USHCh 3
• The Civil War Begins
• Election of 1860
• Abraham Lincoln (16th President, 1861 -1865)
• Was not an abolitionist
• Opposed spread of slavery to West
• South Carolina first state to secede (Dec 1860)
Creation of the Confederacy
• Jefferson Davis elected President of C.S.A.
• Fort Sumter fired upon (Apr 1861)
• Eleven total states secede
Opposing Economies
• Industry
• 90% of nation’s factories in North
• Taxes remained with federal government
• South begins to print money
• Creates “inflation”
The First Modern War
• Military Technology
• Cone-shaped bullet
• Trenches and barricades
• South’s Strategy
• “attrition” (wear down enemy)
• Instead went on offensive
• Deep public push for a ‘big’ victory
• Union’s Strategy
• Anaconda Plan
Proclaiming Emancipation
• Emancipation Proclamation
• Jan 1, 1863
• Freed only slaves in seceded states
• Changes War
• Began as a war preserving the Union
• Now a war to liberate enslaved people
The End of the War
• Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse
• Lincoln assassinated
• Results of the War:
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The Union is saved
Federal government is strengthened
Slavery now illegal (13th Amendment to Constitution)
South is socially and economically devastated
Reconstruction
• Rebuilding the nation after the War
• Lincoln: offered amnesty (a pardon) to states that seceded
• Radical Republicans:
• Prevent leaders of Confederacy form holding power
• Wanted Republican Party to be powerful in South
• Help African-Americans achieve political equality
South clings to old ways
• Black Codes
• Former Confederate officials win public office
• African-Americans must enter into labor contracts
• Radical Reconstruction
• Now moderate Republicans becoming “Radical”
• 14th Amendment (“due process”)
Military Reconstruction
• South divided into five military districts
• 15th Amendment
• Right to vote cannot be denied due to race
Republican Reforms
• Repeal Black Codes
• Created state hospitals
• Created orphanages
• Rebuilt roads and railroads (“infrastructure”)
• Southern reaction: creation of Ku Klux Klan
Reconstruction “Fails”
• Republican political scandals
• Democrats begin to win power back in South
• Public was tired of politics of Reconstruction
The South After Reconstruction
• POSITIVES
• Four times more railroad track than in 1860
• Thriving iron and steel industry
• NEGATIVES
• Still had an agrarian (farming)-based economy
• “Sharecropping”
Ch 3 Essential Questions
1. What advantages and disadvantages did the North
and South have at the beginning of the Civil War?
2. How did the Emancipation Proclamation change
the Civil War?
3. What important issues caused disagreement about
how Reconstruction should take place?