaller increase
in solar fraction. The selection of the optimum collector
area for a g
given building
g system
y
is ultimately
y an
economic decision, as the cost of additional collector
area and system capacity must be weighed against the
diminishing return in solar fraction gained.
* 30% Solar Fraction a good place to begin when looking for the fastest payback.
48
REC “Renewable Energy Certificates”
Duke Energy Carolinas Renewable Energy Certificates (“RECs”) Standard Offer
* One “REC” is equivalent to 1,000 KWH
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Duke Energy Carolinas Standard Purchase Offer for Renewable Energy Certificates (“RECs”)
North Carolina has enacted a Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard (“REPS”) to
diversify electricity generation resources and to encourage investment in renewable energy technologies.
In order to comply with the REPS requirements Duke Energy Carolinas plan to develop renewable energy
and energy efficiency resources and purchase Renewable Energy Certificates (“RECs”). RECs represent
the renewable energy or “green” attribute of renewable energy supply and will be used to document
compliance with the North Carolina REPS law. A REC is equivalent to one megawatt hour (1,000 KWH)
of renewable energy supply.
Customer’s facility must generate RECs from one of the approved renewable energy resources under NC
REPS (e.g. solar electric, solar thermal, wind, hydropower, geothermal or ocean current, a wave energy
resource, biomass resource, landfill methane, waste heat derived from a renewable resource, or hydrogen
derived from a renewable resource).
Solar RECs Purchase Agreements must provide a minimum of 35 RECs (35 MWH equivalent) per year up
to 250 RECs (250 MWH equivalent) per year. For example, a 25 kilowatt solar PV system will produce
approximately 35 RECs per year. Projects that are able to provide more than 250 solar RECs per year are
not eligible for this standard offer and should submit an unsolicited bid proposal to supply energy and/or
RECs to Duke Energy. (see http://www.duke-energy.com/suppliers/carolinas-rfp.asp )
Minimum term for RECs Purchase Agreements if five (5) years, up to a maximum term of fifteen (15) years.
50
Solar Collectors and Types
• Photovoltaic Panels
• Wind Turbines
• Forced Air & Hydronic Liquid Collectors
1. Fixed Flat Plate Collectors
2. Tracking Collectors
3. Reflected Collectors
51
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Solar Photovoltaic Panel Sizing
Atlanta, Georgia
52
Solar Photovoltaic Panel Sizing
Types of Solar PV Panels Required
The are 3 basic types of construction of PV panels though all use silicon. They
are monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous. The SC circulators are
recommended
d d for
f use with
ith monocrystalline
t lli PV panels.
l Although
Al h
h
polycrystalline PV panels can be used, they are less efficient at producing
electrical energy compared to the monocrystalline panels.
Monocrystalline
Monocrystalline cells are cut from a single
crystal of silicon- they are effectively a slice from
a crystal.
In appearance, it will have a smooth texture and
you will be able to see the thickness of the slice.
These are the most efficient and the most
expensive to produce. They are also rigid and
must be mounted in a rigid frame to protect
them.
53
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Wind Turbines
54
Forced Air & Hydronic Liquid Collectors
Fixed Flat Plate Collectors
55
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Basic Flat Plate Construction
“Serpentine“ arrangement:
-Long copper riser
-Higher solar gain
-Higher pressure drop
“Harp“ arrangement:
-Shorter copper riser
-Lower solar gain
-Lower pressure drop
56
Wind Rating
• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Standard 7-05
• Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and other Structures
57
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Commercial Collectors
• SCH Construction
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Aluminum Frame, Powder Coated
L
Low
iiron – .16”
16” prismatic
i
ti safety
f t glass
l
.79” PU20 heat resistant foam
1.57” Mineral wool insulation
Aluminum absorber with PVD finish
.35” copper tube serpentine
.87” copper header
SRCC Certified
10
10-year
W
Warranty
t
412°F max temp with no flow
145psi max operating pressure
58
Types of Hydronic Solar System
• Three Interconnected Basic Sub-Systems
1. Collector System
2 St
2.
