“Initial Inventory” Questionnaire
Reflecting the starting point of the low carbon dialogue
Introductory notes
This questionnaire has been developed to help us gather the information needed for the Initial Inventory
(Deliverable 1.1). The Initial Inventory is an internal document meant to provide an overview of the situation
concerning Low Carbon Technologies in the 10 countries involved in the project.
It is a tool for us to understand where we are and what we start from, which is essential for preparing the
dialogue.
It will also be useful in the future, to look back and see where any changes might have occurred.
Please consider that the Initial Inventory does not aim to be exhaustive, rather to identify what is relevant
and should be addressed.
You will find two types of questions:
-
Questions to help collection of existing official data
-
Questions on a range of issues, which require a more creative and subjective input on your part
Please feel free to include any additional information that you consider important.
Where appropriate, especially in part 1, 2 and 3, in order to avoid duplication of work you can refer to already
existing documents such as Bellona’s report on Renewable energy policies or other similar reports and update
them as relevant.
When answering questions don’t forget to take into account:
-
-
The specific technologies that we have committed to in the project:
o
a.
CCS
o
b.
Solar (both PV and Thermal)
o
c.
Wind
o
d.
Biomass
o
e.
High voltage lines
o
f.
(Geothermal, optional)
other technologies that might be relevant for the LC dialogue in your country such as Hydropower,
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energy efficiency, nuclear…The low carbon energy dialogue is in essence a holistic dialogue, we can’t
avoid to consider all aspects of energy production.
Important: If you are not the only partner for your country, you should coordinate the compilation of the
questionnaire together with the other partners. It is a good opportunity to start working together.
Acronyms:
LCT = Low Carbon Technologies
CSOs = Civil Society Organization
Bellona REP = Bellona report on Renewable Energy Policies
Questionnaire
Questionnaire for: SPAIN
Compiled by: FUNDACION CIUDAD DE LA ENERGIA, CIUDEN
Name of persons: Belen Fernandez / Monica Lupion
1. Official or public reference documents on Low Carbon Technologies in your country
1.1 Legislation: e.g. are there specific laws to enable the development of low carbon technologies?
There are different approaches to the development of LCTs in the Spanish legislation. Incentives to
renewable energies, emissions standards for industry facilities and R&D funds for LCTs are some of the
examples considered.
-
What is the existing legislation (national and regional if applicable), incl. incentives?
The regulation in Spain involves different aspects of the dialogue at various administrative levels. The
legislative development depends on the competence about different matters. In order to provide a general
view of the Spanish case, some examples of regulation on different aspects are described below:
-
Carbon Emissions: Kyoto, Emissions market, and national Emissions Plan have been developed at
National level. Pollution control as well as GHG emission control have been included in various national
regulations. For instance, L 16/2002 Integrated Law for prevention and control of the contamination
(IPPC) and the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol and the Regulation of the Regime of the GHG Emissions
commerce, and the National Emissions Registry (L 1/2005).
-
With the aim to increase the effectiveness of the regulation in place, the Composition of the Social
Dialogue groups of the previous Law (RD 202/2006) was developed. These groups are constituted to
guarantee the participation of the union organizations and enterprise associations in the elaboration and
deployment of the GHG Reduction National Plan as an instrument established to fulfill the Kyoto
Protocol. The groups work at global or general level, in the sectors affected by Law 1/2005.
Focal points are the following: a) consequences derived from the Kyoto Protocol; b) Most efficient and
less expensive options in terms of competitiveness, use and social cohesion for the execution of the
Kyoto Protocol; c) opportunities derived from the achievement of the Kyoto Protocol for the
development of the Spanish economy in general and the affected productive sectors in particular.
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Other examples of regulation about emissions and its economic aspects are the RD 1370/2006, GHG
Emissions Assignment National Plan 2008-2012 (PNA) and the RD1494/2011, Regulation of the Carbon
Fund for a Sustainable Economy.
-
About Technology and Research, The National Scientific Research, Development and Technological
Innovation Plan 2008-2011 (National R&D&d Plan) is the programming tool of the Spanish Science,
Technology and Enterprise system for accomplishing Spain’s medium-term technological research,
development and innovation policy objectives and priorities, as defined in the Science Law y en la
National Science and Technology Strategy (ENCYT)
One of the Strategic actions of the Plan is Climate change and Energy. The mains objectives are to
develop a system sustainable supplied by native resources, especially renewable, or widely available in
the world-wide market, as well as to develop technologies oriented to obtain improvements on
efficiency, to reduce the energy consumption, and to mitigate climate change.
Main goals to achieve are the development of a common strategy that avoids duplicities and assures the
continuity of high-priority lines of investigation, and the improvement of the transference of knowledge
and scientific excellence. It is also important to impulse the innovation in the private sector and to
increase the returns of 7th Frame Program in Energy and Climatic Change topics.
The Instrumental lines and programs focus on projects with public-private financing, in which SMEs can
have a relevant role. Besides, it is a priority to reinforce the paper of CIEMAT (Technological, Energetic
and Environmental Research Center) with clear objectives referred to investigation of excellence and
patents. Other instrumental lines aim to enhance innovation of the regulated activities in the power
sector and to reinforce the public investigation on clean coal technologies and other non-power
generation technologies to mitigate climate change.
Reinforcement of Singular Scientific and Technological Infrastructures (ICTS): The Ingenio 2010
Strategic Programme and the strategic 15-years-horizon plan so-called ‘Spanish Map of Singular
Scientific and Technological Infrastructures’ has been designed in order to achieve, among others, the
territorial balance and cohesion by selecting the optimal location for the new infrastructures according
to their goals and the industrial, technological and scientific environment. This general criterion is to be
developed for every new initiative with financial and political support from the Autonomous
Communities (Regional Governments), which will contribute with complementary resources to those
provided by the Central Government.
The infrastructures related to Energy and LCT in the strategic Map are: National Renewable Energy
Center in Navarra, Heliac TJ-II in Madrid, Almeria Solar Platform in Andalucía, The National Center
for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell technology experimentation in Castilla La Mancha, the National Center for
fusion technologies in Madrid, the Technological Center for renewable energies in Andalucía and the
Bio-fuels facility in Navarra.
One of the main Spanish Strategic for Energy decarbonising task is The Compostilla Project, financed
by the European Energy Programme for recovery. CCS technology is included in all the Spanish road
maps.
The regulatory competence about domestic and industrial legal activities is shared between National and
regional administration. For that reason, and related to domestic aspects, some Regional Governments
implemented specific regulation, such as Law of Promotion of the Renewable Energies of Andalusia,
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which oblige the installation of solar panels in buildings, new construction houses or newly renovated,
for its use in heating and hot water.
In addition, Regional Governments are competent to regulate the studies of the environmental impact of
the industrial initiatives, especially those with high impact in society such as the high voltage lines, wind
farms, gas pipelines, CO2 storage, etc.
The legislation on power production with LCTs has been developed during the last 15 years, more
actively since the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol. In 1998 the RD2818/1998 Production of energy from
renewable sources, waste and cogeneration regulated in this way. Other types of renewable have been
introduced in the legislation since then, e.g. O-PRE/472/2004, Inter-ministry Commission for the
energetic use of the biomass.
In 2007 a policy of incentives produces a high development of LCTs. The RD 661/2007 Special regime
for Energy production activity regulate the bonus to renewable production: Photovoltaic and thermal
solar, wind (on and off shore), mini-hydraulic (<50 MW), cogeneration, biomass, biogas, and waste
resources are included. In 2012 this incentives have been suspended (RD 1/2012, Suspension of
economic incentives to new installation of power production plants based in cogeneration, renewable
and waste sources) and at this moment there is not specific regulation on this matter.
In the case of coal, the Central Government published in February 2010 a Decree to protect the use of
domestic coal in power plants. This is also related to a continuous regulation of National Coal Plans to
protect the only fossil resource that the country can produce domestically in significant quantities. CCS
as strategic LCT is being developed in the Spanish legislation. In this way the Law 40/2010, Geological
Storage of CO2 was transposed from the European Directive; Spain was the first country to adapt it into
a National Law.
Most Regional Parliaments have developed specific regulation about LCTs. Some examples are the
Procedure for installation of Wind Farms (Asturias, Castilla la Mancha, Castilla y Leon),
Implementation of Wind Energy or Forestry Biomass treatment for energy uses (Catalonia, Valencia),
Wind energy Plan, etc. In the region of Navarra, where exists a specific fiscal regulation, there is a
Special Regime of deduction for investments in renewable and cogenerating installations (1996). Most
of the Autonomic Communities have their Energy public corporation (e.g. ERE in Castilla y León) or
specific Clean Technology Centers (Valencia).
There are some public organizations such as IDEA (Institute for the Diversification and Energy Save)
dependent of the Secretariat of State of Energy with competences on energy efficiency and LCT
(Improve energy efficiency and enhance the establishment of renewable energies. Action Plan 20082012)
There are also other National Road Maps as The National Renewable Energy Plan 2011-2020, Action
Plan of the strategic of efficiency and energy safe in Spain, the National Renewable Energy Plan 20052010, or the L 2/2011, Energy indicative plan of the Sustainable Economy Law
-
Do the various legislation and regulations complement each other or are there conflicting goals that
create barriers to deployment?
The administrative structure of Spain affects to the competences in the regulatory aspects related to
LCTs. At National level the competence is related to strategy and general energy issues and at the same
time to climate change, research and tax regulation. At Regional level, environmental aspects of
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industrial initiatives, some research institutions, university and social organizations are regulated by
Regional Parliaments. In general the various legislations complement each others, mainly to complete
the processes at all administrative levels.
In some cases long periods of public consultation at different administrative levels delays the
deployment of some projects. Local, Regional and National public consultation is usually required for
energy and infrastructural projects.
It can be also complicated the development of interregional infrastructures which can be affected of
different regulation, depending on the region affected.
It is also important to consider that the legislation about National Electric Plan affects the following
specifications at Regional level. The position of the National Government about the matter forces to the
Regional administration to develop certain rules to implement those measures. It might generate
conflicts between general and local interests at administrative levels.
-
At this moment, there are some doubts about energy future plans. Due to the special economic situation,
the deployment of the LCTs might be delayed.
-
Is legislation in your country already taking into account similar scenarios to the ones described in the
EU Energy Roadmap 2050?
According to the EU Road map the share of renewable energy (RES) raises substantially in all
decarbonisation scenarios, achieving at least 55% in gross final energy consumption in 2050 up 45
percentage points from today's level at around 10%. Spain works in that way and the Renewable Plan
2011-2020 estimates that the participation of renewable energy will be a 22,75 in 2020 (above the 20%
EU target) final energy and 42,3% of the power generation. The Energy Roadmap 2050 is also ambitious
when it comes to energy efficiency: It shows that we need to reduce energy consumption by 2050 by a
minimum of 32 per cent to maximum of 41 percent compared to the peak in 2005/2006, according to the
different scenarios. The Spanish Strategies about energy efficiency work towards an energy saving of
20% in 2020. This is accurate to the Road map scenarios and also to the Energy Horizon 20-20-20.
1.2 Surveys on public perception of LCT
Most of the surveys available in public domain are related to renewable energies such as solar, wind,
biomass, but they not include other LCTs such as CCS or smart grids. In general, major conclusion is
that LCTs are not well known in Spain, although the perception about them is not negative. However, the
current scenario is different since the economic crisis is affecting all the levels of the Spanish society.
For instance, energy renewable, while used to have a good public acceptance, is now seen as an
expensive option. Recent surveys and studies are required to better analysis the perception of LCTs in
Spain.
-
Latest surveys, links and main outcomes
http://awsassets.wwf.es/downloads/resultados_percepcion_de_la_poblacion_sobre_energias_renovables
_nielsen.pdf
http://awsassets.wwf.es/downloads/informe_renuevate_ingles_final_ok.pdf
SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 364 Public Awareness and Acceptance of CO2 capture and storage
(Spain)
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-
What is the widespread perceptions/knowledge of (different) LCTs in public opinion? Is knowledge
about specific technologies more widespread than about others? Which ones?
After analyzing the results of some Spanish surveys about LCTs public opinion and as it is shown in
Figure 1, Solar and Wind are mostly considered as renewable sources and nearly a third of the consulted
said to have a high knowledge of this type of energy. This survey has been the base for the development
of renewable strategies of environmental NGO’s such as WWF. It has been mainly based in the analysis
of the knowledge and opinion of the renewable energies as the level of development of them.
Figure 1. Knowledge on renewable energies. ¿What type of energies do you regard as renewable
energies? (Nielsen survey)
Almost all the results show that the population is concerned about the slow development of the LCTs
and its use, and they believe that energy policy decisions affect the economy. Only one third believes
that Spain is a leader in these technologies and it is believed that it is necessary to continue supporting
this type of energy,
According to the public opinion:

The main causes of the rise in electricity rates are related to the interests of the Electricity companies
and also the rising of oil prices.

The actual energy situation is considered as a problem for Spain and also the idea of the real
possibility of increase the fuel and electricity prices.
About CCS technology, this is not evaluated in the renewable surveys. The Spanish results of the
Eurobarometer about awareness of CO2 capture and storage technology show that about 80% answer
that they have never heard of CO2 capture and storage or CCS. The main difference to the rest of the
LCTs is its low general knowledge.
It is interesting to know that even with that level of knowledge, the results show that 30% think that if
CCS was used in their region it would be a benefit, because it would improve the quality of air, it would
create jobs or it would be good for local economy.
There is a social debate around the repercussion of the incentives to the renewable and how it affects to
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the cost of the energy. It is also debated the environmental impact of some LCTs, mainly wind The High
Court of Justice of Catalonia, has already pronounced (23/10/2012) about the Wind park of the mountain
Tallat, and in very similar terms, in 2008, when admitting a demand that had presented the ecological
group Ipcena and other neighbors. These denounced that the park supposes a “landscaping aggression”,
with a visual impact in the route of the Císter - the triangle formed by the monasteries of Poblet,
Vallbona and Sant Creus- and puts in danger an important zone of passage of migratory birds. The
Generalitat described the Wind park in 2008, as a “general interest” issue for giving the that are now
definitively t revoked. The different applicable regulation is being valued in a different way depending
on the Court of justice competent.
Figure 2. Benefits of renewable energy (Nielsen survey)
As it is shown in the figure above, the principal benefits of renewable perceived for the public are the
reduction of CO2 emissions and fight against climate change. Energy, natural resources and
commodities savings sum up 27% of answers. Economic and strategic factors are also evaluated, as the
decrease of external gas and oil imports (10%) the incensement of the Spanish competitiveness, green
jobs of high professional qualification, innovation of Spanish companies or electricity sale to other
European countries. The reduction of the electricity tariff is considered by 1% as renewable benefit.
1.3 Please give links to forward-looking documents that describe future evolution of LCTs in your
country: e.g.
-
Government roadmaps/scenarios

Renewable Energy Plan 2011-2020

Spanish Climate Change and Clean energy Strategy Horizon 2007-2012-2020

Energy Plan of Law 02/2011 of Sustainable Economy
http://www.minetur.gob.es/energia/esES/Participacion/Documents/Planificacion%20Energetica/PlanificacionEnergeticaIndicativa_2020.pdf
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
Technological evolution and costs prospection of renewable energies 2011-2020
http://www.idae.es/index.php/mod.documentos/mem.descarga?file=/documentos_11227_e2_tecnologia_
y_costes_7d24f737.pdf

Economic evolution of the sector of renewable energy 2011-2020

http://www.idae.es/index.php/mod.documentos/mem.descarga?file=/documentos_11227_e3_impacto_ec
onomico_4666bcd2.pdf

IDEA-ISTAS,
Employment
in
renewable
energies
2010-2015-2020
http://www.idae.es/index.php/mod.documentos/mem.descarga?file=/documentos_11227_e5_empleo_A_
08df7cbc.pdf

National Electricity and Gas Plan 2008-2016
http://www.minetur.gob.es/energia/planificacion/Planificacionelectricidadygas/Desarrollo2008/DocTran
sportes/planificacion2008_2016.pdf
-
Academic reports/scenarios

Global Change in Spain 2020-2050, Energy, economy and Society
http://www.ucm.es/info/fgu/descargas/cceim/programa_energia_2020_2050.pdf
-
Reports/scenarios from trade associations, trade unions

R&D&R and Climate Change
http://www.fundacionentorno.org/xtras/difusion/idi/index.html
-
Reports/scenarios from environmental NGOs
The scenario proposed is always 100% renewable Energy.

Renewable 2050, Greenpeace
http://www.greenpeace.org/espana/es/reports/renewables-2050-a-report-on-t/

