RESEARCH ON ATTRACTING
GIRLS INTO COMPUTING
Lecia Barker
Senior Research Scientist, NCWIT
2012 NCSU Tapestry Workshop
July 18, 2012
Overview of talk
Why are there so few girls in high school
computing?
What do we know about girls and their influencers?
Forming messages that appeal to girls
Locating girls, conveying your message
Myths, misconceptions, and underrepresentation:
Address them or not?
Evaluate outcomes: Please!
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
WHY ARE THERE SO FEW
GIRLS IN HIGH SCHOOL
COMPUTING CLASSES?
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
Lack of Information and Misconceptions
• Computer science is…
Programming?
Keyboarding? Using
software?
• Few students, parents, or
teachers know what
computer scientists do
I don’t wanna
sit in front of a
computer all
day
Stereotypes Reduce Confidence and Interest
• Cultural belief:
Disconnect between
“feminine” and
“technical”
• Stereotype threat:
Fear of confirming
stereotypes about my
group
• Hinders performance
• Affects choices and
aspirations
• Set harsh standards
and opt out if not met
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
Interest, values, expectation affect choice
Interest
Achievement
activity choices
Expected
positive
outcome
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
Girls studied computing when they had
• Early, positive
experiences with
computing
• Adult encouragement
• Positive female role
models
• Information about what
computing professionals
actually do
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT
GIRLS AND THEIR
INFLUENCERS?
Males and females have mostly similar
interests
Women are more interested than
men in protecting the environment
Men are more interested than
women in war & military technology
Women will work for less pay than men
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
Young girls’
career interests
Source: Survey
responses, 3,500 middle
school girls at a science,
technology, engineering
recruiting event; 20042007
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
Re-slicing the pie: Top job categories
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
Present
goals:
High school
girls’
intended
majors
Source: College Board,
College-Bound Seniors,
2006
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
Present goals:
High school
boys’ intended
majors
Source: College Board,
College-Bound Seniors,
2006
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
What typically influences teen girls?
• Belonging, with
potential to have
status in the group
• Role fulfillment conforming to
expectations
• Not conforming
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
Who are the influencers of girls?
Family
Friends
Teachers
Counselors
Other adult
leaders
Celebrities
Boys
Sons: Plan for future family responsibilities
Daughters: Be happy in career choice
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
FORMING MESSAGES THAT
APPEAL TO GIRLS
Messaging overview
• Appeal to present beliefs, goals, values
• Consider opposing viewpoints
• Consider competing goals
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
What career-related message content is
important?
• Economic security
• Flexibility: industry,
geographic
• Job projections (BLS)
• High salaries for 4year degree
• Job satisfaction
• Social relevance
• Challenging, problem
solving
• Work with others
• Time for personal life
Tell parents that computing careers are
enjoyable and offer financial independence
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
What messages influence counselors?
•
•
•
•
Positive forecasts for
Job openings
Career trajectories
Pleasant work
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
What other content is important?
• Use local knowledge to plan events, activities
• Customize, demonstrate understanding, build
trust
• An attainable goal with hard work
• Apply problem solving and interpersonal skills
• Be creative
Avoid implying that you have to be a genius
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
Messages embedded in activities,
assignments, and examples
• E.g., Robots
• Just for fun?
• For competition?
• Saving lives?
• Housecleaning?
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
Take care what you communicate
Beware of communicating or reinforcing stereotypes
Avoid comparisons with other groups
e.g., girls v. boys
Do most 15 year-old girls want
to grow up to be Dilbert???
Do not perpetuate stereotypes by repeating them
Refrain from implying only geniuses succeed in CS
Test messages and images
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
LOCATING GIRLS AND
CONVEYING YOUR MESSAGE
• Go where the capable
kids are
• Recruit friendship
groups so kids won’t
be isolated
• Personally extend
invitations
• Ask other teachers who’s
good in their classes
• “Use your love of math…”
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
Mathematically-inclined girls are everywhere
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
What to Do If Talented Students Object
Computer science
is
Boring
Hard
Machine-focused
There are no jobs
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
Overcome objections and biases
• Use student’s name
• Offer persuasive evidence
– “… but can I show you
• Assure student s/he
the actual numbers?” or
can succeed (if you
“but can I tell you about
believe that)
my
former
students?”
• Listen, acknowledge
• Don’t let refusal be
student’s expressed
permanent – “Can we talk
beliefs – “I understand
again before you choose
why you think that CS is
your courses for next
…”
year?”
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
Leverage your assets
• Alumni
• Parents of former
students
• After-School
Programs
• Recruiting Materials
from National Sources
(e.g., NCWIT, CSTA)
• ???
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
ADDRESSING MYTHS,
MISCONCEPTIONS, AND
UNDERREPRESENTATION
Should You or Shouldn’t You?
“Mythbusting”: Geeks, cubicles, and guys
• May actually create awareness
• May create familiarity if they forget
the details
• Once implanted, idea may be
difficult to dislodge
“I’ve heard that before so it must be true”
See “How Warnings about False Claims Become Recommendations”
www.acrwebsite.org/topic.asp?artid=250
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
What about offshoring?
• Parents, counselors may
believe popular claims
• Alternatives:
• Address head on
• Describe BLS predictions
• Address objections only if
they arise
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
What about underrepresentation?
• If you tell them, you may scare them away
• If you don’t tell them, it is like denying reality
• Liken computing to other fields where women
have historically been underrepresented, like
medicine, law, or space science/astronauts
• Show some very interesting and valued
contributions of women computer scientists
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011
TRACK YOUR OUTCOMES
SHARE RESULTS, METHODS
Research on Attracting Girls to Computing
TAG Organizer Meeting
Philadelphia, PA
February 12, 2011