The Swedish Police Authority
National Operational Department
Kim Nilvall
”Research intelligence led
community policing”
- a swedish development of ILP to
manage and prevent the impact of
social risks, organized crime and
radicalization in the community.
Swedish Police
National Operational Departement
The theoretical approach
“The ILP concept is built on the assumption of that a
sustainable social development in the community prevent
local development of criminal structures and radicalization.
By handling social risks in cooperation with concerned parties
in the community, the citizens feels included in to society.
• Trust is built between the citizens and the institutions in
society.
• Norms and values of the society are maintained among
citizens
• Social problems in the community are solved and less
problem behaviours occur that can increase crime locally.”
Point of departure
During the last decade, the development in the swedish society showed a common phenomenon in some cities.
The phenomenon included some specific characteristics :
•
•
•
an increase of gang related, conflict, violence and murders in some neighbourhoods.
repeated riots occurred and the citizens in the neighbourhood turned against the police
victims of crime in the neighbourhood where less motivated to report and cooperate in investigations
Swedish Police
National Operational Departement
The neighbourhoods
The neighbourhoods, where the phenomenon occurred, where generally linked to a
political housing reform in Sweden. The housing reform was carried out between 1965-1975
and involved the construction of a 100 000 apartments per year, within a ten year period.
Swedish Police
National Operational Departement
The common links
The common link between the neighbourhoods where the phenomenon
had occurred, was socioeconomically disadvantages in terms of :
• Higher rate of unemployment among citizens in the neighbourhood
• Higher rate of citizens dependent of social welfare in the neighbourhood
• Higher rate of young people stopped education after
secondary school, due incomplete grades, in the neighbourhood
Swedish Police
National Operational Departement
The conclusion
Citizens affected by socioeconomic disadvantages have less capacity to develop their human abilities.
Consequently, neighbourhoods affected by socio economic disadvantages have less capacity to handle social problems (social risks).
Prof. Per-Olof Hallin, 2015
The institutions have not been able to fulfil their tasks in these neighbourhoods. Consequently, the impressions by the
citizens where that the society has abandoned them.
The lack of trust and capacity to handle social problems in the neighbourhood has led to a displacement of norms and over time
a cultivation of social problems. Consequently, this has led to development of criminal behaviours, criminal markets and
criminal structures . Additionally, including a process of radicalization.
Alienated
Social
risks
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Displacement of norms
Problem behaviours
Juvenile crime
Juvenile gangs
Criminal market
Criminal network
Criminal conflicts
Lack of trust
(Prof. Robert Putnam, 1993)
Swedish Police
National Operational Departement
(Prof. Per-Olof Hallin, 2015)
The development process in the community
The process that takes place can be seen as a cultivation of social problems. This t has prevented a
social development among the citizens the neighbourhoods.
When the process repeats it self over time, crime increase, geographically linked criminal structures are created and
the trusts for the institutions and feeling of safety decrease.
The citizens feels abandoned and alienated from society which creates a sense of legal vacuum. The vacuum
creates a space for alternate ”governance” by parallel informal structures who can provide conditional justice,
protection and safety.
Socioeconomically
disadvantages
Criminal structures/alternate
governance
Alieniation/
low trust
Low
collective
efficacy
Social
effects
No sustainable
social development
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National Operational Departement
Norms that
facilitates
criminal
behaviours
Increas of
social risks
ILP and research framework
To structure-, enhance cooperation- and continuity of police work in the community, the solution was to
implement a theoretical research framework in to the ILP. This created a police ability to
detect and identify geographical areas nation wide in Sweden, a “crime mapping” of risk of impact
of social risks in the community. This ILP process is supported by statistic indicators and structured
community Intelligence report, that indicates :
•
•
•
•
Geographical socioeconomic risk areas
where the phenomenon has been established
where there is a risk of the phenomenon to occur
The impact of the phenomenon
Swedish Police
National Operational Departement
The status in Sweden
2014
There are 53 socioeconomically disadvantaged areas in Sweden
where the phenomenon has been established Of those areas,
15 are defined as particularly disadvantaged, 6 are at risk to
become particularly disadvantaged.
