Maine Apple News
sletter
Wednes
sday, Apr
ril 30, 201
12 Vol. 20 No. 5
Free
eze Damage
.
Apple, P
Pear, and Peach free
eze damagge threshold temperatures (Fahrenheit)
Silver Green Half‐inch H
Tight T
Firsst Full First Full APP
PLE Tip Tip Green Cluster Pinnk Pink Bloom Bloom Postbloom
10% kill 15 18 23 27 288 28 28 28 28 90% kill 2 10 15 21 244 25 25 25 25 Bud Bud Tight T
Firsst Full First Full PEA
AR swell burst Cluster Whiite White Bloom Bloom Postbloom
10% kill 15 20 24 255 26 27 28 28 90% kill 0 6 15 199 22 23 24 24 Bud Calyx Calyx Firsst First Full PEA
ACH Swell Green Red Pinnk Bloom Bloom Postbloom
10% kill 18 21 23 255 26 27 28 90% kill 1 5 9 155 21 24 25 Compiled
d by Mark Lo
ongstroth, M
Michigan Statte Universityy Extension http://msue.anr.msu
u.edu/upload
ds/files/PictureTableofFFruitFreezeD
DamageThresholds.pdf
Sources: Washington State Univversity bullettins EB0913 (apple), EB00978 (pear), and EB0914
4 (peach). 3 by J. K. Ballard, E. L. Proebsting, annd R. B. Tukeey: “Not all blossom bud
ds Excerpt ffrom EB0913
are equally tender. R
Resistance to
o freeze injury varies witthin trees ass it does amo
ong orchards, varieties and crop ye
ears. Buds th
hat develop slowly tend to be more resistant an
nd as a result, higher tempe
eratures, whhile others are resistant at much low
wer some buds usually arre killed at h
temperattures.” Low tem
mperature
es reported
d from Maaine weath
her station
ns for April 27‐30, 2012, and Rou
ugh Estima
ates of Fre
eeze Damaage to Apple, Peach, and Pear Buds Location So
outh Berwickk Sanford ‐ Airpo
ort Sanford – Hanson Ridge Accton Bu
uxton Minimum Rough Estiimate Rough Estim
mate % Bud temp
perature (seee footnotes)) of % Bud Kill for Peaar at White rep
ported Killl for Apples aat Full Pink Bu
ud April 28‐30, to Postbloom &
& for Peach (& Pear at Full Bloom to 2012 2
Laatitude at Postblo
oom Postb
bloom) 23.5 2
24.8 2
29
9.5–31 28 26 43.25 4
43.39 4
43.46 4
43.56 4
43.63 4
> 90%
% > 90%
% < 10%
% 10%
60%
60% (>>90%) 30% ((70%) < 1
10% < 10% (10%) 10% ((50%) South Parsonfield Standish ‐ Gorham Cornish – Saco River North Yarmouth Raymond – New Gloucester (Shaker Village, Little Sebago Lake) New Gloucester Topsham – Bowdoinham (Highland Green) Lewiston‐Auburn airport Poland – White Oak Hill Bridgton – Moose Pond Litchfield Harrison – Fernwood Cove Turner – South Turner East Waterford Whitefield – Grand Army Hill Norway – Mt. Mica Farmingdale ‐ Manchester (Litchfield Road) Hope Turner – General Turner Hill Augusta – Howard Hill Wayne Liberty ‐ Pinnacle Hartford – Church St. North Wayne – Readfield Vassalboro – Bog Road Bethel ‐ Newry Knox ‐ Brooks Ellsworth – Dollard Hill Cherryfield Farmington – Jay (Rt. 133) Smithfield (East Pond, near Fairfield) Plymouth ‐ Dixmont Skowhegan ‐ Canaan Bangor ‐ Airport Newport ‐ Downtown North Anson – Carrabassett River Dover Foxcroft Lee – Arab Road 24 27 27 24 32 43.69 43.72 43.81 43.88 43.92 > 90% 40% 40% > 90% ~ 0% 50% (70%) < 10% (30%) < 10% (30%) 50% (90%) ~ 0% 26 27.6 43.93 43.96 60% 20% 10% (50%) < 10% (20%) 26 31 29 28 26 30 26 28 26 31 44.05 44.05 44.08 44.16 44.17 44.19 44.20 44.22 44.26 44.26 60% < 10% < 10% 10% 60% < 10% 60% 10% 60% < 10% 10% (50%) ~ 0% (< 10%) ~ 0% (< 10%) < 10% (10%) 10% (50%) ~ 0% (< 10%) 10% (50%) < 10% (10%) 10% (50%) ~ 0% (~ 0%) 29.7 30 29 28 30 27 26 28 28 28 30 28 26 31 44.27 44.28 44.30 44.35 44.36 44.37 44.38 44.45 44.47 44.52 44.55 44.59 44.60 44.62 < 10% < 10% < 10% 10% < 10% 40% 60% 10% 10% 10% < 10% < 10% 60% < 10% < 10% (< 10%) ~ 0% (~ 0%) ~ 0% (< 10%) < 10% (10%) ~ 0% (< 10%) < 10% (30%) 10% (50%) < 10% (10%) < 10% (10%) < 10% (10%) ~ 0% (< 10%) < 10% (10%) 10% (50%) ~ 0% (~ 0%) 30 25 28 25 25 44.74 44.77 44.81 44.84 44.87 < 10% 70% 10% 70% 70% ~ 0% (< 10%) 30% (70%) < 10% (10%) 30% (70%) 30% (70%) 30 32* (missing 45.19 45.34 ~ 0% ~ 0% ~ 0% (< 10%) ~ 0% 46.12 46.70 ? ? ? ? data 4/28)
