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What is Matter?
◦ Stuff that makes up everything in the universe
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What are Properties of Matter?
◦ Hardness, texture, shape, temperature,
flammability, size, color
◦ Matter can change properties (ex: solid to a liquid)
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What are characteristic properties?
◦ A quality of a substance that never changes and can
be used to identify the substances
◦ Used to identify unknown matter
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What is boiling?
◦ The process that occurs when vaporization takes
place inside a liquid as well as on the surface.
◦ At what temperature does a substance boil?
◦ Boiling Point: temperature at which a substance
changes from a liquid to a gas
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What is melting?
◦ The change in state from a solid to a liquid
◦ Melting Point: The temperature at which a
substance changes from a solid to a liquid
◦ What do you think? Do all substance have the same
melting point?
Substance
Melting Point (0C)
Boiling Point (0C)
Water
0
100
Chloroform
-64
61
Ethanol
-117
79
Propane
-190
-42
Table Salt
801
1,465
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What are physical changes?
◦ Alters the form of a substance but does not change
its identity
◦ Examples: boiling point, melting point
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What are chemical changes?
◦ A change in which one or more substances combine
or break apart to form new substances
◦ Examples: burning wood, melting table sugar
◦ Chemical Activity: a characteristic property of a
substance that indicates its ability to undergo a
specific chemical change
Mixtures
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Two or more
substances that are
mixed together but Not
chemically combined
Individual substances
keep their separate
properties
Classify mixtures by
how well mixed they
are
Solution: A very wellmixed mixture
Pure Substances
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A substance made of
only one kind of
matter and having
definite properties
Every sample is
always the same, no
matter of the form
Elements and
compounds
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Homo: ?
Hetero: ?
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Homogeneous:
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Heterogeneous:
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Solute
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A substance
dissolved in
another substance
Usually smaller
amount
Dissolved
substance
Solvent
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A liquid in which
substances are
dissolved forming
a mixture
Usually greater
amount
Dissolving
substance
Universal Solvent
is water
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When a substance is soluble, it means that it can
be dissolved easily.
Example?
Salt and water
When a substance is saturated it is unable to hold
or contain more; it is full.
When a substance is insoluble, it means that it is
NOT easily dissolved.
Example?
Sand and water
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Mass is how much matter is in an object.
Weight is a measure of the force of gravity on
an object.
Weight changes when gravity changes; mass
does not.
Volume is the amount of space that matter
occupies
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Density is the measurement of how much
mass of a substance is contained in a
given volume
Formula:
D = M/V
Problem:
◦ A bottle floats on the water. It has a volume of
36 cubic centimeters, and a mass of 9 grams.
What is the density of the wood?
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Three States of Matter
◦ Solids, Liquids, Gases
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Defined mainly by whether or not they hold
their volume and shape.
To define the states of matter, we need to
examine their properties
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Has a definite shape and a definite volume
The particles that make up the solid are
packed very closely together
Each particle is tightly fixed in one position,
thus giving it its shape and volume
The particles vibrate back and forth
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States of Matter
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No shape of its own; takes on the shape of its
container
Has a definite volume
Does not easily compress or expand
The particles in the liquid are packed closely
together, but can move around each other
freely
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Can change its volume
The volume and the shape of a gas is the
volume and shape of its container
The volume of a gas is the same as the
volume of the container.
It’s measured in cubic centimeters, milliliters
or Liters, etc
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Heat is energy which spontaneously flows
from an object with a high temperature to an
object with a lower temperature.
The measure of the total motion of all the
particles of a substance is called heat energy
Temperature is the measure of the average
energy of motion of the particles of a
substance
Thermometer is an instrument that measures
the temperature of a system in a quantitative
way
Why is this important? It leads us to the next
question….
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The transformation of a thermodynamic
system from one phase to another
It can be either endothermic or exothermic
Exothermic releases heat
Endothermic absorbs heat
Basic Phase Changes
◦
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◦
◦
◦
Solid to liquid
Liquid to gas
Gas to liquid
Liquid to solid
Solid to a gas
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The phase or state of matter can change when
the temperature changes.
Generally, as the temperature rises, matter
moves to a more active state.
As the temperature decreases, matter moves
to a less active state.
Phase describes a physical state of matter. If
energy is added (like increasing the
temperature or increasing pressure) or if
energy is taken away (like freezing something
or decreasing pressure) you have created a
physical change.
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Plasma is a lot like gas, but the atoms are
different because they are made up of free
electrons and ions of the element.
It takes a very special environment to keep
plasmas going.
They are different and unique from the other
states of matter.
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Evaporation is the process that occurs when
vaporization takes place only on the surface
of a liquid.
Condensation is the change of state from a
gas to a liquid.
Specific Heat is the amount of heat per unit
mass required to raise the temperature by
one degree Celsius.
Latent heat is the amount of energy released
or absorbed by a chemical substance during a
change of state (i.e. solid, liquid, or gas), or a
phase transition.
Immiscible means incapable of being mixed
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Latent Heat of Fusion is the energy required
to change a gram of a substance from the
solid to the liquid state without changing its
temperature.
Latent Heat of Vaporization is the energy
required to change a gram of a liquid into the
gaseous state at the boiling point.
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Solutions are groups of particles that are
mixed up in a completely even distribution.
Solutions have an even concentration
throughout the system.
Example: Sugar in water
Mixtures are everywhere.
Examples: sand & water, air, oceans & beach
Every solution is a mixture, but NOT every
mixture is a solution.
Look at Substance A and Substance B.
Describe each in as much detail as possible.
Do you think either is a pure substance? Why?
Chem4Kids.com: Matter: Solutions