Myanmar Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (MCCSAP) 2016-2030 Version 11 July 2016 – 1.4 -- 13:00 Final Draft [Not edited] I|Page Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Published by Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MoNREC), the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, 2016 Disclaimer Citation MoNREC, (2016): Myanmar Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan, the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar II| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Myanmar Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (MCCSAP) 2016-2030 III| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 IV| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 [Blank Page] V| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Acknowledgements The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MoNREC) acknowledges the important contribution provided by all members of the Programme Steering Committee of the Myanmar Climate Change Alliance (MCCA) for their guidance and all members of the Technical Working Group (TWG) of the Myanmar Climate Change Alliance (MCCA) for their importance contribution throughout the formulation of this Strategy. The TWG is comprised of the representatives from all key Ministries and Departments; the City Development Committees of Yangon, Mandalay and Nay Pyi Taw; academic institutions; the Union of Myanmar Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry (UMFCCI); Civil Society Organizations (MERN, Green Lotus, Platform of CSOs Working on Environment and Climate Change); Myanmar Engineering Society); and development partners (UNDP, DRR-WG, E-SWG, UN-REDD+, Plan International, WWF-Myanmar). These members provided valuable insights, ideas and strategic orientation in order to produce an actionable Strategy. MoNREC is also sincerely grateful for the generous support received from the European Union that funded the Myanmar Climate Change Alliance (MCCA) Programme, implemented by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). MCCA has worked as an efficient platform for convening national and subnational stakeholders for the strategy formulation process from April 2015 to June 2016. MoNREC also wishes to thank the experts of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), the experts formulated the capacity development roadmap, and the Myanmar Environment Rehabilitation Network (MERN). On behalf of the Government of Myanmar, MoNREC extends its gratitude to all citizens of Myanmar that participated in meetings at local, sub-national, and national levels in over twenty townships, six states and regions, provided comments through the MCCA website and other means. i| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... ii Glossary ......................................................................................................................................... iv Acronyms ....................................................................................................................................... vi Foreword........................................................................................................................................ xi Executive Summary ................................................................................................................... xvii Part I: Development in the Context of Climate Change ............................................................. 1 National Circumstances................................................................................................................. 1 Climate Change and Extreme Events ........................................................................................ 10 Implications of Climate Change on Development ..................................................................... 13 Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock ............................................................................................. 15 Environment and Natural Resources.............................................................................................. 19 Energy, Transport and Industry ..................................................................................................... 23 Cities, Towns and Human Settlements .......................................................................................... 28 Climate Hazards and Health .......................................................................................................... 32 Education, Science and Technology .............................................................................................. 36 Readiness and Capabilities for Addressing Climate Change................................................... 40 Policy Landscape ........................................................................................................................... 40 Institutional Arrangement .............................................................................................................. 42 Financing Mechanism .................................................................................................................... 43 Technologies and Innovation ......................................................................................................... 44 Awareness and Capacity ................................................................................................................ 45 Partnerships .................................................................................................................................... 46 Gender Perspectives ....................................................................................................................... 47 Youth and Children ........................................................................................................................ 47 Part II: The Strategy ................................................................................................................... 48 Strategic Vision, Purpose and Guiding Principles .................................................................... 49 Goal and Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 50 Sectoral Expected Accomplishments .......................................................................................... 50 1. Climate Smart Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock for Food Security .................................... 51 2. Sustainable Management of Natural Resources for Healthy Eco-System ................................. 51 3. Resilient and Low Carbon Energy, Transport and Industrial Systems for Sustainable Growth 52 4. Climate Resilient, Inclusive and Sustainable Towns and Cities for People to Live and Thrive 52 ii| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 5. Climate Risk Management for People’s Health and Well-being ............................................... 53 6. Education, Science and Technology for a Resilient Society ..................................................... 53 Actions Areas ................................................................................................................................ 54 1. Integrating climate change into development policies and plans; .......................................... 54 2. Establish institutional arrangements to plan and implement responses to climate change; ... 54 3. Establish financial mechanisms to mobilise/allocate resources for investment; .................... 54 4. Increase access to technology and capacities; ........................................................................ 54 5. Build awareness and capacities to respond to climate change ............................................... 54 6. Promote multi-stakeholder partnerships to support investment in climate smart initiatives .. 54 Pathway to Achieve the Vision.................................................................................................... 55 Part III: Implementing the Strategy .......................................................................................... 56 Overall Action Plan...................................................................................................................... 56 Requisites for implementation .................................................................................................... 61 Enabling Policy Environment ........................................................................................................ 61 Implementation, Coordination and Monitoring Mechanism .......................................................... 61 Strategic Financial Framework ...................................................................................................... 64 Capacity Building .......................................................................................................................... 66 Monitoring Framework and Tool................................................................................................... 67 Annex I: Sectoral Action Plans ................................................................................................... 70 Annex II: Mechanism for the Implementation, Coordination and Monitoring MCCSAP . 137 Annex III: Detailed Strategy Formulation Process ...................................................................... 141 iii| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Glossary Adaptation: The process of adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climate and its effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities. Adaptive capacity: The ability of a system to adjust to climate change (including climate variability and extremes), to moderate potential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences. Climate resilient: The ability of a (1) system to tolerate and maintain its basic structure and functions in the face of external stresses imposed upon it by climate change, and (2) accommodate, reorganise, recover from the effects and evolve into more desirable configurations that improve the sustainability of the system, leaving it better prepared for future climate change impacts. Climate resilient development: Ensuring that people, communities, businesses, and other organisations are able to cope with current climate variability as well as adapt to future climate change, preserving development gains, and minimising damages. Mainstreaming: The integration of adaptation objectives, strategies, policies, measures or operations such that they become part of the national and regional development policies, processes and budgets at all levels and stages. Low carbon development: Any intervention that promotes development and increases prosperity without compromising the environment. In other words, it involves the decoupling of increases in GHG emissions from economic development. Mitigation: In the context of climate change, a human intervention to reduce emission from the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases. Inclusive development: Development that is more equitable. Where poorer, less powerful groups in society contribute to creating opportunities, share the benefits of development and participate in decision-making. Resource efficiency: Using the earth’s limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimising impacts on the environment. It involves managing with fewer resources and delivering greater value with less input. In the context of climate resilient low carbon development, resource efficiency represents an opportunity to address unsustainable economic and social development pathways. It enables the development of green economies in which growth is decoupled from environmental harm and carbon emissions. From a life cycle and value chain perspective, it means reducing the total environmental impact and carbon emissions of the production and consumption of goods and services, from raw material extraction to final use and disposal (UNEP). Structural transformation: The reallocation of resources from one sector to another due to changes in economic fundamentals and policies. It results in a significant change in the sectoral composition of Gross Domestic Product with the share of the primary sector in employment and iv| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 output shifting to industry and modern services. It also implies a greater use of technology and increased productivity across sectors.i Sustainable development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Climate vulnerability: The degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate change and variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity. i Lopes, 2013 v| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank AF Adaptation Fund AIMS Agriculture Information Management System AWD Alternative Wetting and Drying BCC Behaviour Change Communication CBA Community Based Adaptation CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBOs Community Based Organizations CC Climate Change CCA Climate Change Adaptation CDCs City Development Committees CIF Climate Investment Fund CO2 Carbon Dioxide COP Conference of Parties CSAS Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy CSOs Civil Society Organisations CTCN Climate Technology Centre Network CVS Cardiovascular system DAR Department of Agricultural Research DFID Department for International Development DLFRD Directorate of Livestock, Fisheries and Rural Development DMH Department of Meteorology and Hydrology DoF Department of Forestry DRM Disaster Risk Management DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DUHD