Storage System
S t
3. Final Terminal System (heating/cooling)
• Combined Sub-System Controls
• Standby Heating Systems Required
• Water or Glycol Solution
• Water Drain Back System
• “Open Drop” Water Drain Back System
• Glycol Collector Sub-System
• Heat Exchanger Types
• Storage Sub-System and Tank Sizing
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Product Overview
Tanks
Collector
Piping & Accessories
Boiler & Water Heater
Back-Up
Pump Stations & Control
60
OG300 – Packaged Solar Thermal Systems
61
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Combined Sub Systems Controls
Differential Control
• Standard Equipment in Pump Stations
• Can be Sold as an Accessory
• Standalone Differential Control
62
Field Wiring
63
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System Configuration
64
Preheated
Inlet
Expansion
Tank
Cold Inlet
65
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Figure 10: Drainback System with Electric Backup in Water Heater
66
Solar Thermal Systems
Basic Drainback System
Figure 6 to the right shows a basic
indirect drainback solar water
heating system. Some key points for
this system type:
• Reliable systems requiring the least
amount of routine service
• Great for a wide temperature range.
When system pump is off the
collector is empty of any water
giving it an advantage in extremely
cold weather regions
• Requires high head pumps as the
system pump has a requirement to lift
system fluid out of drainback tank to
the solar collectors
Figure 6
67
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Figure 6: Active Open System
68
Solar Thermal Systems
Basic Open Loop System
Figure 7 to the right shows a basic open
loop direct solar water heating system.
Some key points for this system type:
• Only recommended in tropical settings
where freezing is not an issue
• Simplest active solar water heating
system
• Potable water is circulated to and
heated at collector
• Due to the elevated water temperatures
these systems experience, system
designers should be mindful of water
temperatures above 140°F since
minerals may come out of solution
above this temperature
Figure 7
69
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Pool Application
70
Glycol Collector Sub-System
Figure 7: Closed Looped System
71
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Solar Thermal Systems
Basic Pressurized Glycol System
Figure 5 to the right shows a basic
i di
indirect
t pressurized
i d glycol
l
l solar
l
water heating system. Some key
points for this system type:
• Advantageous because solar
collectors can be mounted
anywhere
• System requires expansion tank and
air venting measures
• Potable water only circulates to and
from solar storage tank and fixtures.
Water/glycol mixture circulates
through collector and heat
exchanger in solar storage tank
• Requires circulation pump to move
water from collector to storage tank
(No pump head required for lift)
Figure 5
72
Example System Design
• Solar Heating Domestic Hot Water
1. Domestic Hot Water “Rule of Thumb”
2. Example Glycol Project
3. Pay Back Analysis and Energy Recovered
• Solar Heating/Cooling Systems
76
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DHW Sizing
• Basics – Rule of Thumb
• HW Demand
• Tank Sizing
• Collector Sizing
• Direction & Inclination
• Sizing Guide
Note: The DHW Rule of thumb Sizing is for beginning quick small estimates only and a detailed DHW demand
calculation should be done. The JMP CO is not responsible for the sizing of your actual DHW demand!