2015
Swedish Police
National Operational Departement
A particularly disadvantaged area includes:
• Potential threats against the citizens from
criminal networks-, structures
• Presence of systematically threats and violence
against witnesses and victims who reports crime
• Presence of alternate governance
• Presence of extremism that affect citizens
• Presence of radicalization
• High concentrations of criminal elements and
the overall effect is that the Police can hardly
fulfil their task.
In the report, it has also been concluded, that there is a
close link between disadvantaged areas and two other
phenomenon's:
- Radicalization and
-foreign fighters (grey marked zones in the map)
The researched theoretical framework
Researched theoretical framework - community social developement
Sustainable social developement
Fundamental human abilities
Personal security and
safety
Enviromental safety and
security
Functional governmental
systems and institutional
functions in society
Risk areas
Respect of governemental
values and value systems
(democracy/human rights)
Pre-conditions for
sustainable social
development
Social capital
Trust and safety
Health
Valuable and worth
protecting
Social Effect chain
Emplyment/income
Society objectives
Citizens trust
Level III
Cooperative/results
Level IV Inpunt/Output
2.3 Displacment of norms
through radicalising factorsin the
community.
2.2 Displacement of norms
through cimes in the community
2. Preventing norms that
facilitates problem
behaviours
2.1 Displacement of norms
through social networks in the
community.
1.2 Safe nighbourhood
1.3 Safe social meetingpoints in
the neighbourhood
1.Community
safety
1.1Safe homes
3.3 Criminal threats aginst
governmental structures
Level II
Outcome/instituional
cooperative objectives
3. Preventing organized crime in the
community
3.2 Criminal businesses
Police focus to
prevent social risks
and criminal effects
Effect chain
Sustainable social
development
Logical frame work
3.1 Criminal structures
Level I Impact/overall
society objectives
Social risk and threat managment
Community trust
Co-operative community social risk and threat managment
Institutional/trust
Specific Social risks (causes) - preventive activities
Police manage their
tasks
Community Social developement/impact of social disadvantage factors
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Society trust
Causal relationship
Objectives chain
Valuable and worth
protecting
Community policing - cooperating, acting and preventing
Researched conceptual theoretical framework - detecting and assessing intelligence led
Implementation of ”Research intelligence led
community policing report”
x
b. Unwelcome traffic in stairwells in
appartmenet buildings
x
c. Juvenile gangs residing close to entance
to appartment buildings
a. Unwelcome/recless driving with
motorbikes
d. Thearts and violence in public
x
e. Shootings
x
b. Precense of open drug scene
c. Public use of drugs
d. Haunt for juvenile gangs
e. Haunt for criminal networks
f. Ouccurences of conflicts that leads to
threats-and violence
x
2.1.1Social grupper
2.1.2 Kriminell
marknad
II
III
4
Polisen/värde
Gemensam
prioritering
5
d. Andelen drogmissbrukare
a. Förekomst/hantering av skjutvapen
b. Förekomst /hantering av droger
c. Förekomst/handel med stöldgods
d. Förekomst/hantering Smuggelgods - tobak/alkohol
a. Skadegörelse/vandalism
b. Anlagda bränder
c. Stölder/snatterier
d. Drogmissbruk
e. Handel/hantering av narkotika
f. Bötning
g. Personrån
b. Hot och våld mellan kriminella
c. Hot och våld riktat mot myndighetsföreträdare
d. Angrepp mot fordon/utrustning tillhörande
myndigheter
e. Vapen/vapenbrott
f. Skjutningar
Riskategorier
IV Sociala risker manifesteras
Omfattning/konsekvens
Företeelser relaterade till organiserad brottslighet
som påverkar samhällssystem och samhälsfunktioner
1=Inget problem; 2=Litet
problem; 3=Problem; 4=Stort
problem; 5=Mycket stort
problem
1
2
3
4
5
a. I vilken omfattning bedöms numerären av kriminella utgöra ett
problem
<20 20 -40 40-70 70-100 100<
b. Antal kriminella som bor/frekventerar området
<2
2-4
4-7
7-10
1
2
3
4
10<
5
<0
1-2
3-4
5-6
7<
c. Antal tongivande aktörer (anstiftar/intierar andra kriminella)