Energy 3.0, Greenpeace
http://www.greenpeace.org/espana/es/reports/Energia-30-Informe-completo/
2. Progress and ambitions
2.1 Is the transition to LC energy progressing as expected, with reference to target objectives?
The influence of the economic crisis is specially affecting the industrial sector. The percentage of
reduction of emissions 2005-2011 are 27.75%. However, this situation is not due to the existence of
proper mechanisms to achieve a low carbon society. More efforts should be place on R&D programmes
in the energy field, incentives to CO2 reduction in industry but especially in the transport sector,
education on smart use of the energy, etc.
-
How far is your country from the emission reduction targets defined in the official documents? How far
from the EU Roadmap targets?
The accumulated decrease of total emissions in Spain in 2009 is similar to the level of 1999 (8.9 CO2/t
per habitant in 2008 and 7.9 CO2/t in 2009). In 2010 the GHG emissions decreased 2.8% from 2009
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levels. About sectors, the influence of the economic crisis is specially detected in the industry. The
Spanish emissions 2005-2011, the percentage of reduction of emissions are 27.75% in the whole
industrial sector in Spain. If the technology is not appropriate the CO2 level will increase deeply as soon
as the economic situation improves.
In this context the targeted objectives are achieved, but the actual situation was not predicted in the
original scenarios, and the results are not applicable to the qualitative target reduction.
In the energy sector, the Energy Plan according to the principles of the Law 2/2011 of Sustainable
Economy describes the actual situation of the energy decarbonising process in Spain. As we can see in
the figure below the use of fossil fuels for primary consumption is being reduced since 2004, especially
coal which consumption is reduced more than 50%.
Despite the reduction of coal consumption in the period 2004-2010 it is targeted an increase on the coal
use of 1.98 % per year during the period 2010-2020. It is due to the deployment of CCS technology in
the power production and industry.
Primary Energy Consumption and sources (ktep)
2004
2007
2008
2009
2010
2016
2020
% anual var.
2020-2010
Coal
20.921
20.354
13.983
10.509
8.271
10.468
10.058
1,98%
Oil
71.054
70.848
68.182
63.684
62.358
55.746
51.980
-1,80%
Gas
24.671
31.601
34.782
31.096
31.003
37.147
38.839
2,28%
Nuclear
16.576
14.360
15.368
13.750
16.102
14.490
14.490
-1,05%
Renewable
8.854
9.976
10.942
12.165
14.910
21.802
27.878
6,46%
-260
-494
-949
-697
-717
-1.020
-1.032
3,71%
Electric
Exp.)
TOTAL
(Imp. -
141.817 146.645 142.308 130.507 131.927 138.633 142.213 0,75%
Source: Scenarios for the Energy Plan, art, 79 Law of sustainable Economy (feb 2011)
Renewable energy now covers 11.3% of the primary energy demand, mainly wind, solar and befoul, that
in 2010 have high levels of activity. After 2005 The Renewable Energy Plan 2005-2010 has promote the
use of renewable in power production, transport and building.
The 2004-2010 Plan on Strategic of Efficiency and Energy Safe in Spain 2008-2011, 31 measures to
reach the objectives of reducing 44 millions of barrels of oil (about 10% of annual imports). The results
were achieved in a 92%.
The Action Plan for Energy Efficiency 2011-2020 recently approved try to reach a reduction of the final
power intensity of 2% annual between 2010 and 2020. The Plan of Renewable energies proposes that the
renewable energies correspond to a 20.8% of the gross final consumption of energy in 2020 in Spain,
with a contribution of these sources to the consumption in Transport of 11.3% in that year, which is
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accorded with the average global objectives of the European Union
2.2 What changes have already occurred?
-
How has your country decarbonised up to now?
(See previous question)
2.3 What still remains to be done?
A more stable policy framework is still required by the different stakeholders involved in the field of energy.
-
Are current policies working well in addressing this gap?
The regulatory issues and the legal framework of these matters are now in constant movement. It is
crucial to have long term regulation to make investments more attractive to investors. It is critical to
have a legal and regulatory framework to enable technology deployment.
At this moment all the agents of the sector of the energy ask for this stable legal frame and there are no
movements in this direction by the policy makers. The participation of the social agents is not being
considered and a global information about the power system is not given, this prorogue an elaboration of
legal measures affecting different power sectors decompensated by the different territorial and regional
interests.
-
What are the barriers?
Financial barriers are derived of the lack of credit to high investment projects due to the economic
situation. The regulation about electricity bonus and energy prices is now been discussed in order to
establish and adequate a balance energy market.
New fiscal measures are being developed by the Government in order to adequate the balance between
the cost and the price of electricity, and it is expected to apply new taxes in 2013 of about 2.700 Million
Euros. This extra cost will be a barrier for future investment.
The technical progress of the LCTs is another barrier. Cost of LCTs should be competitive.
It should also make an effort in improving professional skills and competences to operate and build new
LCTs.
In the case of CCS technologies, public funding for demonstration projects remains inadequate
compared to the level of the ambitious target associated with CCS and its applications in industries other
than the power sector, such as iron and steel, cement manufacturing, refining or bio-fuel production.
Without CCS technologies, the cost of achieving CO2 emissions reduction objectives will increase.
Public concerns about LCTs are some of the barriers. To work with the spread of the knowledge of these
technologies is crucial to the gradual implementation.
Technological Sectors,
-
The greater growth at the moment is in the wind sector and its main strength was the great competition
on national scale, as a result of the different existing manufacturers and the national and international
increasing demand of the last years, due to the existing support to the Wind generators. What has been a
strength, on the one hand, becomes weakness, by another one, because the increase of the international
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competition demands an active maintenance of the innovating factors, which forces the companies to
invest in investigation and development and therefore to make forts investments in new and innovating
equipment.
-
The position of the photovoltaic energy is different, although, like the previous one, occupies a
privileged position. This sector requires considerably reductions of the cost of the photovoltaic solar
installations to produce competitive energy. This fact is very important from the point of view of the
demand, and the objective of this sector, from the point of view of innovation, is to reduce the cost
considerably and this requires much investigation and development. One of the main points is the
reduction in price of the raw material.
-
The position of the thermal solar energy is varied. In the medium and low temperature sector there is a
strong competition with other countries, and the national position is not the strong enough to control the
situation in a free trade. A great part of force would be obtained with aids to the innovation to produce
more efficient products or systems to reduce the manufacture costs to compete with quality and price. In
the case of high temperature, the position is different and the important thing is to reinforce solar plants
and it would be important the existence of a director plan which allowed to impulse the subsector,
causing commercial advances.
-
With respect to the biomass its weaker point is is its excessive dispersion, with small size companies,
with a high level of geographic dispersion and excessively related to the precise initiatives that are
arising. On the contrary, the main strength of this subsector is the high potential of growth. Like in the
photovoltaic sector, an important contribution of the investigation is required on many important
differentiated groups, but at the same time the establishment of lines that allow to coordinate the efforts
of the groups of investigation with the pioneering companies in the different sectors. The greater
strength of this sector is the land existence available for new power cultivations, at the time that detects
a minimum presence of power promotional companies.
-
Respecting CCS it is a technology that is not sufficiently mature and requires important efforts of