Houlton ‐ Airport Presque Isle 25 25 Notes: Low tem
mperatures fo
or April 27‐3
30 taken from
m Weather Undergroun
nd Wunderm
map at http://ww
ww.wunderground.com
m/wundermaap/ These temperature
es are from weather staations near oorchards, but they do no
ot necessarilyy represen
nt actual min
nimum temp
peratures in orchards. Evven with exaact temperaature readinggs, estimates of % fruit d
damage are subject to e
error due to natural variaation of bud
d sensitivity aand small tem
mperature differences due to local topography. Percen
nt bud kill baased on obse
ervation thatt most applee trees south
h of Skowheegan were beyond FFirst Pink. Bud kill % for higher latitu
ude and neaar‐coastal loccations baseed on apple budstage
e being at eaarly Pink. Te
emperaturess not reporteed from locaations directly on the coaast because coastal locations checke
ed did not sh
how low tem
mperatures b
below 30F. None o
of this replacces cutting b
buds in your orchard to llook for blacck or brown freeze App
ple Scab
o
n most locattions, it is still Eve
en though it has been m
more than a m
month since Green Tip in
early in sscab season in terms of p
portion of sccab infectionn potential that has already occurred. Consequently, we arre heading in
nto the hearrt primary sccab season. If you proteect against primary sscab, there w
will be little need for pro
otection agaainst secondaary scab. Tre
ees that rece
eived full dosse protectan
nt fungicide (captan, maancozeb, Polyram) after the 2+ inchess rain on Sun
nday–Monday April 22–23 should haave residuall protection through thee short and
d cool infecttion period forecast for TTuesday Ma y 1. Trees p
protected on
n or after Frid
day April 27 sshould have residual pro
otection thro
ough the inffection perio
od forecast for May 3–5.. Portion of Y
Year’s Primaary Scab Infeection Poten
ntial (if forecasst rain occurrs) Location Sun.–Mon.,, April 22–23
3 Tuesd
day, May 1
Thurs.––Sat., May 3
3–5 Sanford 30
0% 17% 28% Turner 14
4% 8% 10% Monmou
uth 11
1% 10% 9% Madison 3% 3
1% 12% Levant 3% 3
1% 13% It iss still too early to scout for lesions from earlier sscab infectio
on periods. Scab Resisttance Testing
T
g
Thrrough an arrrangement w
with Dr. Kerik Cox at Corrnell Universsity, we havee five slots available
e for testing ffor fungicide
e resistance of apple scaab fungi colleected from M
Maine orchaards in 2012. Two of thosse slots are sstill available
e. In o
order for us to take a scab sample frrom your or chard in earrly‐mid June,, you need to leave abo
out 4 trees u
unsprayed th
hrough upco
oming scab innfection perriods. Once lesions havee appeared
d, we collectt leaves and send them tto Cornell foor testing. A
At that point,, you can shut down seccondary scab
b on the testt trees. Seco
ondary scabb spores do n
not travel ass far as primaary scab spores, and shu
utting down infections on a few cornner trees is vvery doable aand does no
ot expose yyour whole o
orchard to se
erious scab rrisk. Two appplications off full‐dose caaptan 7 dayss apart followed by a tthird applicaation two we
eeks later sh ould be suffficient to sto
op scab from
m spreading in the testt trees, especially if acco
ompanied byy hot dry weaather. The
e chart below
w shows the
