englIsh
PLAYING CARDS
TOPIC
ROOM 6:
IMAGE OF THE TOWN, PRINTING - 16TH C.
Card player: A playing profession?
Cheating!
Card manufacturers of Lyons
The card manufacturers of Lyons flourished as their trade
names became famous. An integral part of the heritage of
master card manufacturers, they could be sold at a price
ranging from 500 to 600 ecus. Their fame was such that
any counterfeiting of the cards and Lyons insignia were
protected by law and subject to criminal proceedings. The
edges of well-used cards were also trimmed frequently so
that they could be sold again as new!
Card games appeared at the end of the Middle Ages. Originating
from the Far-East, they spread all over Europe via the commercial
spice and silk routes. The first known card manufacturer in Lyons
was James Duboys in 1444. In the 16th c., Lyons, together with
Rouen, was the major centre for exporting French card games,
mainly to Italy, Spain and Flanders. During the royal visit of 1548,
172 Lyons card manufacturers acclaimed Henri II. Their highly
prosperous trade generated a revenue of 200 000 ecus per year
in the late 16th c. Their numbers fell drastically in the17th c. due
to a demographic and economic recession, only to increase once
again on a regular basis during the 18th c.
Profession: “tailleur d’histoires”
In the mid 16 c., the producers of cards, also known in French
as “tailleurs d’histoires”, “tailleurs de molles de cartes” or
“fayseurs de cartes à jouer” definitely adopted the name of
“cartiers” meaning card manufacturers. This was a time when
the profession took on a specialist approach: the advance of
metal engraving in printing obliged wooden engravers to focus
their attention on playing cards. It was also a time when the
profession, which ranked between that of a craftsman and that
of an artist, was forming a hierarchy and adopting a regulatory
strategy. People became apprentices, then companions and
then masters: the latter did not, however, have to produce the
masterpiece; since the profession was franchised in Lyons,
people had to have been a companion for three years and had to
swear allegiance to the statutes of the corporation. Furthermore,
in 1612, card manufacturers set up a brotherhood and met in
the chapel belonging to the Notre-Dame de Confort Convent. In
1614, 23 master Card manufacturers of Lyons
drew up the first statutes of the profession in
the town: quality requirements and protection
of the intellectual property of the card
manufacturer by the obligation to incorporate
their trademark on the Jack of Clubs. Other
statutes followed over the years (Inv. 42.336
New Statutes and Regulations for Master
Card Manufacturers and Companions of the
Town and Community of Lyons).
grey words: items that can be seen in this room
th
The object on the card
The manufacture of playing cards during the 16th c.
The figures were initially engraved onto a block of wood. This
was known as “molle de carte” (Inv. 221 and Inv. 222 playing
card moulds). This German process known as xylography was
developed in Lyons from 1482 onwards with the printing of the
first illustrated books and then with silk printing on textiles.
The figures were grouped together in 4 rows of 5 cards on the
boards: the Jacks often occupied the first place, to the top left
(Inv. 39.90 Template for 20 cards). The imprint of the image was
then reproduced by stamping on a sheet of paper.
Four sheets of backed paper formed a card and gave it its
cardboard texture: The “traced paper” sheet received the printout,
two sheets of “mesclage paper” stiffened the whole product and
“cartier paper” formed the back of the card. Once printed, the
cards were hand painted with a stencil and then cut out. Lastly,
the printed surface of the cards was covered with soap and placed
on a soothing board (a table comprising a marble plaque) so that
the cards slid easily between the hands.
The card manufacturer’s workshop, plate taken from
the encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences,
des arts et des métiers par une société de gens de lettres
(encyclopaedia or Dictionary of the sciences,
Arts and Professions by a society of Men of letters),
Diderot and d’Alembert,1751-1780, lyons Municipal library
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HISTOIRE DE LYON
.../...
You may find the notice boards of the museum rooms on our website,
at www.gadagne.musees.lyon.fr
PLAYING CARDS
englIsh
> whilst the Queen of Diamonds carried a sunflower,
> the Jack of Spades, wearing a helmet with visor, was armed
with an axe.
It seems as though the women did not inspire the engravers of
Lyons: their faces lack charm and their attitude remains rather
stiff whereas the men – kings or jacks – were of fine appearance.
Uses of playing cards
Card typologies
The playing cards were sold in packs of six card games (the
“sizains” – packs of six) or in “grosses” (24 sizains – packs of
24). A royal document of 1607 distinguished 3 card grades: “fine”
cards, the most precious of all, “average” cards (also known as
“triailles”: obtained by sorting fine cards) and “small” cards. They
were also distinguished according to the type of game (Tarot,
Piquet or Quadrille cards, etc.) or their destination: the Lyons
card manufacturers produced card types specific to almost every
exporting country.
Cards “with a portrait of Lyons”
grey words: items that can be seen in this room
In the different towns, the card manufacturers tacitly adopted
common details. Thus it was possible to identify cards manufactured in Paris, Marseilles and Lorraine, etc. They were said to
be “portrait” cards. The “portrait of Lyons” (Inv. 42.235 General
cards of Lyons), sketched from the 16th c. onwards, presented the
following characteristics:
> the kings carried a fleur-de-lys sceptre, the King of Hearts
also carrying a parrot, and the King of Clubs a cruciferous
globe,
> the Queen of Hearts and the Queen of Spades also carried a
sceptre,
Game rules
In 16th c. France, people played cards in the own homes as well
as at the cabaret, in shops, at the inn or liqueur seller’s. It was
prohibited to play cards during mass because the games were
reputed to trigger agitation and distance men from all things
sacred. In February 1584, Henri IV actually introduced a “taxe
de la débauche” (debauchery tax) amounting to 2 sols parisis*
on each card game! From the early 17th c. onwards, an envelope
system (Inv. N 3745 and 1568.2 card game envelopes) was
established in order to control payment: they were given to the
card manufacturer by the tax collector under the guise of a
receipt.
When the cards had fine backs…
At a time when paper was both rare and expensive, worn playing
cards served another purpose: the backs of the cards were used
to jot down all sorts of information, drawings, music notes,
appointments, maxims, passes or declarations of love. On the
back of some of the cards on display, the manuscript or printed
notes seem to suggest that they were used as business cards or
to advertise certain professions (owner of a delicatessen, dyer,
hosier, etc.).
Cause des mauvais ménages (the cause of bad housekeeping), maxim 16,
back of a lyons playing card, 17th c., Inv. 42.237.1
glossary
Queen of hearts – a playing card focusing
on the general features of lyons,
anonymous, 17th c., Inv. 1564.1.4
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King of Clubs – a playing card focusing
on the general features of lyons,
anonymous, 17th c., Inv. 42.235.7
HISTOIRE DE LYON
Sol parisis: money used in the former system equivalent to 1/16th of the
Livre tournois (French pound).
You may find the notice boards of the museum rooms on our website,
at www.gadagne.musees.lyon.fr
D. Miège / M. gillard / P. Bosquet / P. gausset – photo credits: ©muséesgadagne / R. Agustin, ©bibliothèque municipale de lyon
lyons playing cards, taken from wood engraved at the Vital Berthin Workshop,
Master engraver Jacques, late 15th c., Inv. 466.6