Department of Urban and Hosing Development EBA Ecosystems Based Adaptation ECD Environment Conservation Department ECL Environmental Conservation Law EFM Environmental Management Fund EIA Environmental Impact Assessment vi| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative EOC Emergency Operation Center EU European Union EWS Early Warning Systems FDI Foreign Direct Investment FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation FESR Framework for Economic and Social Reform FRA Forest Resource Assessment GAD General Administration Department GCCA Global Climate Change Alliance GCF Green Climate Fund GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GHGs Green House Gases GIS Geographic Information System GMS Greater Mekong Sub-Region GoM Government of Myanmar Ha Hectares HDR Human Resources Development ICT Information and Communication Technology IEA Initial Environmental Assessment IIED International Institute for Environment and Development IK Indigenous knowledge INC Initial National Communications INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions INGOS International Non-Governmental Organisations IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IWRM Integrated Water Resource Management JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency Km Kilometre KP Kyoto Protocol kWh Kilowatt Hour vii| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 LCD Low-Carbon Development LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MAPDRR Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction MCCA Myanmar Climate Change Alliance MCCAC Myanmar Climate Change Alliance Committee MCCSAP Myanmar Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan MCDC Mandalay City Development Committee MDG Millennium Development Goals MEA Multi-lateral Environmental Agreements MEL Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning MERN Myanmar Environment Rehabilitation Network MIS Management Information System MoALI Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation MoC Ministry of Construction MoE Ministry of Education MoHA Ministry of Home Affairs MoEPE Ministry of Electrical Power and Energy MoHS Ministry of Health and Sport MoI Ministry of Industry MoIN Ministry of Information MoNREC Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation MoPF Ministry of Planning and Finance MoSWRR Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Rehabilitation MoTC Ministry of Transportation and Communication MRV Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) MRV Measurement Reporting and Verification MT Metric tons MW Mega Watt NAP National Adaptation Plan NAPAs National Adaptation Programmes of Action NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy Action Plan NC National Communication viii| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 NCEA National Commission for Environmental Affairs NDPCC National Disaster Prevention Central Committee NECCC National Environmental Conservation and Climate Change Committee NEHAP National Environment and Health Action Plan NEMC National Energy Management Committee NEP National Environmental Policy NFMS National Forest Management Systems NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations NIP National Implementation Plan NLD National League for Democracy NMTPF National Medium-Term Priority Framework NORAD Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation NPTDC Nay Pyi Taw Development Committee NRM Natural Resources Management NSDS National Sustainable Development Strategy NUP National Urban Policy NWP National Water Policy PA Protected Area PES Payment for Eco-System Services PFM Public Finance Management PPP Public Private Partnership PSC Programme Steering Committee R&D Research and Development RBF Results Based Framework REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation RCM RCP Representative Concentration Pathways RRD Relief and Resettlement Department (MoSWRR) S/RCECCCM State and Region Committees for Environmental Conservation and Climate Change Monitoring SAPs Strategic Action Plans SD Sustainable Development SDGs Sustainable Development Goals ix| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SFM Sustainable Forest Management SIA Social Impact Assessment SMEs Small and Medium-sized Enterprises SREP Scaling Renewable Energy Programme SRI System of Rice Intensification SWM Soil and Water Management TOR Terms of Reference TWG Technical Working Group UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization USD United State Dollar WB World Bank WFP World Food Programme YCDC Yangon City Development Committee x| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Foreword H. E. U Htin Kyaw President The Republic of the Union of Myanmar xi| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 H. E. Vice President Chairperson Environment Conservation and Climate Change Committee The Republic of the Union of Myanmar xii| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 H. E. U Ohn Winn Minister for Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MoNREC) The Republic of the Union of Myanmar xiii| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Delegation of European Union The Republic of the Union of Myanmar xiv| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Executive Director or Regional Director and Representative for Asia and the Pacific United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) xv| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Executive Director or Regional Director for Asia and the Pacific United Nations Human Settlement Programme (UN-Habitat) xvi| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Executive Summary The Republic of the Union of Myanmar is the largest Southeast Asian country with a population of 51.48 million of which 70.4 percent (36.58 million) lives in rural area. Remaining 29.6 percent (14.9 million) lives in urban area of which 20 percent lives in Yangon and Mandalay. About 135 different ethnic minorities and 100 different languages make the country diverse. Agriculture is the main source of livelihoods for a large proportion of the population (61 percent of labour force) and is dominated by small-scale landholders. About 30 percent of the population has access to electricity and rest relies on other forms of energy of which about 70 percent come from biomass. Myanmar’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has continued developing in the last years with peak of 8.70 percent growth in 2014 compared to 2013. The sectoral composition of GDP is changing, with the share of the primary sectors like agriculture and forestry contributing less, and productivity, manufacturing and service sectors contributing more. Contribution of service sector to GDP is slightly below 40 percent whilst agriculture sector contributes about 30 percent. Industry, which includes mining and the natural gas and energy sectors, accounts for about 30 percent of GDP. About 25 percent of export earning comes from agriculture while export earnings from timber export are about 10% of total exports. Country also exports a large proportion of the natural gas to the neighbouring countries in the region. Myanmar has made significant progress in political reform, economic growth, development in socio-economic sectors including health and education, and aspiring to become a “modern, developed and democratic nation” by 2030. Country aims to achieve this overarching development goal focussing on all three key aspects of sustainable development i.e. economic, social and environment. Country has already started receiving benefits of structural transformation in economic sector, balanced and proportionate development among regions and states guided by Framework for Economic and Social Reform (FESR). The current economic growth is projected to accelerate due to political reform, stability in political environment and strong foreign investment. The national government and a number of ministries have already prepared new policies and strategies to support overall comprehensive national development plan and setting up sector specific goals and targets. For example, the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation (MoALI) has set its target to increase rice production at least 19.40 million metric tons (MT) of which 60% for local food consumption and 40% for international trade. It has set target to increase milled rice production to 10.13 million MT for local food consumption and at least 6 million MT for international trade by 2030 from current rice expert of 1.3 million MT. The forestry sector policy has target to keep 30 percent of the total land area as reserved forest and 5 percent as protected areas. The National Energy Policy (2014) aims to expand the electricity sector with a target of 45% electrification by 2020-2021 and 60% by 2025-2026. Though country is making significant progress in economic growth and development in social sectors, wide socio-economic gaps are noticeable. Sub-national disparities in poverty and other human development indicators between Myanmar’s Seven States and Seven Regions are evident due to uneven distribution of growth. Highest poverty incidences are occurring in physically remote areas with low levels of access to basic social services and economic opportunities. Rakhine and Chin are by far the poorest states with poverty rates of 78.0 percent and 71.5 percent, respectively xvii| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 (WB, 2014). Moreover, current patterns of socio-economic development rely on climate sensitive sectors and regions, which are already facing adverse impacts of slow onset and rapid onset climatic phenomenon. In additional, the population and economic activities are concentrated in disaster risk prone areas such as delta, coastal, and central dry zones, which are highly exposed to hazards, have high levels of poverty and a low capacity to respond. Myanmar is inherently exposed to various climate hazards such as cyclones, heavy rain, floods, extreme temperatures, drought that have been increasing in its intensity and frequency over the last sixty years and impacts are being felt. For instance, Cyclone Nargis (2008), in addition to the tremendous toll of deaths and destruction, damaged 4 million hectares of rice that translates to 57% of the country’s total production and resulted negative growth in agricultural production. The excessive sedimentation in the Rakhine State in 2010 damaged rice seedlings and reduced harvests resulted in total damages of around USD 1.64 million. The consultation revealed that heavy rain that caused flooding (July to October 2011) in the Ayeyarwady, Bago, Mon and Rakhine resulted in losses of around 1.7 million tons of rice. Sittwe, Pauktaw and Myebon areas were rendered vulnerable due to tidal surges in 2013. Scarce rainfall and drought but also suffers by heavy rainfall leading to flooding and damages crops triggered heavy flooding in Dry Zone that caused massive losses in the agriculture and other sectors. By 2100, climate models predict ever more extreme changes in temperature, drought periods, changing rainfall patterns, increased risk of flooding, cyclones and strong winds, flood/storm surges and sea-level rises affecting almost all sectors and communities. The country is also experiencing decrease in the duration of the south-west monsoon season due to the late onset and early retreat of the monsoon. Among the vulnerable regions, coastal zones are particularly at risk from sea-level rise and cyclones, whilst lowlands and central dry-zones are vulnerable to the impacts of floods and droughts, respectively. Communities and businesses that are located in at risk regions and reliant on climate sensitive economic activities are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Stakeholders’ consultation has also reconfirmed these vulnerabilities and affected regions. Changes in temperature, sea level rise, salinity intrusion, increased frequency of natural disasters and extreme weather events such as erratic rainfall, flooding, and droughts will significantly impacts agriculture, fisheries and livestock sectors, which pay an import role in socio-economic development. Impacts will be felt through loss of agricultural productivity that hitting poor and smallholder farmers hardest. Impacts will also put pressure on maintaining food security and nutrition as well as undermining poverty alleviation efforts especially in the regions of Ayeyarwady Delta, Costal Zone, and Central Dry Zone of Myanmar. Annual mean temperature in Myanmar is projected to rise by 0.8°C to 1.4°C and 2.8°C to 3.5°C by 2050 and 2100, respectively. The impact of such a step rise in temperature is alarming considering a decrease of 10 percent in rice yields has been found to be associated with every 1°C increase in temperature. This means about 2 million MT reduction of rice production by 2030 unless sector adapts adequate adaptation measures. Half a meter sea level rise by end of 2100 will advance shoreline by 10 kilometres will damage rice/local crop cultivation areas of the Ayeyarwady Delta. While sector is vulnerable to climate change, agriculture sector emits about 18 percent of greenhouse gases and shows an increasing trend because of increased agricultural land and more xviii| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 inputs of fertilizers. Among the domesticated livestock, ruminant animals, such as cattle, buffalos are the major emitters of greenhouse gases, which are about 13 percent. Natural resources (water, land, forest, marine and mineral, etc.) play a significant role in maintaining livelihood of rural communities and as well as