e percent of previous Maaine scab saamples found
d to be sensitive, shifted to
owards resisstance but sttill sensitive,, and alreadyy resistant to
o three grou
ups of scab fungicide
es. There is no known re
esistance, orr expectationn that poten
ntial for resisstance existss, for the prote
ectant fungiccides captan
n, mancozeb
b, and Polyraam. The anilinopyrimidine (AP) fungicide
es (Vangard, Scala) are n
not represen
nted on the cchart, but arre thought to
o be somewhat cross‐ressistant with tthe DMI (forrmerly called
d sterol inhibbitor) fungiccides. Comm
mon DMI fungicide
es are Inspire
e Super (DM
MI + Vangard), Indar, Rallly (Nova), Vintage (Rubiggan), and Procure. Common sttrobilurin fungicides are
e Sovran, Flinnt, and Pristiine. Dodinee fungicide iss sold as Syllit. New
w Engla
and Tre
ee Fruit Mana
agemen
nt Guid
de
.
The
e New Englaand Tree Fruit Managem
ment Guides are availablee at Highmo
oor Farm. Th
he price for a Guide is $34 ($31+ $3
3 shipping). YYou can savee shipping cost by pickin
ng up a copyy at rd
the May 3 sprayer ccalibration w
workshop at Highmoor FFarm. Otherrwise, send ccheck for $34 to or Farm, c/o Pam St. Peter, PO Box 1
179, Monmoouth ME, 042259... Highmoo
Wor
rkshop
ps
o
1 & 2)) Sprayerr Calibrattion
We
e have a uniq
que opportu
unity for imp
proving orch ard airblast sprayer calibration. Jon
n Clementss and George Hamilton, of UMass an
nd UNH Exteension, respectively, havve each been providingg orchard airrblast spraye
er calibration workshopss in recent yyears. They w
will both be bringing their specialized equipm
ment and co‐‐leading a w
workshop at H
Highmoor Faarm on Thurrsday afternoon, May 3. May 3, 1 – 5 pm, Highmoor Farm, 52 RRt. 202 in Moonmouth ME. Parrt of the worrkshop will b
be conducted outdoors, so please dress appropriately. Two
o pesticide
e recertification credits w
will be offere
ed for attendding the enttire worksho
op. Preregisttration is nott required. If yyou are a perrson with a d
disability and will need aan accommo
odation to participate in
n the May 3 wo
orkshop, ple
ease call the Highmoor FFarm at (2077) 933‐2100 tto discuss yo
our needs. TTDD 1‐800‐28
87‐8957 (in M
Maine). Direction
ns to Highmo
oor Farm: Traaveling North
h on I‐95: Taake Exit 75 o
off the Mainne Turnpike iin Auburn (leeft turn off tthe exit ramp
p). Go throu
ugh Lewiston
n and travel east about 116 miles on Route 202. Highmoor iss on your righ
ht. Traaveling South
h on I‐95: Taake Exit 109b off I‐95 in Augusta and travel wesst on Route 2
202 approxim
mately 16 miles. Highmo
oor is on you
ur left. May 4, 9 am – 1 p
pm, Ricker Orchard, A
Allen Farm
m in Hebro
on Thiis will be an informal demonstration
n hosted by Ricker Orchaard. During this event, w
we will calibrate his airb
blast sprayer and demon
nstrate the u se of his pattternator. YYou are welcome to bring yyour sprayerr with or witthout a tracttor for testinng with the p
patternator. This site haas limited faacilities. The
e workshop will be cancelled if heavvy rainfall occcurs. ns to the Alle
en Farm: Direction
Fro
om Auburn, ttake Route 1
11/121 to Ro
oute 119. G
Go north on R
Route 119 to
oward Minot. In Minot, taake route 12
24 going nortth to Hebron
n. Turn righ t onto Allen Road and trravel one mile to the Farm
m which is on
n the left. GP
PS coordinattes: 44.211880, ‐70.32683 Calibration is importtant! Agricultural chemicals m
must be applied at the pproper rate tto be effectivve and safe without ccausing pollu
ution. Calibration tells yyou the appllication rate with the selected nozzles, pressure, sprayer design, and traavel speed.