technological developing investment. On the other hand it is considered essential for balanced mix and
also to support the only native fossil, reducing therefore the national power dependency.
In this area important efforts have been made to support CIUDEN’s CCS activities not only by the
Spanish Government but also by the European Commission. These facilities cover the full CO2 chain at
large-pilot scale: capture, transport and geological storage. This set of first-of-its-kind facilities
contributes towards commercial deployment of CCS in Europe, taking an active part in the Compostilla
integrated demo project. They are a number of R&D initiatives ongoing, which illustrates capabilities
and quality of the investigation and technology development.
-
Is the lack (quality and or quantity) of social dialogue part of the problem?
For the development of LCTs is critical to reinforce the actions to increase the acceptance by social
frameworks. In this case the main efforts should be in knowledge, education and dissemination. The
current situation affects the perception of these aspects.
-
What kind of initiatives is being taken to overcome the barriers?
Emerging limits to LCTs implementation/use: e.g. issues of reliability (see Portugal wind/coal dilemma),
lack of sites (see saturation of onshore wind locations in Spain or denseness of plants in the
Netherlands), etc.
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2.4 Is the transition to LCTs often discussed at public level or it is remote to people?
-
Common topics of discord
-
Common topics of agreement
The implementation of LCTs is often in the public debate. Some of the topics of discord are the
influence on the development of some areas or the debate between those who think that the LCTs are a
new kind of economic help for the poor country municipalities and those for whom it represent an
environmental fear.
The previous point is sometimes connected to territorial tensions between producers and consumers
Regions.
Due to the current economic situation in the country, LCTs and climate change are not a priority in this
moment. Employment and economic opportunities are now reinforced in the debate.
Some other topics are the influence that LCTs have in the price of the electric tariff.
And as it is shown in question 1.2, “Energy” is in the public debate and the Spanish energy situation is
considered as a problem. The idea of the influence of the Power companies in the electricity rates is also
in the debate being a barrier to public perception.
The topics of agreement are mainly related to the environmental aspects of LCTs and the positive effects
in the Spanish energy dependence.
2.5 Are there any important alternative CO2 mitigation options being considered and supported in
your country? E.g. nuclear, energy efficiency, agriculture, reforestation, reduction cattle breeding,
etc.
The alternatives of CO2 mitigation are describes in different Governmental Plans as The Action Plan on
Strategic Of Efficiency And Energy Safe In Spain (E4), with special efforts to increase the energy use
optimization in sectors as Industry, Transport (car, truck, bus, railway, maritime, aircraft, thermal
equipments and lighting for building and commerce, domestic equipment, kitchens and public services
as public lighting, water desalt and depuration processes.
Some controversies about the constructions of electric distribution infrastructures are now in the public
debate. Some local areas associations have had a strong opposition about this matter. An intelligent
development of electric lines will increase the positive effect of LCTs.
The support of the Government for the development of CCS technologies is another key issue in the
medium term to reach actual CO2 emissions.
2.6 Do LCTs policies in your country include both centralized and decentralized (local, individual)
options?
The competence of regulation on LCTs option is mainly concentrated at National level. However some
Local or Regional administrations tried to help the deployment of LCTs with specific regulation and
actions (e.g. increasing the awareness about waste, energy consumption, urban energy savings)
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3. Economy
CONTEXT: FOLLOWING THE EU ENERGY ROADMAP 2050, DECARBONISING EUROPE IS
POSSIBLE AND THE COSTS ARE SIMILAR TO CURRENT POLICIES SCENARIOS (SEE BELLONA REP
p. 21) – this perspective is quite different from commonly discussed forecasts of very high costs related to LCTs
implementation.
3.1 Based on official documents, what are the expected effects of the implementation of low carbon
technologies on the economy in your country?
-
On GDP growth
The induced impact on the GDP derived from the activities of the renewable energy sector that in the
Spain’s economy was 2,510.12 million € in 2008; the total contribution to the GDP of the energy sector
was 7,315.57 million € (0.67% of Spain’s GDP).
The direct contribution in 2008 of the renewable energy sector to the GDP (cost of the factors) was
4,805 million €. This represents 0.44% of the total GDP of Spanish economy.
Despite this important growth, the objectives of penetration established in the energy policy were not
achieved: 7.6% of penetration of primary use of renewable energy in 2008 compared to the established
objective of 12.1% for 2010 (Renewable Energy Plan 2005-2010).
In 2010: 8,018.1 million € (0.76% of the total Spanish GDP) from which 5,107.1 million € correspond to
direct impact and 2,911.0 million € to induced impact.
Current dates indicate that the 2012’s evolution of the contribution to Spain’s GDP of the renewable
energy sector would be: 9,250.7 million € (0.86% of the total Spanish GDP) from which 5,930.5 million
€ correspond to direct impact and 3,320.2 to induced impact.
On occupation The impact of renewable energy policy on economic growth and employment in the
European Union Report (EmployRES, 2009) defines that EU could increase up to 2.8 millions of jobs
on the renewable fields if the target of 20% renewable electricity is reached. That means that in Spain
the growth would be to reach 410.000 jobs which would increase the GDP by 0.24%.
The Statistic National Institute (INE) shows that while almost all the groups of activities lost
employment in 2010 the energy industries were stable.
IDAE analyzed different subsectors of activity, concluding that, in 2010 the employment is bigger in
Wind companies (43.6% of total renewable). Solar PV reaches 28% and Solar Thermal 9.6%.
As we can see in the figure below the previsions for next years are that while the employ in the wind
sector is going to stay stable and reach approximately the same point in 2020, solar (PV and Thermal)
are going to increase to double and three times actual levels.
The implementation of the Strategic of Efficiency and Energy Safe in Spain (Action Plan 2011-2020)
can contribute of the incensement of 10% employment by year in this sector.
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IDAE Report Energy Efficiency Market, Horizon 2020 calculates the generation of jobs in the Energy
Efficiency sector in 530.798 until 2016 and 762.698 in 2020.
Figure 3. Renewable employment evolution 2007-2020
Renewable employment evolution 2007-2020
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
2007
Wind
-
2010
Solar Thermal
2015
Solar Pv
Biomass
2020
Biofuel
On fuel and electricity prices
The Spanish electrical system has registered an economic structural deficit for one decade, because the
costs recognized to the different activities have been (and they continue being) superior that the income
obtained by the regulated prices that the consumers pay.
This deficit passed from the 300 M€ in 2004 to more than 30.000 M€ in 2011. The renewable bonus
represented in 2010 the 38.6% of the regulated electricity costs, and the accumulative amount of this
regulated renewable bonus was 42.556 M€ The Government is supporting this cost in order to not
increase the consumer electricity prices, but in 2012 this incentives have been suspended ( RD 1/2012)
for new power plants.
The Government is defining how is going to be solve this crescent debt and if part of this tariff deficit is
going to be covered by electricity rates to final consumers. In order to not have any deficit in 2013 the
Government is developing some fiscal measures, and it is targeted to income 2.700 Million Euros in new
taxes (14/09/2012).
-
On energy import/dependence
In 2009 de energy dependence was around 79%, which means the proportion of the import energy from
the total energy consume. The internal production of primary energy in 2010 (INE data base) was 34.461
ktepa, 15.2% more than 2009. This was due to the increase of other sources, except coal, and mainly
hydroelectric and other renewables.
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Figure 4. Percentage of National energy self-supply
Year
Percentage of National Energy self-supply