economic earnings. Changes in climate are likely to exacerbate the observed impacts of current threats on natural resources, ecosystem and ecosystem services and biodiversity. Intense heat, decrease in rainfall and increase in salinity will degrade, damage and convert forest areas and well as changes in distribution and composition of forests will adversely affect ecosystem services and biodiversity. This will affect about 70 percent of the population as they directly or indirectly depend on forest. Climate change will induce changes to hydrological systems and cycles, which will bring alterations in different aspects of water resources, such as deterioration of water quality, quantity, and accessibility. Rising sea levels will lead to salt-water intrusion into groundwater supplies particularly as existing water levels decrease, a phenomenon already observed in the Delta area. Being an agro-base country, mostly relying on rain-fed agriculture, changes in availability of water and its quality will adversely impacts agricultural sector which use 90% water. Both agriculture and people living in the Central Dry Zone will be impacted most as they typically rely on reservoirs, rivers, and groundwater supply. While sector support large number of population as well as vulnerable to climate change, deforestation and forest degradation contributes about 198 million tons CO2e/year, and 844 thousand tons CO2e/year, respectively. Forest fire also emits about 40 million tons CO2e/year. However, the sector also presents huge potential to sequester carbon, which can be achieved enhancement, conservation and sustainable management of forest. For example, reforestation and restoration of 50 percent degraded forests using REDD+ has potential to sequester about 1,910 million tons CO2e. Urban areas in Myanmar are equally exposed to climate change and extreme events, as they are located in dry zone, coastal area and areas prone to flood or experiencing increased water runoff due to the increase in impermeable surfaces. People and assets in cities and towns have suffered from past extreme events and will suffer more from these rapid onset disasters; slow onset effects of climate change in future. For example, Yangon was badly affected by Cyclone Nargis in 2008 and smaller towns like Laputta were estimated to have, with an estimate 33,000 casualties for the township and extensive damage. As cities and towns face the impacts of climate change, certain population groups will be more vulnerable to its impacts, often the poorest and with the lowest capacity to adapt. It is also likely that the heat-island effect resulting from increased temperatures and densification of built up areas will result in substantial threats to health and liveability quality in urban areas. Water shortages may become a defining challenge for both small and large towns, and result in increase of prices for services in larger cities such as Yangon, Mandalay and Nay Pyi Taw, with consequent health issues. Population growth along with economic growth will increase energy demand and other services in urban areas, which in turn result into increased GHG emissions particularly from buildings, transport and industry. Operate buildings with insufficient energy efficiency standards will all contribute to re-shape considerably Myanmar’s GHG inventory in future. Political reform along with economic growth is showing tremendous increase in transport sector including vehicular growth – less than one million registered vehicles in 2004 to almost four millions in 2012 – and will continue to grow as economic capacities of households increase and the productive sector xix| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 diversifies. It will lead to increase transport infrastructure and services to boost economic activities and emissions will including impacting environment. As the economy grows, the expansion of the energy, transport and industry sectors will lead to extreme environmental stress unless this is planned and managed carefully. Impacts on health due increased temperature and rainfall variability and change will be significant in Myanmar. The NAPA projections show that the Public Health socio-economic sector is most at risk with a high vulnerability score. The future projection for Myanmar indicate that higher temperatures will also reduce the development time for pathogens and thereby increase transmission rates e.g. mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue will increase in highland areas (e.g. Shan State), too cold at present for vector insects. The Government of Myanmar has fully recognized implications of climate change and extreme weather events on overall development including country efforts address poverty and other sustainable development goals. It has taken necessary steps to sign and ratify climate change related international agreement including Paris Agreement on climate change. It has also taken steps to implement several climate change projects to enhance adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities as well as formulating climate change strategy and action plan. Aware of the challenges resulting from observed and future changes in key sectors for Myanmar people and economy, the Government of Myanmar has decided to adopt the Myanmar Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (MCCSAP). The Strategy was prepared in close consultation with national and local level stakeholders representing a cross-section of government institutions, national non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community representatives, private sector actors, development partners, professionals, and academia covering a wide range of sectors. Bilateral discussions, three national workshops and five sub-national workshops were conducted to engage with stakeholders. Subnational workshops were conducted in five of Myanmar’s climate vulnerable states/regions engaging more than 600 participants from the local government, civil society organisations, community representatives and private sectors. The Myanmar Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (MCCSAP) presents a roadmap to guide Myanmar’s strategic responses to address climate related risks and opportunities over the next 15 years and beyond. The Strategy and Action Plan aims to support key actorsii in their decision making at the national and local level to respond to the challenges and opportunities associated with climate change. The Strategy outlines a vision, goal and objectives to guide a transition to a climate resilient and low carbon development pathway that will deliver inclusive economic and social development. It identifies priority actions in key development sectors to build the adaptive capacity of communities and sectors and to promote low carbon development. The Strategy also outlines an implementation framework to coordinate and implement climate resilient and low carbon development initiatives. The MCCSAP builds on the following four principles: ii Public and private sector, donors, civil society actors, vulnerable households and communities xx| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Inclusive development: The MCCSAP will direct action to deliver inclusive development outcomes. It will support climate vulnerable, poor marginalised and less powerful groups and regions to shape and benefit from the opportunities provided by the Strategy; Resource efficient development: The MCCSAP will drive action to deliver resource efficient development. It will incentivise investment in a green economy, where growth can be achieved with minimal environmental harm and carbon emissions; Integrated development: The MCCSAP will facilitate integrated development planning. It will direct government, development partners, civil society, private sector entities and communities to align, harmonise and coordinate policies and programmes to support the overall objectives of the Strategy; and; and Results based development: The MCCSAP will support results based development. The Strategy is based on theory of change model. It outlines a vision for a climate resilient and inclusive nation that is able to address climate risks and harness the benefits of low carbon development. It outlines a time bound goal and objectives to achieve this vision and strategic priorities that will need to be taken in key sectors and to implement the Strategy. The MCCSAP aims to guide action to achieve the following strategic vision, goal and objectives: Strategic Vision To develop Myanmar as a nation that is resilient to the impacts of climate change and is able to harness the benefits of low carbon development for present and future generations in an inclusive manger. Goal Myanmar achieved climate resilient development and pursued a low-carbon development pathway by 2030 to support inclusive and sustainable developmentiii. Objectives a. To increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities and sectors so that they are resilient to the adverse impacts of climate change, and b. To create and maximise use of opportunities for potential sectors to pursue a low carbon development pathway by ensuring development benefits to communities and all economic sectors. The MCCSAP identifies six priority action areas i.e. a) integrating climate change into development policies and plans; b) establishing institutional arrangements to plan and implement responses to climate change; c) establishing financial mechanisms to mobilise and allocate resources for investment in climate smart initiatives; d) increasing access to technology; e) building awareness and capacity to respond to climate change; and f) promoting multi-stakeholder In earlier presentation and discussion goal as stated as “by 2030, Myanmar is achieving climate resilience and is engaged in low-carbon, resource efficient development as a contribution to sustainable development” iii xxi| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 partnerships to support investment in climate smart initiatives. All these priority action areas will support in achieving outputs and expected results in six sectors to build adaptive capacity and to promote low carbon development. These six sectors are 1) Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock, 2) Environment and Natural Resources, 3) Energy, Transport and Industry, 4) Cities, Towns and Human Settlements, 5) Climate Hazards and Health, and 6) Education, Science and Technology. The MCCSAP is supported by detailed sectoral action plan that identify time-bound priority actions. Six-priority action areas will be supported through the following enabling and supporting instruments as the main building blocks of the implementation arrangement of the Strategy. These are Enabling Policy Environment: developing and enacting a climate change policy that will guide responses to climate change by different actors and sectors; Coordination and Implementation Mechanism: establishing a well-functioning coordination mechanism that will guide political, administrative and multi-stakeholder action in support of climate resilient and low carbon development as well as designating ministries to lead implementing strategy; Strategic Framework for Financing: Developing a financial mechanism to mobilise, manage and allocate resources for investment in climate smart responses; Capacity Building: formulating a capacity development roadmap for different actors and sectors involved in delivering the Strategy and Action Plan; and Progress monitoring and feedback: establishing a monitoring, evaluation and learning mechanism to assess progress against the Strategy and to guide iterative planning and updating the Strategy. The implementation of the MCCSAP of Myanmar will supports Myanmar’s Comprehensive Development Plans as well as Sustainable Development Strategy. Its aligned with the national development policies and building on the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA), Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), Green Growth Strategy, and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)+ road map will ensure contribution beyond climate change. xxii| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Part I: Development in the Context of Climate Change National Circumstances The Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Government of Myanmar) is located between latitudes 09°32´N and 28°31´N, and longitudes 92°10´E and 101°11´E. The country shares its border with India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand (Figure1). With a land area of 676,552 sq. km., it is the second largest country in the Southeast Asia Region, with a coastal area 2,832 km or more than 50% of the entire eastern side of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. Agro-ecologically, the country is divided into three zones while it has eight physiographic regions (Figure 1). The land area comprises of the central lowlands of the Ayeyarwady, Chindwin and Sittaung River valleys, highlands in the north, east and west, and coastal belt in the south and southwest and shares into the Himalaya range region with the high peaks of Hkakabo Razi (5,881 m) and Gamlang Razi, 5,870 m to the North-West. Figure 1: Myanmar within the region Sources: NAPA 2012 1| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Figure 2: (a) Myanmar’s three agro-ecological zones (b) eight physiographic regions (a) (b) Source: GoM, 2012 Myanmar has a tropical climate with three seasons: a cool winter from November to February, a hot summer season in March and April, and a rainy season from May to October dominated by the southwest monsoon. Mean annual rainfall is the lowest in the Central Dry Zone (500 – 1000 mm/year), it increases in the Eastern and Northern Hilly Regions, and is the highest in the Southern and Rakhine Coastal Regions (2,500 – 5,500 mm/year)4. Mean temperature ranges from 32°C in the Coastal and Delta areas to 21°C in the Northern lowlands5. Seasonal temperature varies greatly throughout most of Myanmar. In the Central Dry Zone temperatures range from a maximum of 40oC – 43oC in the hot/dry season to10oC – 15oC in the cool/relatively dry season and decrease to 4 Egashira, K., and A. T. Aye. 2006. Cropping characteristics in Myanmar with some case studies in Shan State and Mandalay Division. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 51:373. 5 http://www.roadtomandalay.com/business/myanmar_burma.htm 2| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 -1ºC or 0ºC in the highlands. The southern part of the country does not experience much variation in seasonal temperature6. Myanmar has a total population of Figure 3: Distribution of Population in Myanmar 51.48 million of which 24.82 million are male and 26.66 million are female (Census 2014). With an annual growth rate of 0.89 percent per year, the country has one of the lowest growth rates in the region. About 60 percent of the population is concentrated in five States and Regions: Yangon Region (7.36 million); Ayeyarwady (6.18 million); Mandalay (6.16 million); Shan (5.82 million); and Sagaing (5.32 million). The least populated States and Regions are Kayah (286,000), Chin (478,000) Nay Pyi Taw (1.16 million), Taninthayi (1.40 million) and Kayin (1.57 million). These States and Regions only account for 9.5 percent of the country’s population. The distribution of population and comparative analysis of the proportion of the population at the state/region are presented in figure 2 and 3, respectively. Myanmar’s population is also characterized by diversity with 135 different ethnic minorities and around 100 different languages (Austin and Sallabank, 2011). Source: Census, 2014 6 Egashira, K., and A. T. Aye. 2006. Cropping characteristics in Myanmar with some case studies in Shan State and Mandalay Division. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 51:373. 3| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Figure 4: proportion of state/region population to total population Source: Census, 2014 The Census also shows that in 2014 about 70.4 percent population lived in rural areas and 29.6 percent lives in urban areas. The Ayeyarwady has the largest proportion of rural population, which is about 86 percent, followed by Magway (85 percent), and Sagaing and Rakhine (83 percent). Yangon region has the highest proportion of people living in urban area at 70.1 percent, followed by Kachin at 35.9 percent, and Mandalay at 34.8 percent. Annual urban population has grown at a rate of 2.3 – 2.5 percent per year for the last decade (World Bank, 2015c). The average population density in Myanmar is 76 persons per square kilometre with Yangon as the most densely populated State/Region (723), followed by Mandalay (206). The least populated areas are Kachin State (19), followed by Chin State (13). With the increase in population in all States and Regions, the population density has increased throughout the country. Increases are most pronounced in areas of greater urbanisation7 Whilst the country has made progress against indicators of social development, it has not been equal across regions or across ethnic groups (UNSD, 2015). About 25.6 percent of the population lives below the poverty line and nearly 85 percent of the poor live in rural areas (UNDP, 2011). Poverty levels vary substantially across different geographic regions. Rakhine (in the coastal zone) and Chin (in the hills) are by far the poorest states, with poverty rates of 78 percent and 71.5 percent respectively (World Bank, 2014). There are wide socio-economic gaps within the population. Literacy levels are lowest in the states of Shan, Kayin and Chin at 65 percent, 74 percent and 79 percent respectively. There are higher rates of unemployment in Rakhine and Kayin states. About 7 Government of Myanmar, Population and Housing Census of Myanmar, Provisional Results August 2014 4| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 44 percent of urban households have access to electricity compared to only 5.6 percent of rural households (GoM, 2014a). The economy of Myanmar is growing. Real GDP growth in the country was 8.4 percent in 2013; 8.7 percent in 2014; 7.0 percent in 2015; and is projected to be at 8.6 percent in 2016 and 7.7 percent in 2017 (IMF, 2016)8. Implementation of major economic reform programmes and reengagement with the international community has led to visible improvement in the economy. Macro-economic growth in Myanmar is characterized by structural transformation. The sectoral composition of GDP is changing, with the share of the primary sector in employment and output shifting to industry and modern services (Figure 4 and 5). Current economic growth is supported substantially by the natural resources sector. Agriculture is currently the second largest economic sector, contributing to 30 percent of GDP (MoALI, 2015). The export of natural gas also contributes significantly to economic growth, with the manufacturing and services sector contributing increasingly (World Bank, 2014). For example, industry’s share in GDP increased from less than 10 percent to 26 percent over the last decade. In terms of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), in June 2015, 40.40 percent of FDI was in oil and gas; 38.70 percent in power; 9.71 percent in manufacturing; 6.49 percent in transport and 5.05 percent in mining (MoALI, 2015). In terms of job creation, in 2010 agriculture contributed 52 percent to employment, services 36 percent, and manufacturing 12 percent (World Bank, 2014). By 2030, manufacturing could become the economy’s largest sector and create a large number of jobs (Chhor, et.al., 2013). Figure 5: Economic Transformation in Myanmar Source: ADB, 2012b 8 IMF, 2016. World economic and financial surveys. Regional economic outlook. Asia and Pacific: Building on Asia’s strengths during turbulent times. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/reo/2016/apd/eng/pdf/areo0516.pdf 5| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Figure 6: Structure of Gross Domestic Product 2012-2013 Agriculture Livestock and fishery Forestry Energy Mining Processing & Manufacturing Electric power Construction SERVICES TRADE 18.8 22.5 8.5 21.6 0.4 21 5.2 1.1 0.1 0.8 Source: GoM 20149 At the level of Regions and States, the sectors that drive economic growth vary – but rely primarily on agriculture, industry or services led growth (Table 1). Table 1: Drivers of growth in the regions and states Region/State Structure Focus Ayeyarwady Bago Chin Kachin Kayah Kayin Magway Mandalay Mon Rakhine Sagaing Shan Taninthayi Yangon Agricultural services Industry/Agriculture Agriculture Industry services Services industry Services industry Agricultural industry Growth centre Services industry Agriculture industry Agriculture industry Agriculture services Agriculture services Growth centre Source: National Comprehensive Development Plan, 201410 At the micro level, the main sources of household income vary across regions, wealth and gender categories. For example, in 2013, the most common source of income for households in the hilly zone was the sale of non-rice cereals; in the dry zone, it was the sale of beans, pulses and peanuts; and in the coastal /delta zone, it was the sale of paddy. With respect to gender differentiation, maleheaded households were more likely to earn income from the sale of agricultural products, whereas GoM 2014. Myanmar agriculture brief. Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation. http://www.liftfund.org/sites/lift-fund.org/files/publication/Myan%20Agriculture%20in%20brief%201%20%282014%29.pdf 9 National Comprehensive Development Plan, 2014 https://www.mnped.gov.mm/images/stories/pdf_file/PD/ncdp%20eng%20abstract.pdf 10 6| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 female-headed households were more likely to earn money from casual labour in agriculture. For households with an average income of less than 50,000 kyat per month, the most common source of income was causal labour; middle income households were most likely to sell fresh wild catch of fish, prawns and crabs; and for better off households, the most common source of income was from the sale of agricultural products (LIFT, 2013)11. The country is endowed with rich natural resources including biodiversity, forest, water, and mineral resources. It has a diverse flora with more than 11,821 plant, 259 mammal, 1,056 bird, 297 reptile, 82 amphibian, 775 freshwater and marine water fish, 5 marine turtle and 52 coral species, making it one of the richest biodiversity centres in Asia and the Pacific. Forty seven percent of the country’s land area is under forest (Forest Resource Assessment). The country is rich in mineral wealth, including silver, lead, zinc and tungsten. It has abundant water resources comprising four principle river basins (Ayeyarwady, Chindwin, Sittaung and Thanlwin/Salween) with a catchment area of ~737,800 km2. This provides renewable water resources of ~880 km3 to 1082 km3 per year (surface water resources volume)12. Approximately 70% of freshwater resources is utilised by the agriculture sector followed by 7% for domestic use and 3% for industrial purposes, respectively13. The available water resources can fulfil the energy demand of the country, which has potential to generate 108,000 MW of electricity, and has plans to make hydropower as the sole electricity source by 2030. It also has a significant hydropower export potential14. Forest and aquatic resources are a source of rural livelihood and export earnings for the country. The natural resource sector also supports tourism. Myanmar’s rich and diverse natural resources are under pressure from internal reforms, economic liberalisation and global trends, including climate change. The key drivers of change include development in the energy, industry and urban sector, land use change and deforestation15. Unsustainable land use practices and encroachment on forested areas have major environmental implications. There is also heavy dependence of rural households on the forest resources. About 69.2 percent of households use firewood as their main source of energy (GoM, 2014a). Illegal timber harvesting and forest encroachment are an increasing threat to the forest. From 1989-1998 the annual deforestation rate in Myanmar was around 466,420 per ha/annum (MoNREC, 2012b). In between 1990 and 2015, Myanmar lost 24% of its forest (FAO, 2015). Although mining has a relatively small share of Myanmar’s GDP (5.05 percent), it is causing significant and increasing environmental damage (UN-REDD, 2013). The oil and gas industries and coal production are also on track to expand (World Bank, 2014). Similarly, the transport sector is the largest consumer of fossil fuels, and consumption of this sector is projected to increase LIFT 2013. Household survey report. http://www.lift-fund.org/sites/liftfund.org/files/publication/LIFT_HH_Survey_2013_0.pdf 11 Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation, Government of the Union of Myanmar, Ti, L. H. and Facon, T. Report on the formulation of a national water vision to action in the Union of Myanmar. Last Accessed 17/02/2012. http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae546e/ae546e04.htm 13 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). 2000. Second ASEAN State of the Environment Report. ISBN: 979-8080-83-1. 14 GOM. 2016. State of Environment Report (draft). Government of Myanmar 15 Draft State of Environment Report, Myanmar, MoNREC, UN-Habitat-UNEP 2016 12 7| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 dramatically (MoNREC, 2012b). The transport sector’s GHG contribution was 20 percent in 2002 (MoNREC, 2012b). If natural resources of Myanmar are not managed properly, it could lead to resource inefficiency and exacerbate inequality in the country. An executive, legislative and judicial branch in the parliamentary republic is responsible for decision-making. The Union is the central administrative unit and the Constitution has divided the country into 14 administrative units, comprising seven States (Kachin, Kayah, Kayin, Chin, Mon, Shan and Rakhine) and seven Regions (Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, Bago, Taninthayi, Ayeyarwady and Yangon). Yangon is the largest city and former capital of the country. However, the smaller but more central Nay Pyi Taw serves as the capital16. States and Regions are subdivided into districts, which are further subdivided into townships, sub-townships, wards, village tracts and villages. In terms of inclusive decision-making, the country is in a transition to political democratisation and decentralisation. A democratic process initiated in 2010, with Myanmar’s first general election in 20 years. By-elections took place in 2012. The second election held on November 2015. The National League for Democracy (NLD) won the majority in the election and formed a new government as an outcome of the national election held on 8th November 2015. Decentralisation, instigated through the Constitution in 2008 has resulted in the reorganisation of Myanmar’s governance system. It allocates power, roles and responsibilities to Region and State (R/S) including to: enact laws pertaining to certain sectors (Schedule 2 of constitution); make laws; submit the R/S budget bill based on the annual Union budget; collect taxes and revenues; expend the R/S fund; manage, guide, supervise and inspect local government activities; supervise, inspect and coordinate civil service organisations; form civil service organisations to support R/S governance objectives and appoint their personnel. Local government ministers and their cabinet are appointed by and accountable to the central government. The process has increased representation of regional and ethnic parties (Nixon, et. al., 2013). Judiciary, executive and legislative powers are under the responsibility of the President of the GoM (Tun, 2014). Within the legislative process, the Union is responsible for devising and adopting, planning and budgeting laws, such as the Union Budget Law, the National Planning Law and the Taxation Law. National development planning in the country is guided by the National Comprehensive Development Plan (NCDP), which guides long-term reforms for the period 2011-2031. It will be implemented through four five-year plans, the first of which is underway. The Framework for Economic and Social Reform (FESR) bridges the first 5-year plan with the NCDP. It outlines shortterm policy priorities to meet the aims of the NCDP. It guides detailed sectoral and regional plans; indicates potential “quick wins” for tangible and sustainable development benefits; and advises cooperation with development partners and international bodies. The FESR is the go-to tool for guiding development policies and plans. 