The operato
or must know
w the desire
ed pesticide dose (from tthe chemicaal label) to determin
ne the prope
er amount off product to add to the ssprayer tankk. Once the actual rate o
of spray delivery and trravel speed aare known, it is easy to ddetermine th
he acreage tthat a tankfu
ul or part of a tank will covver. Applying a p
pesticide or other agricu
ultural chem ical at moree than the deesired rate iss unnecesssarily expenssive, may vio
olate label raates, may caause phytoto
oxicity, and m
may pollute the environm
ment. Too lo
ow an application rate w
will probably not be effecctive, and m
money will haave been wassted on the material and
d application
n expenses, and pest injury may result. Actual appliication ratess in the field may vary fr om values listed in nozzzle catalog reference
e tables because of presssure gauge error, wheeel slip, speed
dometer erro
or, and friction loss in the plumbing.. A spray no
ozzle catalog is satisfactoory for selectting the corrrect nozzles,, but accurate calibration requires che
ecking sprayer performaance under aactual operating conditio
ons to adjustt the pressurre for the exact applicatiion rate requuired. Also, the spray pattern on th
he left side o
of the sprayer is differen
nt from thatt on the rightt. This is diffficult to detect without testing equipment. Spray Pa
atternator Orientation of the nozzles affects th
he spray patttern deliverred by an airr blast sprayeer. Tradition
nally nozzles are position
ned radially aaround the aair outlet of the sprayerr. The wind generate
ed by the airblast spraye
er fans carrie
es the dropleets to the tarrget foliage. Because th
he air blast fan rotates counter‐clockw
wise, the spraay pattern is not identicaal on the leftt and right h
hand sides of tthe sprayer. The spray p
plume is carrried upwardds on the righ
ht‐hand sidee of the sprayer and downwards on tthe left‐hand
d side. A vertical paatternator iss a device ussed to measuure the spray pattern. Itt is placed att the ees to simulaate a tree ca nopy. The ssprayer is staationary, theen end of a row, in‐line with the tre
N water is sp
prayed out o
of the nozzle s with the faan turned on
n. Water is turned on and CLEAN
d in measurin
ng containerrs at differen
nt levels. Thhe results show the vertiical distributtion collected
pattern. Different nu
umber and o
orientation o
of nozzle connfigurations can be evaluated with tthe patternator. 3) Ren
novation of Old Apple
A
Tre
ees
May 5, 10am–12pm,, Hirundo Wildlife Refuge, Old Townn, ME We
e will demon
nstrate the renovation o
of old apple ttrees to imp
prove their appearance aand ability to bear fruit. Apple trees that have not been pru ned for a co
ouple of yearrs usually haave crowded branches th
hat bear fruit sparsely. A
As part of thhis class, we will demonsstrate the tyype of pruning tthat promotes a flowering and fruitiing habit andd the steps iinvolved in b
beginning th
he renovatio
on process. This is a han
nds‐on workshop, pleasee bring sawss and pole prruners. The class will be le
ed by Renae Moran, Univversity of Maaine Tree Frruit Specialisst. Glen Koehler of the UMaine Extension Pe
est Managem
ment Office will also be on board to
o discuss preeventing pestt damage tto apple tree
es and fruit. Traavel directions to Hirund
do: http://w
www.hirundoomaine.org//directions. For information, contact G
Gudrun Keszzocze, (207) 944‐9259 orr [email protected]
org Other stufff
o
The
e jury is still out about th
he impact off neonicotin oid insecticiides to honeeybees. Until this situation is better un
nderstood, itt would be p
prudent to giive special attention to o
only applying neonicottinoid insecticides at night after bees have stoppped workingg for the dayy. This allow
ws residue tto dry before
e bees becom
me active aggain the nextt morning.