1975
1985
1995
1998
2003
2008
2009
2010
22.6
38.9
28
25.6
22.1
21.6
22.9
26.1
Source: Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade
3.2 Has the economic crisis affected type and quantity of investments in research on LCT? What is
the trend since 2008? (Please refer to your country statistics for providing information)
During the last ten (10) years, the investment in research has been increased up to 53%. Nevertheless,
due to the economic crisis, in 2009, the investment in research has been of 14.582 millions of Euros i.e.
reduced up to 0,8% with respect to 2008.
In addition, according to the last data available from the Spanish National Institute of Statistics:
“-Internal expenditure on R&D registered a 4.1% decrease in 2011, as compared with the previous year.
-The business expenditure on R&D experienced a decrease of 5.4% (current expenses decreased 5.1%,
and capital expenses decreased 7.4%), whereas the public expenditure and the higher education on R&D
decreased 3.3% and
-Regarding the personnel dedicated to R&D activities on a full-time equivalent, registered a 4.1%
decrease in the business sector, and an increase of 2.9% in the public sector and the higher education in
2010.” 1
It is understood that such decrease in the investment in research has affected LCT in the same
proportion.
Furthermore, the last Renewable Energy Country Attractiveness Indicators Report of Ernst & Young
(May 2012) shows how Spain has fallen two places in the ranking of renewable (to the 13th place) as a
result of the stop on the wind market and mixed signal in the solar sector. Despite of the ongoing
suspension of premium power rates some subsidy-free projects are now on the horizon.
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Spanish wind energy sector recorded its lower-ever annual growth in 2011 and it has poor growth
prospects in the short to medium term.
The preview results were compiled considering 213 of the companies with the greatest expenditure in
R&D in the year 2010. These companies represented 40.8% of business expenditure on R&D in said
year. It has also taken into consideration the information collected, to date, from the public sector and the
higher education.
3.3 What has been the rate of deployment of LCTs (both capacity and generation)? (Please refer to
your country statistics for providing information)
Figure 5. Total primary energy supply (Mtce) and fuel mix shares (%) [MINETUR, 2011a] [Carbunion,
2011]
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1993
Coal
1999
Oil
Coal
Oil
Gas
Biomass & Waste
Nuclear
Hydro
Solar/Wind/Geothermal
Rest1
Gas
2003
Biomass & Waste
2006
Nuclear
2009
Hydro
2010
Solar/Wind/Geothermal
1993
1999
2003
2006
2009
2010
20,1
54,7
6,4
0
16,1
2,4
0
0,3
17,7
54,4
11,7
0
12,2
2,7
0
1,5
15,2
52,3
16
0
12,2
2,7
0
1,5
12,8
49
21
7,6
10,8
1,5
1,5
0
8
48,7
23,8
8,9
10,5
1,7
3
0
6,2
47,3
23,5
9,9
12,2
2,6
3,6
0
1993-2010
Dif. %
-69,15
-13,53
267,19
30,26
-24,22
8,33
140,00
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The figure above shows the development of the different sources in the energy mix during the last 18
years in Spain. The percentages of Solar, wind and geothermal have increased their presence in the
mix a 140% and the gas a 267%. Biomass increases 30%.The deepest reduction is observed in the use
of coal in almost a 70%.
In the figure 6 it is shown the high augment of the consumption of renewable energy, much of this as
consequence of the National and Regional Action Plans which have increased the domestic use.
Figure 6. Consumption of primary renewable energy in Spain (ktep)
* biomass includes domestic heating
Source IDEA/ BDFER
3.4 Is there in your country any specific idea or plan on how to address cost issues related to the
transition to LCT?
Mainly costs of the deployment of LCTs are allocated in the National or Regional Budgets. Some of the
costs derived from the deployment of the measures of The Energy Efficiency and Save Action Plan are
covered by National Budget and also by European founds as the European Intelligent Energy Program.
3.5 How much is your country dependent on imported energy/resources to produce energy?
(See Question 3.1)
-
How could this be improved/worsened by the adoption of LCT?
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Spain is a high Energy dependent Country. The only national fossil source is coal, and the deployment of CCS
technologies would positive effect to the levels of dependence on imported energy. Reducing the emission of
coal power plants would permit the use of national coal which would reduce the Energy dependence and would
also collaborate to the stability of the energy supply.
The technological and infrastructural development of the distribution lines would allow selling exceeding energy
peak to balance the imports.
Efficiency and renewable are crucial for the energy dependent reduction.
4. Innovation and solutions
4.1 Are you aware of particularly innovative ideas or plans on how to implement LCT? E.g.
particular schemes? Advanced local initiatives? Self-fabricated solutions?
Another self-fabricated solution is Thermoslate®, an innovative solution focused on harnessing solar
thermal energy with pre-built natural slate panels. Developed by a business group dedicated to the
production and commercialization of natural slate for roofing construction, this product is on one hand,
an example of use of a regional source because in the Northwestern part of Spain are the best quarries of
slate around the world and it is a traditional product in the area; and on the other hand, it is an example
of a boost for the local R&D since the company, which has the patent, has designed the panel after years
of research into the natural properties of slate and solar radiation to finally present an innovative product
made from the cutting-edge technology.
Domestic biomass heating is one of the most common LCTs used at domestic and commercial level. The
implementation of this technology has been developed with the aid of national and local incentives. The
use in public buildings (schools, hospitals, etc.) is nowadays very common.
Mini hydroelectric plants are now being recovered from old hydraulic systems, such as mills, or old
steels factories.
Related to the dialogue, there have been some initial experiences trying to get closer the scientific
community to the general public. In that sense and to commemorate the Science Week 2012, during the
two first weeks of November the National Museum of the Energy of CIUDEN located in Ponferrada had
organized some conferences given by the researchers who are working in the different projects of
CIUDEN related with the CO2capture, transport and storage. The main objective was to present and
bring closer the activities that the researchers do nowadays in CCS, but also to give the public the
opportunity to ask directly and exchange points of view with people who are developing the new low
carbon technologies.
With the same idea of making more accessible and transparent the work of the researchers in CCS, the
Technology Development Centre for CO2 Capture of CIUDEN also receives during the whole year, not
only visitors coming from industries, institutions or different types of professionals, they also receive
groups of visits from educative organizations such as high schools, universities, occupational courses…
with a wide range of ages from 15 to more than 65 years-old. During the visit they take conscious of
why is important to reduce the emissions of CO2, they learn how everybody can contribute to these
reductions, they comprehend which is the objective and the nature of the Centre and they can see in live
how a new technology is developed and how it works. Of course, the staff of the Centre is also open to
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answer and solve any doubt that can arise. Only from January to November 2012, the es.CO2 Centre has
received more than 900 visitors interested in this kind of educational visits.
Furthermore and to complement this demand of knowledge, the National Museum of the Energy and the
es.CO2 Centre have presented together a new didactic offer for the academic year 2012/2013. Apart
from the educational visits to the both locations, the most innovative point is a workshop called
Experiment with CO2. This workshop, which has been designed for children from 6 to 12 years-old and
will take place in the es.CO2 Centre, will permit the younger to have access to the Centre in an
appropriated manner for them, in their own language and in the funniest possible way: playing and
experimenting by themselves.
Also indicate the celebration of congresses relating to environment that take place in other different
sectors of energy, as for example, congresses of the cement sector with slogans like “Recover waste as a
guarantee for the future”. Conferences and discussion panels, with the participation of senior officials of