a. I vilken omfattning bedöms numerären av kriminella nätverk
utgöra ett problem
3.1.2 Kriminella nätverk
x
I
Riskfaktor
x
c. Riots, caused by social stress
3
3.1 Organiserad brottslighet - samhällssystem och samhällsfunktioner - Polisens lokala lägesbild (del I)
Skyddsvärt
b. Drug trafficking
2
a. Hot och våld mellan ungdomar
3.1.1Kriminella
aktörer
x
1
a. Ungdomsgäng som främjar ungdomsbrottslighet
b. Kriminella nätverk som påverkar ungdomar att begå
brott
c. Extremistiska sammanslutningar som främjar
radikalisering
3. Organized crime
x
a. Precense of criminal networks
1=Inget problem; 2=Litet
problem; 3=Problem; 4=Stort
problem; 5=Mycket stort
problem
g. Sprängningar
3.1 Kriminell strukturer
d. Arsons
Omfattning/konsekvens
h. Hande/hantering med stöldgods
x
x
c. Precence garbage and trashes
a. Precense of "hot-spots"
Riskfaktor
x
x
b. Grafiti/vandalism
f. Explosions
Skyddsvärt
x
2.2.1 Ungdomsrelaterade
a. Repeted wreckings on entrance doors to
appartementbuildnings
Normförskjutande företeelser som främjar
problembeteenden och motverkar social
utveckling i boendemiljön.
e. Andelen kriminella
2.2.2.Våldsrelaterade
x
2.1 Normförskjutande Sociala nätverk
b. Burglary, burglary attempt garage/storage room
2.Individen - boendemiljö/ social utveckling
x
a. Burglary/burglary attempt - home
2.2 Normförskjutande brott
Impact
Social realted disorder, behaviours 1=No problem; 2=Minor problem;
and criminal elements that affects 3=Problem; 4=Great problem; 5=Large
social developement in the
scale problem
community.
1
2
3
4
5
3. Samhällssystem och samhällsfunktioner
Risk factors
1.1.1
House/apart
menet
1.1.2 Bi-areas
1.2.1 Social disorder
IV Social risks
e. Precens of juvenil gangs
1.2.2 Kriminella företeelser
1.2 Neighbourhood
III
Public places, shoping malls,
public squares
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National Operational Departement
the neighbourhood
1. Citizen needs -Neighbourhood safety and security
The evaluated problems in the
template also act as a
bonding link between the
intelligence process and the
management of community
police work to prevent social
risks and organized crime.
1.1Realestate
These templates act as the
foundation to a uniform
methodology that is being
implemented to support
police work in the community.
II
Risk areas
Valuable and
worht
protecting
Based on the theoretical
framework, templates
has been developed to gather
information locally in the
national intelligence process.
I
Riskategorier
2. Norms that facilitate
problem behaviours
1.1 Neighbourhood enviromental safety and security - Impact of social risks and threats (pt I)
b. Totala antalet kriminella nätverk som finns i området
c. Antal löst sammansatta nätver, bestående av äldre och yngre
kriminella
d. Antal självdefinierade kriminella nätverk (namn)
e. Antal självdefinierade kriminella nätverk som bär synglia
namn/symoboler/märken
if Antal kriminella nätverk som är släkorienterade
st
st
st
st
g. Antal kriminella nätverk som etniskt orienterade
st
h. varav är kriminella nätverk som religiöst orienterade
g. Antal kriminella nätverk som både vistas och begår brott i
området
st
st
Expected results from the concept
- ”Research intelligence led community policing”
Short term:
• Increased ability to monitor nation wide development of disadvantaged areas
• Increased capacity to prioritize police resources to prevent development of disadvantaged
areas, organized crime and radicalization.
• Increased capacity to manage police resources and acitvities nation wide to prevent social
risks, organized crime and radicalization in the community.
Long term
• Increased capacity to follow up and evaluate activities, results and effects nation wide
• Increased capacity to set up programs towards joint goals with counterparts to handle social
risks, organized crime and radicalization in the community
• Increased capacity to reduce: the impact of organized crime in the community and risks of
terror acts from radicalization.
Swedish Police
National Operational Departement
Questions?
Thank you for your attention!
[email protected]
Swedish Police
National Operational Departement