http://ww
ww.nytimess.com/2012//03/30/scien
nce/neocotinnoid‐pesticid
des‐play‐a‐ro
ole‐in‐bees‐
decline‐2
2‐studies‐find.html New report fro
om internatio
onal panel o
of climate sc ientists sayss climate chaange impacts are already o
occurring. http://ww
ww.washinggtonpost.com
m/national/h
health‐sciennce/reports‐link‐heat‐waaves‐delugess‐to‐
climate‐cchange/2012
2/03/27/gIQ
QA16wVgS_sstory.html *******
**********
******************
**********
***************
Clos
sing Wo
ordso
It's a long and rugg
ged road,
and we don't now
w where it's headed,
but we
e know it's going to gett us where we're
w
goingg
And whe
en we find what
w
we're looking for
we'lll drop these
e bags and search
s
no more
'Cuz it'ss going to feel like hea
aven when we're home
~ The W
Wailin Jennyys Glen W. Koehler
K
Associate Scientist IPM
M
en.koehler@m
maine.edu
Email: gle
Voice: 207
7-581-3882 (w
within Maine:: 800-287-027
79)
Pest Mana
agement Officce, 491 Colleg
ge Avenue
Orono, ME
E 04473-1295
5
http://pmo.umext.main
ne.edu/apple//
Dr. Ren
nae Moran
Extensio
on Tree Fruitt Specialist
Email: rrmoran@main
ne.edu
Voice: 2
207-933-2100
0 ext 105
Highmo
oor Farm Ag. Exp. Station, P.O. Box 179
9
Monmo
outh ME 042
259-0179
http://eextension.uma
aine.edu/agriiculture/progrrams/tree-fruits/
Putting Knowledge
K
e to Work with
w the Peo
ople of Mainne
A member of the Unive
ersity of Maine System
Nondiscrim
mination state
ement, disability resourcess, nondisclosu
ure statementt
Where brand names are used it is fo
or the reader’s in
nformation. No endorsement iss implied nor is aany discriminatio
on with similar ingre
edients. Alwayss consult producct label for rates,, application instructions, and saafety intended aggainst products w
precautionss. Users of these
e products assum
me all associated
d risks. In co
omplying with the letter and spirrit of applicable laws and pursui ng its own goalss of diversity, thee University of M
Maine shall not disscriminate on the grounds of racce, color, religion
n, sex, sexual orrientation, includding transgender status or gender expression, national origin, citizenship statu
us, age, disabilityy, genetic inform
mation or veteraan’s status in em
mployment, educcation, and all othe
er areas of the University of Maine. The University provides reassonable accomm
modations to qualified individuaals with disabilities u
upon request. Q
Questions and complaints about discrimination i n any area of the University sho
ould be directed to Karen Kemb
ble, Esq., Directo
or of Equal Oppo
ortunity, ADA Co
oordinator, Title IX Coordinator, Rehabilitation A
Act Section 504 Coordinatorr, The Universityy of Maine, 5754
4 North Stevens Hall, Room 101,, Orono, ME 044469‐5754, teleph
hone (207) 581‐11226, TTY (207) 58
81‐9484. u are a person w
with a disability aand will need an accommodatioons to participatee in this program
m, please call If you
Highmoor Farm at 933‐2100
0 to discuss your needs. Receiving requests for r accommodations at least 7 dayys before the pro
ogram provides a rreasonable amou
unt of time to m
meet the requestt, however all re quests will be acccepted.