16 Egashira, K., and A. T. Aye. 2006. Cropping characteristics in Myanmar with some case studies in Shan State and Mandalay Division. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 51:373-387. 8| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Development Vision of Myanmar Myanmar aims to become a ‘modern, developed and democratic nation’ by 2030 (NCDP 20122031). It aims to achieve this aim by focusing on economic, social and environmental development. Policy direction under each pillar includes: Economic development: Policy direction provided under the first five year plan, the FESR and sectoral plans focus on structural transformation, which aims to achieve a targeted shift in the sectoral contribution to GDP – calling for increased contributions from the industry and services sector and decreased contributions from the agriculture sector (GoM, 2012a). Similarly, the 30year Industrial plan and the 2016 Industrial policy target a shift from agro-based to an industrybased economy by 2030. There is also a strong policy focus to develop the capacity of business and human resources to benefit from the business opportunities and jobs associated with structural transformation. The country aims to invest in skill development programmes, development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and sustainable business models. Innovative practices to support production and consumption of goods and services are also being adopted within sectors. For instance, policymakers are currently debating the mix of energy sources (renewable energy; clean coal; fossil fuel), and business models (large or small-scale; on or off-grid) to guide the production and distribution of energy. Social development: Current policy direction aims to increase investment in inclusive development. The FESR aims to deliver ‘balanced and proportionate development among regions and states’ and ‘inclusive growth for the entire population’. The National Social Protection Strategic Plan (2014) is aligned with the FESR’s aim to address inequality and strengthen human capital and development by providing protective, preventive, promotive and transformative social protection (GoM, 2014b). The government aims to deliver ‘health for all’ via decentralised, primary healthcare service that prioritises vulnerable groups (e.g. women, children, elderly). The Myanmar Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation Strategy complement the Social Protection Strategy. Its implementation increases productive activities and engages in universal programmes for vulnerable groups. The government has also increased spending on the social sectors. The budget allocation for education has increased from 0.8 percent of GDP in 2011/12 to 1.8 percent in 2013/14 (World Bank, 2013a). The budget allocation for health increased from 0.2 percent in 2011/12 to 0.9 percent in 2013/14. Environmental Development: The Government of Myanmar is encouraging people to get involved in environmental conservation and management, and extracting natural resources sustainable manner. It is also committed to protect biodiversity, conserving natural forests, greening the 17 mountain ranges in the dry zone, Since 1990s, it has developed environmental policies17 as well as developed a set of general environmental strategies with strong visions and objectives for better environment and sustainable development. The National Environment Policy (NEP, 1994) which is under revision and the Environmental Conservation Law (ECL, 2012) provide strategic priorities and guiding rules for managing environment. The Forest Policy 17 The National Environment Policy (1994), the Forest Policy (1995), the Agenda 21 (1997), the National Code of Practice for Forest Harvesting (2000), the National Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS, 2009), the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2011), the Environmental Conservation Law (ECL, 2012), and the National Water Policy (2014) 9| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 emphasises on the protection of soils, water catchment, ecosystems, biodiversity, genetic resources, scenic reserves and national heritage sites. It has also recognizes that fostering sustainable forest management will ensure endlessness benefits both tangible and intangible to the present and future generations. It also aims for 30 percent of the total land area as reserved forest and 5 percent as protected areas systems. The National Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS) provides a framework for integrating environmental considerations into future national development plans. Environmental sustainability has reinforced by the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP). The Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of Myanmar emphasised The government has also taken steps to develop climate change policy, updating national environment policy, strategy and master plan, national waste management strategy and action plan, and green economy policy framework. Climate Change and Extreme Events Risk Profile Because of its geographic location and characteristics Myanmar is inherently exposed to severe natural weather events, which have been increasing in intensity and frequency over the last sixty years. Located in the centre of the southwest monsoon area of South East Asia, heavy-rain induced floods occur in many parts of the country, which is traversed by large river systems ending in the vast Delta area. The nation’s coastal area covers more than 50 percent of the entire eastern side of the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea, which is prone to cyclones and associated strong winds, heavy rains and storm surges. Droughts are frequent, particularly in central Myanmar. The largest part of the total population is concentrated in two main areas: the Delta area (~50,400 km2) which is most exposed to recurring tropical storms, cyclones and floods and potential storm-surge effects, and the ‘Dry Zone’ area, exposed to chronic droughts among other risks. Importantly, in 2014 the 70 percent of total population in rural areas depended on rain-fed agriculture, livestock and fishery and forest resources, hence most of Myanmar’s population. It is clear that the livelihood and very well-being of a large part of this population, and Myanmar’s society as a whole, is highly sensitive and vulnerable to climate change, climate variability and natural disasters. Over the last six decades, changes in climate were observed that exacerbated this risk profile (DMH, 2016; NAPA 2012) and therefore increased the vulnerability of Myanmar vis-à-vis natural rapid and slow on-set disasters. Observed Changes Observed changes in the climate for Southeast Asia include increase in temperature; variable precipitation; sea level rise; and an increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events (Hijioka et al., 2014). The Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) under the Ministry of Transportation and Communication has analysed hydro-meteorological indicators, which revealed Myanmar’s climate is changing with certain observable trends over last six decades. It shows an increase in mean temperature (~0.08°C per decade); increase in overall rainfall with varying between 29-215 mm per decade throughout the country with declining trend in some areas; 10| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 late onset and early termination of southwest monsoon; increase in extreme weather events; and sea level rise. A closer look at observed data also reveals that intense rainfall events are experienced with shorter monsoon period and extreme events like destructive cyclones make land fall over Myanmar coastline every year as compared to typically once in 3 years during the 20th century (NAPA 2012). A recent study revealed that observed increase in temperature during last three decades (19812010) is 0.14°C and 0.35°C per decade for coastal and inland region respectively. It also revealed that annual total precipitation increase slightly between 1981 and 2010, with increase of 157 mm/decade in coastal areas and 37 mm/decade in inland (WWF, 2016) while recent DMH study showed decrease in annual precipitation with increase in average intensity. The DMH analysis reconfirms general increase in temperature throughout the country with highest and significant increases in temperature in Central Dry Zone area during last three decades. In addition to observed changes in temperature and rainfall, some observed extreme events are presented below. c. An increase in the prevalence of drought events: Drought years were frequent in the 1980s and the 1990s. The country also faced severe drought in 2010. d. An increase in the intensity and frequency of cyclones and strong winds: From 1887 to 2005, 1,248 tropical storms formed in the Bay of Bengal. Eighty of these storms (6.4 percent of the total) reached Myanmar’s coastline. Cyclone Mala (2006), Nargis (2008) and Giri (2010) were the most severe and damaging cyclones experienced in Myanmar. e. Rainfall variability including erratic and record-breaking intense rainfall events: Every year Myanmar experiences intense rainfall. From July to October in 2011, there was heavy rain and flooding in the Ayeyarwady, Bago, Mon and Rakhine regions. f. An increase in the occurrence of flooding: From 1910 to 2000, 12 major floods occurred in the country. In July and August 2015, flooding and landslides displaced 1.6 million people caused almost 132 deaths, and the cost of destruction was equivalent to over 3 percent of Myanmar’s GDP in 2014/2015 (World Bank, 2015a). g. An increase in extreme high temperatures: During summer 2010, 1,482 cases of heatrelated disorders were reported and 260 heat-related deaths occurred across Myanmar. h. In general, the duration of the Monsoon has decreased with 125 days today against the previous (1980) 144 days resulting from a late on-set and early withdraw. Projected climate change Projected changes in climate across Southeast Asia include increase in the mean annual temperature, increases in extremes related to the monsoon, the strongest warming signal at the surface oceans in subtropical and tropical regions. The future influence of climate change on tropical cyclones is likely to vary by region, but there is low confidence in region-specific projections of frequency and intensity (Hijioka et al 2014). The new climate change projections for Myanmar revealed an increase of minimum temperature between 0.8ºC to 2.7ºC degree and maximum temperature between 0.8ºC to 2.6ºC by end of 2100 under RCP4.5. Under RCP 8.5, both minimum and maximum temperature will increase between 0.9ºC to 4.6ºC and 0.8ºC to 4.4ºC by 11| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 end of the century. Increase in precipitation by end of the century will be 36 percent under RCP 4.5 and 40 percent under RCP 8.5. Key feature of likely change at country level include: a. A general increase in temperature will be felt through more extremely hot days and extreme rainfall in Myanmar which will result more droughts and floods; b. An increase in the risk of flooding resulting from a late onset and early withdrawal of monsoon events; c. An increase in rainfall variability during the rainy season including an increase across the whole country from March – November (particularly in Northern Myanmar), and decrease between December and February; d. An increase in the occurrence and intensity of extreme weather events, including cyclones/strong winds, flood/storm surge, intense rains, extreme high temperatures, drought and sea level rise (MoNREC, 2012a). The table 2 below presents the initial results of climate change projections based on the PRECIS model. Table 2: Climate Change Projections Climate change predictions for 20212040 include Climate change predictions for 20412060 include Climate change predictions for 20512100 include Climate change predictions for 20512100 include The annual maximum temperature will increase between the ranges 0.9ºC to 1.0ºC in Shan (Eastern and Southern), Rakhine, Kayin and Mon States, Sagaing, Mandalay, Magway, Bago,Yangon, Ayeyarwady and Taninthayi regions; and 1.1ºC to 1.2ºC Kachin, Northern Shan, Chin and Kayah