the State environmental administration and the autonomous communities, national and international
experts in the field of energy recovery of waste, media, as well as employer and trade union
representatives are held in them.
Basically, the energy recovery of waste in the cement sector consists of use waste with which you can
develop a specific fuel for use in their ovens. These residues are called "recoverable". As commented in
the Congress, the Spanish cement sector, thanks to the recovery of waste, avoided that in 2011 they emit
into the atmosphere more than 750,000 tons of CO2.
Some innovative ideas of LCTs are the mini-wind technologies for domestic production of electricity.
The barriers of its implementations are related to its low regulatory frame and also the problems to
connect them to the grid.
4.2 What are the solutions commonly proposed for the decarbonisation of:
The Action Plan on Strategic of Efficiency and Energy Safe in Spain contains concrete actions
specifically in the fields of industry, transport, building, public services, agriculture, energy
transforming, etc.
-
Habitat
New Technical Code on Building: is the legal framework that establishes the requirements to be
accomplished by the new buildings with respect to the basic requirements on safety and fitness
established in the legal framework on this subject. It includes some basic documents, one is aimed to
energy saving and another to protection against noise, thus linked to efficiency criteria and requirements.
Other instruments are Solar Ordinances for Thermal Uses within the building sector.
In July 2007,The Saving and Energy Efficiency in State General Administration Buildings Plan
determined that Public Administrations and dependent institutions, societies and organisms incorporate
management and technical measures to save energy and exert a positive influence and example before
the citizens.
Regional and Local authorities have distributed funds for the restoration / adaptation of buildings to
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efficient and renewable energy.
-
Industry.
Increase of energy efficiency in industrial processes. Development of CCS technologies
-
Transports
A big impulse to use electric cards has been developed through incentives and also the development of
national Plans. Integral National Plan for Automotion, amounted with 800 Million Euros, the Plan
LIVES II about electrical hybrid vehicle, and others with the objective of one million electrical cars
being used in 2014. Within the Mobile Project, in Spain 500 points of charge until 2011 have been
settled. There are some other measures about control emissions, bus transport, 5% of reduction in train
tariffs…
In 2010 the Government implanted temporarily the reduction of the maximum speed allowed in the
Spanish motorways (from 120 to 110 Km/hour)
-
Agriculture
Some of the measures for emissions reduction are use of biomass from agricultural activities and
forestry waste.
Another initiative is energy audits and incentives for the renovation of farm vehicles.
4.3 What, if any, technical problems are limiting the diffusion of LCT? – See Bellona REP, for
example in many countries deployment is hindered by grid issues
-
Are these technical problems being addressed?
Technical challenges are not the main barrier constraining the diffusion and implementation of LCTs.
However, higher budget allocated to R&D is advisable to reduce the cost of LCTs.
5. Exchange and dialogue
5.1 R&Dialogue is a mutual learning action:
-
What kind of content would you like to propose to the other participants? Technical topics you would
propose yourself/through other institutes?
Our proposal is to increase the information about LCTs, mainly the ones which have the lowest
knowledge levels. CCS general knowledge needs special effort to be understood, especially CO2
storage.
-
What would you like to learn from them?
Lessons learnt, new ideas of communication plans, strategies, case-studies.
5.2 Dialogue initiatives:
There are not many examples on public dialogue initiatives in Spain. Main of the communication
activities are direct consequence of public mobilisation against a particular project (not necessarily
related to energy).
-
Are there any public dialogue initiatives in your country? E.g. public consultation processes/public
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engagement initiatives (local, regional, national)?
Designed mechanisms exist for the citizen participation but they are not applied generally, and some of
local scope have little impact in the power decisions. For example Forums of participation of the Local
Agenda 21 were created within the framework of Local Agenda 21 (mechanism for local development).
Their main purpose is to collect all type of contributions, suggestions and originating proposals of the
associative community trying to improve the quality of life of the municipalities, as well as impulse the
debate between the diverse sectors of the population. Mainly type of questions are related to
environment and the sustainable development. Between the subjects treated in the forums they
emphasize the subjects of city-planning and the environmental diagnosis of the municipality or Council.
There are more examples of Public consultation but they are generally being introduced in the local
debate. It is getting very common to propose consultation process for controversial initiatives at local
level (e.g. location of a public building, specific allowance for economic activities, etc). Small local
councils have common decision procedures for the consultation and adoption of measures that affect to
the community (Open Councils).
There are also technology platforms and associations where companies and science try to look for
common points of view to develop new strategies or synergies of research and dialogue. In these
associations matters such as economic and social influences of the new technologies are discussed, for
example the Spanish Technological Platform of CO2 (Plataforma Tecnológica Española del CO2) or the
Spanish Technological Platform of Energetic Efficiency (Plataforma Tecnológica Española de Eficiencia
Energética).
In addition, several dialogue initiatives are carried out in Spain with the framework of events such as
(i)
the Science Week which is the main event of social communication regarding science and
technology organized in Spain, partly financed by the government, with actions linked in 2012
to the year (2012) of sustainable energy for all
(ii)
EU Sustainable Energy Week with the organization at national level of Energy Days which are
defined as not-for-profit events, activities, projects, exhibitions or displays that promote energy
efficiency or renewable energy.
Actions for dialogue are also be organized in Spain with the support of the European Union and different
platforms and associations based in Brussels such as the Zero Emission Platform (ZEP) CIUDEN is
participating into in particular through CIUDEN Brussels office. Also, in that sense, the Spanish Centre
for Industrial Technological Development (Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial) (CDTI)
which is an entity fostering the technological development and innovation of Spanish companies
including in the field of Energy and LCTs organizes events in Spain together with the European Union
Institutions.
Furthermore, in each region public entities such the Observatory of the Sustainability in Spain
(Observatorio de la Sostenibilidad en España) have been established with the aim of supporting,
evaluating and giving advice on matters of sustainability, energy and climate change. The Observatory is
comprised by researchers, universities, business and political sectors and its reports are generally taken
into account in the decision making process.
-
Is there Government -led consultation processes of relevance to LCTs in your country (local, regional or
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national)? Examples could include national energy/climate change strategies, large LCT infrastructure
projects or implementation of EU legislation.
The National Energy Commission in Spain (CNE), Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Commerce,
carried out numerous energy-related public consultations. For example, in August 2012 there was a
public consultation on the electric reform promoted by the CNE. On the website of the CNE, it is
possible to access to the replies sent by different agents, interested in participating, responding to the
questions posted by the CNE on the regulatory reform of the Electricity Sector. 477 responses to the
questionnaire on the electricity sector, among which more than 200 were from people individually. In
addition to operators in the sector, it is important the participation of numerous industrial consumers.
Currently, the following queries in CNE are in force:

Public consultation on the tariffs of transport of gas interconnections between Portugal and Spain

Public consultation on harmonizing regulatory of the integration of the production under a special
regime in the MIBEL (Iberian electricity market) and the operation of the respective electrical systems.
-
Are any of these expected in the next two years?
See previous question.
-
Are there any specific dialogue initiatives between scientists and the CSOs in your country?
See previous questions
-
Are there successful dialogue initiatives that have taken place in your country, what has made them
successful?
-
Are there unsuccessful dialogue initiatives that have taken place in your country? Why were they
unsuccessful?
5.3 Concerns: what kind of concerns finds public expression with regard to the low carbon
technologies?
Most of them are expressed in questions 1.2 and 2.4 of the questionnaire
-
Who are the main proponents of these concerns?
-
Are there in your country open conflict situations? E.g. people or specific stakeholders who are against
one or more LCTs?
-
If yes, can you please describe “who is against what”?
-
When there is conflict about a technology, what are the different overall goals of proponents and
opponents of the particular LCTs?
-
Why are the different stakeholders motivated (or not motivated) towards the implementation of LCT?
5.4 What could be the role for R&Dialogue in your country?
-
What are the problems that the dialogue action could help to solve in your country?
The role for R&Dialogue in Spain could be in a first stage an educative role, a tool to break the barrier of
the lack of knowledge about LCT´s.
In a second stage R&Dialogue could play a conciliator role representing a meeting point where different
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and even contradictory options and opinions can be presented to find common interests among different
agents.
6. One of the main problems of the Spanish dialogue could be the extreme positions of some of the
stakeholders about other LCTs. R&Dialogue project actions can be a space to openly know the positions
of others with the aim of finding a common position. The transparence and also the reliability on some
of the stakeholders (such a Scientifics) would be one of the keys of the dialogue success. Stakeholders
6.1 Please identify the relevant stakeholders for each of the mentioned national LCTs and when
available give their views on them. Please include:
-
Well established and grassroot CSOs (environmental NGOs, civic movements – local, regional and
country-wide)
Main environment NGO´s in Spain mainly promote the use of renewable energy, even promoting
scenarios like the one of the 100% renewable energy by 2050 by WWF and Ecofys (referred in point
1.3):
-