77
Sizing Solar Hot Water Systems
General Solar Sizing Rules of Thumb
•
Domestic Usage: In general figure 20 gallons per day for each
person in the household
•
Flow: 1 GPM flow per collector is a good rule of thumb to use to
figure collector flow rate
•
Domestic Water Solar Storage: Volume of storage tank = square
footage of collector x 1.25 ~ 2.0 or 2.0 x daily domestic usage
•
Btu’s: One sq ft of collector produce between 800 and 1000 BTU’s
per day
•
Drainback tank: Volume of collectors plus volume of piping at or
above drainback tank height x 2 for tank size
Note: The DHW Rule of thumb Sizing is for beginning quick small estimates only and a detailed DHW demand
calculation should be done. The JMP CO is not responsible for the sizing of your actual DHW demand
78
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DHW Sizing
• Hot Water Demand
• 500 Gallons (25 people at 20 GPD)
79
Tank Sizing
• Sizing of a DW-tank (for Solar):
• Daily DW-usage x 2 = tank-volume
• Using existing volumes is recommended,
acceptable parameters allow 10% less or
20% more
80
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Collector Sizing
• Calculation for collector
• Tank volume divided by 2
81
Making it “Usable”
• DHW Usage per day - 500 GPD
• Tank Volume - 1000 gallons
• Calculation for collector
• Tank volume divided by 2
• 1000 / 2 = 500 sq/ft panel
82
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A snapshot of Collector information”
Collector
SLH030
SLV030
SCH065
SCH090
SCH110
SCH130
Size
hgt x wdt
3'10" x 7'1"
Sq/ft
Weight
Volume(gal)
Flow Rate GPM 27.45
102
0.55
0.28
7'1"x 3'10"
27.45
102
0.55
0.28
6'7" x 9'10"
65.64
309
1.43
0.656
6'7" x 13'2"
87.16
411
1.9
0.872
6'7" x 16'4"
108.68
513
2.38
1.09
6 7" 19'7"
6.7" x 19'7"
130 2
130.2
614
2 86
2.86
13
1.3
83
Making it “Usable”
• DHW Usage per day - 500 GPD
• Tank Volume - 1000 gallons
• Calculation for collector
• Tank volume divided by 2
• 1000 / 2 = 500 sq/ft panel
• 4 ea - SCH130 Collectors = 520 sq/ft
Note: The DHW Rule of thumb Sizing is for beginning quick small estimates only and a detailed DHW demand
calculation should be done. The JMP CO is not responsible for the sizing of your actual DHW demand
84
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Making it “Usable”
• Pipe Sizing
• In the construction of the collectors, we
have narrower serpentine tubing. This is
offset with a low flow rate.
• .01 gpm per sq/ft of collector space
85
Making it “Usable”
• Think about this as a standard closed
loop hydronic system and now fill in
the blank.
Lower flow rates equate to a higher ∆T
and allows SMALLER PIPE SIZE.
86
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4 ea - SCH130 will give us 520 sq/ft
Content =
Flow rate =
2 86 Gallon x
2.86
4 Collector
=11.4 gal
5.2 Gpm
Two minutes of
contact time in
the collector
87
Codes, Rebates, Incentives
• ASHRAE 189.1 Standard and Codes
• Utility rebate examples and resources
• Tax code incentives
99
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CHAPTER 7
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
7.3 Mandatory Provisions
731G
7.3.1
General.
l Building
B ildi projects
j t shall
h ll b
be d
designed
i
d tto comply
l with
ith
Sections 5.4, 6.4, 7.4, 8.4, 9.4, and 10.4 of ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA
Standard 90.1.
7.3.2 On-site Renewable Energy Systems. Building projects shall
provide for the future installation of on-site renewable energy
systems with a minimum rating of 3.7 W/ft2 or 13 Btu/h·ft2 (40 W/m2)
multiplied
lti li d b
by th
the ttotal
t l rooff area in
i ft2 (m
( 2).
) Building
B ildi projects
j t design
d i
shall show allocated space and pathways for installation of on-site
renewable energy systems and associated infrastructure.
100
Local Incentives
101
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Local Incentives
Starting in May 2010, California has a program subsidizing the purchase
and installation of solar water heating equipment. The program sets aside
$358 million for direct economic subsidies and market development support.
The program will continue through 2017, or until funding is used completely.
http://www.dsireusa.org/solar/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=TN61F&re=1&ee=1
102
Federal Incentives
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 included a new tax incentive, to improve the
energy efficiency of commercial buildings. The "Commercial Building Tax
Deduction" establishes a tax deduction for expenses incurred for energy
Deduction
efficient building expenditures made by a building owner. The deduction is
limited to $1.80 per square foot of the property, with allowances for partial
deductions for improvements in interior lighting, HVAC and hot water systems,
and building envelope systems.
The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (HR-1424), approved and
signed on October 3, 2008, extends the benefits of the Energy Policy Act of
2005 through December 31, 2013.
Federal Tax Credits for Consumer Energy Efficiency – 30% Tax credit with
no limit (expires 12/31/2016)
103
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Financial Incentives for Solar Water Heating
NH
www.dsireusa.org / April 2011
$
U
$U
U
U
$
U
$
U
$
MA
$
U
U
U
D
U
VT
$
U
RI
U
$
CT
U
$
NJ
U
U
$
$
U.S.