States. The annual maximum temperature will increase between 1.3ºC to 1.4ºC in Rakhine and Mon States, Ayeyarwady Region; 1.5ºC to 1.6ºC in Shan (E&S), Kayah and Kayin States, Sagaing, Mandalay, Magway, Bago, Yangon and Taninthayi Regions; and 1.7ºC in Kachin, Northern Shan and Chin States. The annual minimum temperature will increase between the ranges 0.9 ºC to 1.0ºC Rakhine, Kayin and Mon States, Upper Sagaing, Bago,Yangon, Ayeyarwady and The annual minimum temperature will increase between 1.4ºC to 1.5ºC in Rakhine and Mon States, Yangon, Ayeyarwady and Taninthayi Regions; 1.6ºC to 1.7ºC in Kachin, Shan (E& The annual maximum temperature will increase between 1.7°C to 1.8°C in Rakhine, Kayin and Mon States, Bago, Yangon and Ayeyarwady Regions; 1.9°C to 2.0°C in Shan (N, S & E) and Kayah States, Sagaing, Mandalay, Magway and Taninthayi Regions; and 2.1°C to 2.2°C in Kachin and Chin States The Annual maximum temperatures will increase between 1.8°C to 1.9°C in Rakhine, Kayin and Mon States, Yangon Region; 2.0°C to 2.1°C in Shan (E&S) and Kayah States, Magway, Bago, Ayeyarwady and Taninthayi Regions; and ,2.2°C to 2.3°C in Kachin, Chin and Northern Shan States, Sagaing and Mandalay Regions. The annual minimum temperature will increase between 1.8°C to 1.9°C in Rakhine, Kayin and Mon States, Bago, Yangon, Ayeyarwady and Taninthayi Regions; The annual minimum temperature will increase between 2.0°C to 2.1°C increase in Rakhine and Mon State, Yangon, Ayeyarwady and Taninthayi Regions; 12| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Taninthayi regions; 1.1ºC to 1.2ºC Kachin, Shan (north, south and east), Chin and Kayah States, Lower Sagaing and Mandalay Regions; and 1.3ºC in Magway Region. Decrease of rainfall from 1-12% in Kachin, Southern Shan, Rakhine, Kayin and Mon States, Taninthayi Region; and increase by 1% to 53% in 11 Regions and States. S), Kayah and Kayin States, Sagaing and Bago Regions; and 1.8ºC to 1.9ºC in Northern Shan and Chin States, Mandalay and Magway Regions. Decrease of rainfall by 2-11% in Kachin, Rakhine, Shan, Kayin and Mon States; increase by 4% to 24% in Shan, and Kayah States, Upper Sagaing, Mandalay, Bago, Yangon and Ayeyarwady Regions; and increase by 30% to 56% in Chin State, Lower Sagaing and Magway Regions 2.0°C to 2.1°C in Shan (E&S) and Kayah States, Upper Sagaing Region; and 2.2°C to 2.3°C in Kachin, Chin and Northern Shan States, Lower Sagaing, Mandalay and Magway Regions Decrease of rainfall by 2% to 6% in Kay in State and Taninthayi Region; 4% to 25% increase in Kachin, Shan, Rakhine, Kayah and Mon States, Upper Sagaing, Bago, Yangon and Ayeyarwady Regions; and 34% to 74% increase in Chin State, Lower Sagaing, Mandalay and Magway Regions. 2.2°C to 2.3°C in Kayin State and Bago Region; and 2.4°C to 2.5°C in Kachin, Shan (N,S&E),Chin and Kayah States, Sagaing, Mandalay and Magway Region. The projection of total precipitation is expected to decrease by 4% in Taninthayi Region; increase 41% to 84% in Chin State, Mandalay, Magway and Lower Sagaing Regions; and 3% to 31% in remaining Regions and States. Source: DMH, 2016 Sea level rise is one of the most pressing concerns for the coastal area, particularly the Ayeyarwady deltaic region, as it will be exposed to increased salinity, coastal erosion, and inundation. Deltas are likely to respond rapidly to both natural and anthropogenic climate and sea-level change, with the potential for significant impacts on populations that live in delta regions. It is predicted that by 2100, global sea level rise would be 0.26 to 0.82 metres while regional sea level would rise more than 10 per cent compared to global rise. A 0.5 m sea level rise would result in the shoreline along the Ayeyarwady Delta advancing by 10 kilometres inland. This would have a significant impact on local communities and the agriculture sector. Stakeholder consultations, carried out as part of the Strategy formulation process, validated and substantiated the observed changes in climate presented in the IPCC fifth assessment report, the NAPA as well as new climate change projections presented in June 2016 by DMH. Observed changes vary according to regions. In Rakhine and Ayeyarwady, the stakeholders have observed a rise in sea level, frequent cyclone, salt-water intrusion and flooding as the major climate change issues. In Bago, Mandalay and Kachin stakeholders observed an increase in droughts and floods. Implications of Climate Change on Development Adverse impact of climate change cuts across sectors and societies. Therefore impacts in one sector are felt by other sectors and society as a whole. For example, adverse impacts of climate change on 13| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 agriculture will reduce its contribution to GDP growth as well as livelihoods of small-firm households and agricultural labour force. From both observed and projected climate change, it is clear that the main climate related drivers that will affect development of Myanmar include increasing trend of temperature, extreme temperature and precipitation events such as heatwave, droughts and floods, damaging tropical cyclones, sea level rise, salinity intrusion as well as ocean acidification. These drivers may hamper the capacity of Myanmar to reach its development objectives as defined in its Plans, and defended in the Constitution. As observed, given that livelihoods and the economy rely on climate sensitive sectors and are located in climate sensitive areas – climate change will pose a huge challenge to achieving inclusive economic and social development. For example, approximately 85% of the rural population relies on climate sensitive sectors for their livelihoods, and millions of population are concentrated in regions exposed to the impacts of climate change, including the delta region and coastal belts. Sea-level rise poses significant challenges to the coastal communities as well as livelihood assets including coastal ecosystem and ecosystem services. It is evident that climate change would reduce rice yield in Myanmar. Sustaining food production and maintaining food security are therefore one of the key consequences that Asia region will face including Myanmar. The economic impacts of climate change are significant and are likely to result in a major setback to the national GDP. For example, the estimated cost of loss and damage incurred after Cyclone Nargis in 2008 was over US$ 4 billion (World Bank, 2015d). The estimated cost of the damage caused by floods and landslides in July-August 2015 was US$ 1.51 billion. Flood damaged 20 percent of the country’s cultivated areas, equivalent to 4.2 percent of agricultural GDP (World Bank, 2015a). Economic growth at 7 percent in 2015-16 is about 1.5 percentage points lower than the last two years – reflecting the effects of floods in 2015, pre-election environment and weak external demand and low prices for Myanmar’s exports (World Bank, 2015e; and IMF 2016 (a)). Table 3 below outlines major implications of climate change in the development sectors as reported by national and sub-national stakeholders consulted during the strategy formulation process. Table 3: Climate Change Impacts in Myanmar Climate Hazard Direct Impacts Vulnerable Region Drought Crop failure and low yields; Rain-shadow (arid and semi-arid) central belt of the country; and Severe water shortages including limited consumable water and decreased river flows; and Central Dry Zone Decline of worker’s productivity Cyclone/ strong winds Damage of crop, land and infrastructure; Damage of coastal ecosystem and ecosystem services; Loss of lives and livelihoods, and Saline intrusion in agriculture fields 14| P a g e Coastal areas mainly Rakhine State, the Ayeyarwady Delta, and Mon State Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Intense rains Flash floods; Intense surface runoff and soil erosion; Damage of crops; and Enhanced problems during El Nina due to excessive water levels Flood/storm surge River floods, flash floods, and urban flooding; Damage of coastal ecosystem and ecosystem services; Severe inundation of land; and Northern hilly region and central dry zone, mountainous and hilly areas in Kayin, Kachin, Shan, Mon and Chin states; Ayeyarwady river basin; coastal areas Upper reaches of river systems; and Coastal areas; low-lying areas along major river systems (such as the Ayeyarwady Delta) Damage of crop, land and infrastructure Extreme high Heat waves and urban heat island effect; and temperature Reduced water availability Arid and semi-arid central belt of the country; and central dry zone Sea-level rise Inundation of cultivated lands and villages Coastal areas particularly Rakhine state and the Ayeyarwady region with seawater; Loss of land, infrastructure, and coastal habitats; and Saltwater intrusion and coastal erosion Source: Sub-national consultations; Adapted from MoNREC. 2012b While economic growth, social development and environmental sustainability will be affected by adverse impacts of climate change, inopportune development trajectory particularly energy and resource intense development could result in increased degradation of natural resources and increase of GHG emission. The GHG contribution from the industry and construction sectors combined was 10% in 2002 (INC, 2012). Annual coal production is projected to increase significantly to 2.7 million tons by 2016 and 5.6 million tons by 2031 leading to increased GHG emission (GoM, 2014). Climate change will also affect social development, including human health, wellbeing and education. Impacts will be felt by already vulnerable communities and marginalised regions first, and will thus undermine efforts aimed at balanced and inclusive development. There is thus a need to respond to climate change. The following section provides summary of the vulnerability of key sector and development implications as well as area of actions required for building resilience and maximizing opportunities for low carbon development in Myanmar. Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock Significance The agriculture, fisheries and livestock sectors play a key role in supporting economic growth, local livelihoods and food security in Myanmar. The agriculture sector is the second largest contributor to the GDP (30 percent). It provides employment to a large proportion of the population (61 percent of labour force), and is dominated by small-scale landholders (MOALI, 2014). Within agriculture sector, rice is predominant crop, which covers about two-thirds of the total area under cultivation. 15| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Beans and pulses, which are major export crops, are grown in one-third of the total cultivated area. In addition, other agricultural crops include oilseeds vegetables, chilies and other crops such as maize, cotton, rubber, sugarcane, and tropical fruit crops. Fishery particularly small-scale fisheries play a crucial role as source of livelihood and income for millions of people in Myanmar as well as play an important role in socio-economic development. Its contribution to GDP is about 10 percent while employing more than 5 percent of total population. The open water i.e. lakes, rivers and the Ayeyarwady delta has considerable potential for aquaculture development. The country has significant marine fishery resources along its more than 1,900 km coastline and about 380 thousand ha of mangroves (FAO 2003). Almost every rural household has livestock, including cattle, buffalo, pigs, and poultry, contributing to household income and constituting a sizable portion of household capital. Most of the livestock is raised using backyard methods, although some commercial production occurs near major cities. The growth in livestock production appears to have stagnated in the past decade while number of poultry birds tripling because of the spread of commercial production techniques in periurban areas (UNDP 2011). While country produces surplus food at the national level and contributes about 25 percent of export - about 1.8 million metric tons (MT) - earnings but geographic differences result in localised food shortages. Chin and Mandalay have become rice deficit regions and net importers due to due to harsh weather conditions, remoteness, and poor access to appropriate agro technologies. Rural poor has inadequate access to food, nutrition and essential non-food items. Micronutrient deficiencies account for 4-6 percent of all deaths under five-year olds (MoALI, 2015). Agriculture sector is being affected by rainfall pattern as 48 percent rice cultivation is in the favourable rain-fed lowland and 32 percent is unfavourable rain-fed land. The country has increased its irrigated area from 12% to 20% over last two decades to bring more land for favourable cultivation (MoALI, 2015). Country has also introduced some advanced technologies such as summer rice production and wetland cultivation as well as systematic utilization of fertilizers. While sector is vulnerable to climate change, agriculture sector emits about 18 percent of greenhouse gases and shows an increasing trend because of increased agricultural land and more inputs of fertilizers. Among the domesticated livestock, ruminant animals, such as cattle, buffalos are the major emitters of greenhouse gases, which are about 13 percent (INC, 2012). Impacts of Current Climate and Future Changes Assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) revealed that adverse impacts of climate change are expected to affect agriculture in Southeast Asia in three following ways: i) increase in occurrence of droughts, which will result in crop failure in rain-fed agricultural areas, increase the