WWF: This environmental NGO includes among their action points the tackling against climate
change. They propose two guides: the first one is to look for a transition to a low-carbon economy
based in the efficiency and the renewable energy. The saving measures and efficiency, as well as the
renewable energy, favor the local development and decrease the exterior dependency. The second guide
is the adaptation; they believe that the environmental, social and economic impacts will depend on the
measures to reduce the GHG emissions.

Amigos de la Tierra: They ask for a law in climate change that makes reduce the emissions year after
year, they plead for replacing fossil fuels for cleaner alternatives and for making companies to pay for
their emissions to promote the change.

Ecologistas en acción: They take part in what is called social environmentalism, which means that the
environmental problems have their origin in a globalized consumption and production model, and it is
from here that other social problems arise.

Greenpeace: From its point of view the solutions to stop the climate change are renewable energy and
energy efficiency. For them, the sources of renewable energy, such as wind, tidal or solar are
technically accessible and able to produce six times more energy that the present consumption.

SEO/BirdLife: They work to achieve an effective reduction of the emissions through actions of
awareness, scientific study and political pressure.
Research and Development Organisations (public research such as universities and independent research
organizations)
The Alliance for the Energy Research and Innovation (ALINNE) is a public-private initiative that tries to
define a Strategy in Spanish Energy R&D. The National CO2 Technology Platform (PTECO2)
represents the interest of research organizations, trade associations, industry and investors and funding
bodies with CO2 concerns.
Some National Research Centers like CIEMAT, CDTI or CSIC work on energy matters as LCTs. The
University of Zaragoza, Leon or Seville collaborate with CIUDEN in CCS projects.
The Spanish Foundation for Science and Technology is also involved in LCTs research initiatives.
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-
Government (e.g. local, national, regional, independent agencies)
At National level, the Spanish Climate Change Bureau covers different aspects of concerns about
emissions, sustainable energy, etc. In this way it works very close with the Spanish Sustainability
Observatory which annual report is commonly taken into account by policy makers.
The Spanish Federation of Municipalities and Provinces, FEMP, is the organism where the interest of all
the Spanish local entities is represented. It is also organized at Regional level. The FEMP works grouped
in commissions, as the Environment Commission in which the Covenant of Mayors is debated. Through
this Covenant many emission reduction measures at local level have been deployed.
Most of the regions have their Energy Public Corporation (e.g. ERE in Castilla y León), concerned about
energy issues and closer to local needs.
-
Industry and trade associations, trade unions
Trade associations at National and Regional level have their own energy sections. In addition, the
PTECO2 represents the interest of industry.
-
Religious organizations
Not a big impact on environmental issues.
-
LCT industry companies
Energy sector companies, building related industries (glass, cement, ceramic, etc) steel and refineries
should be represented in the dialogue.
-
Investors and funding bodies
Mainly represented in PTECO2.
-
Media
Local and national media, especially agencies related to green economy as EFE Verde, the Agency for
the diffusion of Science and Technology (DICYT), the Association of Environmental Journalists (APIA),
should participate to create a media opinion about LCTs.
-
Others
Some others CSOs such as consumers or parents should be involved in the dialogue in order to increase
the knowledge of LCTs in diverse social sectors.
6.2 Can you already identify what kind of contribute each of these stakeholders could bring to the
dialogue? (on various levels: technological specific input to mutual learning, influence on decision
makers, particular public engagement experiences, etc.)
The mutual learning process is going to be continuous during the whole project and the relation between
different stakeholders is going to be in a continuous change. The relation between stakeholders will
increase the knowledge of the LCTs and context, but also will increase the knowledge that different
agents have about energy matters.
The present economic moment push to find solutions and opportunities. As we said mitigating climate
change has fall down in the levels of interest of Spanish families which is probably going to be shown
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by CSOs. The position of Environmental ONGs will give a concrete point of view focused in
environmental protection interest and this has to be in accordance with the interest and opportunities of
other organizations: civil, trade, union, etc.
CSOs can bring to the dialogue experience to reach practical agreements in defense of their
interests and cause a balance in the dialogue against other stakeholders that are more familiar
with the subject to be treated and traditionally more powerful. They also contribute points of
view different from different perspectives. The positions of all the stakeholders tend to conform
to the partners in dialogue.
Research and Development organizations and Industry and Trade associations bring a scientific
knowledge to dialogue. Due to the different scientific community's interests, the dialogue will
be a little conflicting.
Institutional and political representatives should collect the proposed topics and mold them to
their powers seeking to convince about the general interest against the particular. In these
moments the tricky thing is to save the barrier of mistrust. In the dialogue they start from a
position of strength, but they are also the most interested in working towards the attainment of a
balance of interests of the dialogue that justifies it. Also, they can provide information on
legislation and political situations.
Media balance the positions of the stakeholders, since that may arise will be dealt through the
media towards public opinion.
Economic agents, companies, investors,...provide dialogue realism in the analyses of the
objectives of each party, as well as approach to the practical nature of the themes and the
implementation of measures. They are key pieces in the taking of decisions.
6.3 Can you imagine a common point of interest for all the stakeholders in your country?
A common point of interest could be the sense of opportunity and necessity of knowledge and
participation in the debate of the development of the future energetic mix of the country to fulfill
environmental and European requirements. The economic aspects should be also common points
because of the special crisis situation.
6.4 With regard to consolidated interests of the stakeholders, what sectors of society are more
resistant to the changes made necessary by the Low Carbon transition?
-
What are the interest groups that need to be taken into account?
Aged Population is normally contraire of changes and more even if they affect their delicate economic
situation. Environmental NGOs are currently very convinced of their positions.
Medium class and formed population have stronger made opinions about energy matter. At the same
time it is a social sector that can participate actively in projects as R&Dialogue as a way of change
experience and participate in the decisions make.
6.5 Can you identify possible “ambassadors” for the project? (People who could be willing to help
give the project visibility and gain collaboration from a variety of stakeholders)
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Sports in Spain are a great platform to communicate with the general public, so the sportsmen and
sportswomen are good ambassadors. In this sense, there are several names to take into account because
of their credibility and nice image, e.g. Rafael Nadal or the Spain national football team. Another figure
of international renown is Pau Gasol, the basket player who is playing at the NBA. Another proposal
could be Antonio Banderas, Spanish actor who has become a Hollywood star but he still continues being
close to the public. However, this action should be lead by the Central/regional Government, which can
get the support required to get these type of “ambassadors” engaged.
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