U S Virgin Islands
U
D Tax Deduction
U
Utility Direct Cash Incentive(s)
$
$
Local option to provide sales tax incentive
Sales Tax Incentive
D$
Puerto Rico
U
$
Direct Cash Incentive
and Tax Credit
D
U
U
Tax Credit
MD
DC
$
$
$
U
$
D
Direct Cash Incentive
U
Property Tax Incentive
41 states +
Local option to provide property tax
incentive
DC, PR & USVI
offer financial
incentives for
solar water
heating
104
Efficiency and Renewable Energy Incentives (2011)
Alabama
1. Local Government Energy Loan Program:
http://www.adeca.alabama.gov/C3/Local%20Government%20Energy%20Loan%20P/default.aspx
• Alabama’s
Al b
’ L
Locall G
Governmentt E
Energy L
Loan P
Program offers
ff
zero-interest
i t
t loans
l
to
t local
l
l
governments and schools for energy efficiency upgrades
• Includes boilers, motors, VFD’s, solar water heat, geothermal heat pumps
• Up to $350,000 available for local governments or school campuses and up to
$500,000 available for school systems
105
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Efficiency and Renewable Energy Incentives (2011)
North Carolina
1. Renewable Energy Tax Credit (Corporate):
http://dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=NC19F&re=1&ee=1
• NC offers tax credit equal to 35% of the cost of renewable energy products
• Includes solar and geothermal products
• Up to $2.5 million available
2. Active Solar Heating and Cooling Systems Exemption:
http://dsireusa org/incentives/incentive cfm?Incentive Code=NC09F&re=1&ee=1
http://dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=NC09F&re=1&ee=1
• Active solar heating and cooling systems cannot be assessed at more than the value of a conventional
system for property tax purposes
• This includes all pumps, tanks, controls, and heat exchangers
3. Progress Energy Carolinas - SunSense Commercial Solar Water Heating Incentive Program:
https://www.progress-energy.com/shared/segment-selectors/sunsense.page
• Progress Energy will pay $20 for each renewable energy credit generated by the solar
water heating system for 10 years
• One REC is equivalent to 1 MWh (1,000 kWh = 3,412,000 BTU’s)
• Duke Power will pay $30 for 2011
4 North Carolina Green Business Fund:
4.
http://www.ncscienceandtechnology.com/gbf/index.htm
• Grants are available for sustainable building practices such as renewable energy technology
• Up to $500,000 available depending on the award
5. Energy Improvement Loan Program:
http://www.nccommerce.com/energy
• Program provides loans with a 1% interest rate for renewable energy products
• Loans with an interest rate of 3% are available for energy efficient products
• Includes boilers, VFD’s, and solar water heaters
• Up to $500,000 available
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Efficiency and Renewable Energy Incentives (2011)
Federal
1. Business Energy Investment Tax Credit:
http://dsireusa.org/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=US02F&re=1&ee=1
• The federal business investment tax credit is available for solar and geothermal
applications
• For solar applications the credit is 30% of expenditures with no maximum
• For geothermal applications the credit is 10% of expenditures with no maximum
2. U.S. Department of Treasury - Renewable Energy Grants:
http://www.treasury.gov/initiatives/recovery/Pages/1603.aspx
• The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 created a grant program for renewable energy
products including solar and geothermal
• For solar applications the grant is equal to 30% of the property
• For geothermal applications the grant is equal to 10% of the basis of the property
3 USDA - Rural Energy for America Program Loan Guarantees:
3.
http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/rbs/busp/bprogs.htm
• Loans are available for renewable energy technology such as solar water heat and geothermal heat pumps
• Loans may be up to 25% of a project’s cost
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James M. Pleasants Company, Inc.
800-365-9010
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USA Today - Thurs. June 21, 2011
“Boom in Solar Power Shines for Consumers”
• First QTR 2011 Photovotaic up 66%
• United States poised to lead the world
• A dramatic decrease in panel cost
• Solar City, SunRun and Sungevity
• no up front cost and lower electric bills
• Solar Thermal panels also reduce electric demand
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James M. Pleasants Company, Inc.
800-365-9010
Thank you for coming!
Web Site: http://www.jmpco.com
©Copyright 2011 James M. Pleasants Company, Inc.
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