Chapter 7: The Nervous System
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
I.
II.
Introduction
A.
The Nervous System
B.
General Functions
1.
Sensory Input
2.
Integration
3.
Motor Output
Organization of the Nervous System
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
Structure
Function
Sensory (Afferent) Division
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
Motor (Efferent) Division
Sensory (Afferent) Division
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Motor (Efferent) Division
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Chapter 7: The Nervous System
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
III.
Histology of Nervous Tissue
A.
Neuroglia/ Glial Cells
1.
Neuroglia in the CNS
a. Astrocytes [green]
b. Microglia [yellow]
c. Ependymal Cells [orange]
d. Oligodendrocytes [purple]
2.
Neuroglia in the PNS
a. Satellite Cells
b. Schwann Cells
B.
Neurons (Nerve Cells)
1.
Special Characteristics
a. Excitable
b. Extreme Longevity
c. Amitotic
d. High Metabolic Rate
Chapter 7: The Nervous System
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
2.
Structure
a. Cell Body/Soma [yellow]
b. Dendrites [green]
c. Axon [blue]
d. Axon Terminals [red]
e. Myelin Sheath [purple]
f.
Nodes of Ranvier [label}
Homeostatic Imbalance: What is multiple sclerosis (MS)?
Identify its causes and symptoms.
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
3.
Functional Classification of Neurons
a. Sensory (Afferent) Neuron
________________________________
________________________
b. Motor (Efferent) Neuron
c. Interneurons (Association Neurons)
Chapter 7: The Nervous System
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
IV.
Neurophysiology
A.
Membrane Potential
Membrane potential is the difference in charge (measured in millivolts) between the ______________
___________________________________________________________________________________.
V.
Resting Membrane Potential
A.
Description
1.
Concentration Gradient
a.
b.
2.
VI.
Polarized
Membrane Potentials That Act as Signals
A.
Changes in Membrane Potential
Neurons use changes in their ____________________________ as communication signals for receiving,
integrating, and sending information. Changes in membrane potential are caused by three events:
1.
Depolarization
2.
Repolarization
3.
Hyperpolarization
Chapter 7: The Nervous System
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
B.
Action Potentials
1.
Definition
a. Generation of an Action Potential
b.
Threshold
c.
Role of the Sodium- Potassium Pump
i.
ii.
d.
All – or – None Phenomenon
e.
Refractory Period
Chapter 7: The Nervous System
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
f. Saltatory Conduction
i.
ii.
Homeostatic Imbalance: Local anesthetics, like those used by your dentist, act by blocking Na + channels. How exactly do these
anesthetics prevent you from feeling pain?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
______
VII.
The Synapse
The operation of the nervous system depends on the flow of information through chains of neurons functionally
connected by ____________________.
A.
Definition
B.
Components
1.
Presynaptic Neuron
2.
Postsynaptic Neuron
Chapter 7: The Nervous System
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
C.
3.
Synaptic Cleft
4.
Synaptic Vesicles
Synaptic Transmission
When a __________________________________ reaches the ____________________________, it sets into
motion a chain of events that triggers ____________________________________________________.
1.
Steps
i.
Ca2+ channels open in the presynaptic axon terminal.

ii.
Neurotransmitter is released.


iii.
Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron.
iv.
Ion channels open in the postsynaptic membrane.

v.
Neurotransmitter effects are terminated.
Chapter 7: The Nervous System
HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
VIII.
Reflexes
A.
Definition
1.
Receptor
2.
Sensory Neuron
3.
Integration Center
4.
Motor Neuron
5.
Effector