demand for irrigation and put severe strain on water and land resources; ii) increases in the occurrence of intense rains will result extreme floods which will result in higher yield losses from crop damage, effecting water quality and supply; iii) temperature increases will threaten agricultural productivity, stressing crops with greater potential for spikelet sterility (i.e. infertile rice seeds), insect pests and rodents and thereby reducing yields; iv) changes in temperature, moisture and carbon dioxide concentrations will cause negative impact on rice crop 16| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 growth pattern and productivity; and v) increases in rice and wheat production associated with CO2 fertilization will be offset by reductions in yields resulting from temperature and/or moisture changes. Almost all of the above changes are evident in Myanmar and negative impacts are being felt through loss of agricultural productivity that hitting poor and smallholder farmers hardest. Both slow onset phenomenon i.e., temperature increase, changes in precipitation, sea level rise and salinity intrusion, and rapid onset events, i.e. cyclone and storm surges, droughts and floods are adversely affecting agriculture, fisheries and livestock sectors. However, climatic stressors and adverse impacts vary across regions but most impacted regions are a) the Ayeyarwady Delta and Costal Zone, and b) Central Dry Zone. For instance, Cyclone Nargis (2008) damaged 4 million hectares of rice which translates to 57% of the country’s total production resulted negative growth in agricultural production (MoALI, 2015; ADB, 2013). The excessive sedimentation in the Rakhine State in 2010 damaged rice seedlings and reduced harvests resulting in total damages of around US$ 1.64 million (GoM, 2015). Heavy rain that caused flooding (July to October 2011) in the Ayeyarwady, Bago, Mon and Rakhine resulted in losses of around 1.7 million tons of rice. Sittwe, Pauktaw and Myebon areas were rendered vulnerable due to tidal surges in 2013. Scarce rainfall and drought but also suffers by heavy rainfall leading to flooding and damages crops triggered heavy flooding in the Dry Zone that caused massive losses in the agriculture sector and other sectors. Impacts of annual mean temperature rise in Myanmar i.e. projected rise by 1.3°C to 2.0°C and 2.0°C to 2.7°C under RCP 4.5 or 1.7°C to 2.4°C and 3.4°C to 4.5°C under RCP 8.5 by 2050 and 2100 respectively is alarming considering a decrease of 10 percent in rice yields has been found to be associated with every 1°C increase in temperature. This means about 2 million MT reduction of rice production by 2030 unless sector adapts adequate adaptation measures. Half a meter sea level rise by end of 2100 will advance shoreline by 10 kilometres will damage rice/local crop cultivation areas of the Ayeyarwady Delta. Study also revealed that water discharge in the Bago river basin would be reduced by 7 percent in 2030 due to increase in basin temperature and evapotranspiration. The sub-national consultations in Bago and Kayin revealed that the frequent flood and storm surge has affected agriculture (crop, livestock). Likewise, the landslides in hilly areas are causing the degradation of agriculture land. The stakeholders consulted in the Ayeyarwady said that every 2 years ~2 million hectares of land is flooded and 3.25 million hectares is moderately inundated. It was revealed that in 2008, the cyclone Nargis greatly affected Nga Pu Taw, Phyar Pone, Bokalay, Kyaik Latt, Day Da Yae, La Putta, and Maw La Myaing Kyun Township, causing human losses and damage to agriculture crops, livestock and fisheries. According to the stakeholders consulted in Mandalay, the extreme drought and flooding in the central dry zone has caused feed shortage for livestock thus resulting in declining the productivity of livestock. 17| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Current Policy and Practices, Future Targets and Challenges There are very few agricultural policies directly related to climate change in Myanmar. Current agriculture sector related policies18 focuses on increasing productivity for food security; economic growth and rural development indirectly encompass mitigation and adaptation strategies for climate change as they relate to the improvement of the agriculture sector in Myanmar. Interventions aim to modernise agricultural practices, promote commercial farming and liberalise investment in the sector. The recently formulated Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy (2016) focuses on adapting crop varieties and corresponding farming practices, disaster-risk management, crop and incomeloss risk management. The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation MoALI currently carries out some climate change related measures such as cropping systems adjustment, use of stress resistant plant varieties and maximizing water use and efficiency. Due to MoALI’s efforts and the farmers’ responses to climate change, crop diversification practices and use of stress-resistant varieties are very common. The most extensively driven strategies that are related to climate change adaptation and mitigation are hybrid rice production technology, use of GAP for rice production including a modified system of rice intensification (SRI) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation technique. Moreover, drought resistant varieties in the dry zone and organic farming in vegetables and orchards are also practiced. Farmers are currently practicing some adaptation and mitigation measures based on their indigenous knowledge (IK). The MoALI has set its target to increase rice production at least 19.40 million metric tons (MT) of which 60% for local food consumption and 40% for international trade. It has set target to increase milled rice production to 10.13 million MT for local food consumption and at least 6 million MT for international trade by 2030 from current rice expert of 1.3 million MT (MoALI, 2015). This target will be achieved by maintaining 7.70 million hectares (ha) of rice area harvested with an annual average yield of at least 4.20 MT/ha per cropping season. It has recognised that major infrastructure investments will require sustaining and further boosting exports into the long-term, targeting a modest level of milled rice exports. Moreover, sustainable intensification of rice production by using efficient and effective natural resource management methodologies for higher rice productivity and profitability is the cornerstone for achieving this aim. It is evident that climate change poses a serious threat to livelihood security and aggravates risks and vulnerabilities in the agriculture sector through the increased frequency of natural disasters and extreme weather events such as erratic rainfall, flooding, droughts, among others, especially in the regions of Ayeyarwady Delta, costal and Central Dry Zone of Myanmar. The long-term effects of slow onset phenomenon of climatic change will also have serious impacts on agriculture and food security, requiring substantive adaptation of agricultural systems over time. The agriculture sector holds significant potential to mitigate climate change through reduction of GHG emissions and enhancement of agricultural sequestration. 18 Agriculture polices include: National Strategy on Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation (2011); Law of Protection of Farmers’ Rights and Enhancement of their Benefits (2013); Pesticide Law (1990); Farm Land Law (2012); Vacant, Fallow, Virgin Lands Management Law (2012), Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy (2016). 18| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Required Response Agriculture, fisheries and livestock sectors play an import role in socio-economic development of Myanmar by significant contribution to GDP, employment, food security, nutrition, and poverty alleviation. Maintaining food and livelihood security, keeping economic growth and social development of Myanmar is extremely important that would require climate resilient responses in agriculture, fisheries and livestock sectors including promotion of resource efficient and lowcarbon practices. Therefore, by 2030 agriculture, fisheries and livestock sector wants to attain climate smart agriculture, fisheries and livestock systems that will maintain productivity, growth, support to livelihoods of dependent communities and households and maximised GHG reduction potential. Adoption of climate smart agricultural practices which are able to withstand changes in climate and contribute to the reduction of GHG emissions would require the application of new technologies, modification of existing ones, revision of relevant laws and policies to integrate climate change, enhancing capacity to access and utilization of finance and technologies etc. Early actions on climate change would allowed the country to prepare for near- and long-term agricultural adaptation and mitigation action, closely linked with national food and livelihood security and nutrition policies. The stakeholder consultation reconfirms requirement of integration of climate change into policies, plans, and extension system which would require strengthening capacity of actors as well as strategizing actions on climate smart farming systems and improve adaptive capacity of smallholder, marginalized and landless households. Increasing skilled human resources, strengthening institutional coordination mechanism, and climate investment and financing framework for climate smart agriculture, livestock and fisheries focusing on the vulnerable, landless, women and marginalized residing in climate sensitive geographic areas are also very important requirements. Sector would also require access to climate resilient technologies and good practices, low-emission farming practices and multi-stakeholder partnerships for technology transfer and implementation of efficient technologies. The set of outcomes proposed to achieve for agriculture, fisheries and livestock sector are fully aligned with recently developed climate smart agriculture strategy 2016, priorities identified in National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA), recently developed Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to climate change. Environment and Natural Resources Significance Healthy environment, availability and quality of natural resources, and rich biodiversity are key determinants of the primary economic sectors’ performance as well as major components of life supporting system. Eight major types of ecosystems i.e. a) forest ecosystem, b) mountain ecosystem, c) dry and sub-humid land ecosystem, d) estuarine mangrove ecosystem, e) inland fresh water ecosystem, f) grassland ecosystem, g) marine and coastal ecosystem, and h) small island ecosystem present rich ecological diversity and habitats for 11,800 plant, 251 mammals, 1,056 birds, 293 reptiles, 139 amphibians and 775 fish species in Myanmar. These ecosystems are also 19| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 supporting important ecological functions e.g. sequestering carbon and regulating microclimates (NBSAP, 2011). Forest ecosystem, which covers about 45 percent land, comprises of various types of forests such as tidal, beach and dune, and swamp forests; tropical evergreen forests; mixed deciduous forests; dry forests; deciduous dipterocarp forests; and hill and temperate evergreen forests. More than 70 percent of population directly or indirectly depend on forest resources and contribution to GDP is about 1 percent while export earnings from timber export are about 10% of total exports. The population residing in rural areas depend heavily on forests and forest products for their livelihood and basic needs. While sector support large number of population, emission of greenhouse due to deforestation and forest degradation is about 198 million tons CO2e/year, and 844 thousand tons CO2e/year, respectively. Forest fire also emits about 40 million tons CO2e/year. The sector also presents huge potential to sequester carbon, which can be achieved enhancement, conservation and sustainable management of forest. Reforestation and restoration of 50 percent degraded forests using REDD+ has potential to sequester about 1,910 million tons CO2e. Country also endowed with large freshwater and marine resources with a coastline of more than 2,800 km, 8.2 million ha of inland water bodies, and 0.5 million ha of swamp areas (NBSAP, 2011). Eight principle river basins (Chindwin River; Upper Ayeyarwady River; Lower Ayeyarwady River; Sittaung River; Rivers in Rakhine State; Rivers in Taninthayi Division; Thanlwin River; and Mekong River) comprises about 737,800 km². The potential water resources volume is about 1,082 km³ for surface water and 495 km³ for groundwater, well constitute national water resources annually. As an agro-base country, water utilization for agricultural sector stands for about 90% while industry and domestic use is only about 10% of the total water use. In the Central Dry Zone, freshwater resources available for domestic, industrial, and agricultural use are typically rain fed and people rely on reservoirs, rivers, and groundwater to maintain the supply. Coastal and marine ecosystems are least disturbed with an extensive coastline that supports essential ecological functions and habitats as spawning, nursery and feeding grounds for aquatic organism like fish, prawns and other aquatic fauna and flora of economic importance. Mangrove is one of the most widespread habitats in coastal regions, particularly near estuaries. Some of the most extensive areas of mangrove are in the coastal zones of Rakhine State and Taninthayi Region. The Ayeyarwady Delta also supports significant areas of mangrove (Leimgruber et al., 2005). Impacts of Current Climate and Future Changes Prevailing climate and variability influences status and quality of natural resources, ecosystems and biodiversity and any changes in climatic condition directly affects its functions. Myanmar is already experiencing changes in climate and impacts of slow and rapid onset climatic phenomenon on natural resources and environment are evident. For example, cyclone Mala destroyed 10% reserve forest and heavy rain in 2007 destroyed trees along streams. Future changes in climate are likely to exacerbate the observed impacts of current threats on natural resources, ecosystem and ecosystem services and biodiversity. Intense heat, decrease in rainfall and increase in salinity will degrade, damage and convert forest areas and well as changes in distribution and composition of forests will adversely affect ecosystem services and biodiversity. 20| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Highly variable and reduced rainfall patterns are expected to worsen an already water-stressed environment. In the north, the Mizoram– Manipur–Kachin Rain Forests are expected to be climatically less stable than the Ayeyarwady Moist Deciduous Forests and the Northern Triangle Sub-Tropical Forests. The predicted increase high and extreme day temperature and droughts will increase evapotranspiration from the canopy of trees, causing increased moisture stress are likely to be associated with more frequent forest fires in the Central Dry Zone and the Northern Regions. The increase in temperature will cause a shift in the range and migration patterns of species and with notable changes in the flowering and fruiting seasons/times of plant species as well as germination of seeds. In some areas, climate-induced succession will result in forest conversion to less productive grasslands. Furthermore, structural and functional changes of Myanmar’s forests will have a cyclical impact on the climate system through effects on biogeochemical cycles e.g. nitrogen and carbon. Climate change will induce changes to hydrological systems and cycles, which will bring changes in different aspects of water resources, such as deterioration of water quality, quantity, and accessibility. The rate of snow and glacial melt is expected to increase, resulting in changing river flows and unpredictable flooding events. The late onset and early withdrawal of the monsoon period will result in large quantities of rain falling over shorter periods. These will result in flooding, contamination of water resources, erosion and limited replenishment of waterways. Furthermore, changes in river flow and discharge will increase the risk of flash floods as well as decrease ground water recharge. Vast areas of lowland regions will be regularly inundated because of flooding events. The predicted increase in intense rain events in combination with a reduction in vegetation cover will result in decreased rainfall infiltration. Conversely, increases in drought events will increase utilization pressures on groundwater for expanding irrigated agriculture. IPCC AR5 projected that reduced dry season flows are expected to combine with sea level rise to increase saltwater intrusion in Myanmar deltas (Hamilton, 2010; Dudgeon, 2012). Rising sea levels will lead to salt-water intrusion into groundwater supplies particularly as existing water levels decrease. Ground water supplies will be particularly vulnerable to saline intrusion during the dry season because of low water volumes in river systems. Central Dry Zone receives about one third of annual precipitation and shift to perennially lower rainfalls is likely to have devastating effects in the Dry Zone. River water pumping projects will also face challenges, as they are dependent on precipitation. Similarly, ground water availability is subject to replenishment through precipitation. With the expected increase in demand for water resources, combined with the lower replenishment rates in water reservoirs, rivers, and groundwater sources due to a changing climate, fresh water shortages are likely to become more of a regular occurrence with devastating effects for the people of Myanmar’s Central Dry Zone. During the sub-national level consultation, it was revealed that extreme flooding and landslides in hilly areas is causing the degradation of forest and loss of biodiversity. The stakeholders consulted in Mandalay said that extreme drought in the dry zone is causing the loss of agro-biodiversity, increased pest and diseases including spread of invasive species. It was also revealed that due to extreme temperature in the dry zone, there is an increased incidence of forest fire. The stakeholders in Rakhine noticed that sea level rise and other disasters (cyclone) resulted in salt-water intrusion and inundation, which affected the marine and coastal biodiversity including mangroves. They further shared that large areas of mangroves are destroyed due to cyclone. 21| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Current Policy and Practices, Future Targets and Challenges Myanmar has a well-developed set of general environmental strategies and objectives with strong visions for better environment and sustainable development. Since 1990s, it has developed basis for environmental policies which include the National Environment Policy (1994), the Forest Policy (1995), the Agenda 21 (1997), the National Code of Practice for Forest Harvesting (2000), the National Sustainable Development Strategy (NSDS, 2009), the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2011), the Environmental Conservation Law (ECL, 2012), and the National Water Policy (2014). Also, the Government is currently preparing its first National and City-Level Waste Management Strategy, which will include aspects related to climate change. These policies cover broadly important environmental areas and provide general objectives. Many strategies developed by other ministries have significant environmental aspects too such as general development and transport, tourism and agriculture development. The Forest Policy emphasised on the protection of soils, water catchment, ecosystems, biodiversity, genetic resources, scenic reserves and national heritage sites. Foster sustainable forest management to ensure in endlessness of benefits both tangible and intangible for the present and future generations. The forest policy also aims for 30 percent of the total land area as reserved forest and 5 percent as protected areas systems. The National Water Policy is the first integrated water policy for the watersheds, rivers, lakes and reservoirs, groundwater aquifers and coastal and marine waters with a vision that Myanmar will become a water efficient nation based on Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) by the year 2020. It is clear that quality of environment and environmental resources is influenced by climate change and non-climate stressors as well as development activities implemented by different actors at different levels. Population growth, urbanization and growth in industry sector will increase demand on water use and pose serious challenges to water security. The safe drinking water and basic sanitation and other domestic needs continued to be a problem in many areas. Moreover, interrelation between water, food, and energy security is an important aspect to deal with as food and energy production have a large impact on the water resources in Myanmar. The Environmental Conservation Law (ECL, 2012) provides the general legal framework for environmental conservation in Myanmar and the role of the Environmental Conservation Department (ECD) of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MoNREC). However, there is no policy or guideline to address adverse impacts of climate change on environment and natural resource management as well as harnessing co-benefits. Required Response Natural resources - water, land, forest, marine and mineral etc. - play a significant role in maintaining livelihood of rural communities and as well as economic earnings. In addition to impacts of climate change, economic growth and the adoption of modern life style would threat the sustainability of its nature resource use. Country has numerous opportunities for becoming a leading country in achieving its well-deserved socio-economic development without compromising quality of the environment and natural resources. Therefore, by 2030, it aspires for accomplishing resilience of environmental and natural resources against adverse impacts of climate change and enhanced it support to biodiversity, livelihoods and social and economic development. 22| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Action in the area of environment and natural resource management will also help other climate vulnerable sectors through disaster risk reduction, and opportunities for avoiding greenhouse gas emissions. Addressing issues related to environment and natural resources are complex and become more challenging without specific policies, guideline and tools for integrating climate change in design and implementation of major development and infrastructure projects. Informed decision making also requires good quality of baseline data and updating those on a regular basis. Monitoring of emissions and the state of the environment, registries of environmentally significant activities, and specific regional and local objectives requires improvement. There is also a need for capacity building within the environmental administration at the central and especially the regional level. The stakeholder consultation reconfirms and elaborates several action areas including formulating policies, reinforce regulations and build institutional capacity to control ecosystem degradation and environment deterioration in the context of climate change. It has also suggested capitalising potential to reduce its forest carbon emissions, and enhance and sustainably manage its forest carbon stocks, conservation, restoration and protection of fragile, threatened and critical natural resources and ecosystems. Support the climate resilient livelihood diversification through income generating opportunities, value addition and market linkages targeted to the landless, poor and marginalized forest dependent communities. It has also suggested strengthening the local, regional, national and international networks and collaboration in implementing the climate change adaptation and mitigation priorities. Energy, Transport and Industry Significance The energy, transport and industry sectors have been largely the defining factor of economic growth and will continue its role in upcoming decades and support the process of economic transformation. Myanmar’s GDP has continued developing at a sustained rate between 6 and 8 percent in the last years with peaks of 8.70 percent expansion in 2014 compared to 2013 according to the Central Bank of Myanmar and international organizations (WB, 2016). Contribution of industry sector to GDP is about 30 percent while contribution of service and manufacturing sector to GDP is 36% and 12%, respectively (ADB, 2012; ADB, 2015). The expansion of these important sectors that enable development carries significant mitigation and resilience implications in the context of climate change. So far, Myanmar's electricity generation has been mostly based on hydroelectricity, i.e. about 75 percent, 20 percent natural gas, 3 percent coal and 2 percent other sources (MOEPE 2013) but only about 30 percent of the population has access to electricity, with a per capita electricity consumption of 180 kWh. However, according to the National Energy Policy (2014) the electricity sector is expected to expand rapidly over the next decade with a target of 45% electrification by 2020-2021 and 60% by 2025-2026. In other terms, this means millions of households will be connected with grid electricity by 2030. A large proportion of the natural gas resources are actually exported to other countries in the region, as it is part of the hydropower. Increasing the energy generation in the country is critical to satisfy the demand resulting from increased industrialization, urbanization, and other productive processes; the need to deliver a broader national distribution of 23| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 electricity; while securing continued foreign revenues through export. Although the potential for renewables is a unique opportunity for Myanmar pursue low carbon development, the variability of the rainfall patterns are also a challenge for the stable delivery of energy from hydro sources. The capacity of the country to harness its full energy potential, and improve access, will determine its ability to achieve sustainable development goals. Importantly, Myanmar’s rich natural energy such as gas and geothermal, and renewables, in particular hydropower, which potential is estimated at more than 100,000 megawatts, and natural gas the export of which is a key driver of current growth (World Bank, 2014) will support it future growth. Presently, power, oil and gas attract a large share of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow to Myanmar as demand for energy increases; the country focuses on increasing overall energy production and distribution; and neighbouring country invest in the sector. Interestingly, the country has at the same time a large untapped potential in energy generation, mostly from hydropower, and the need to increase coverage, while maintaining important sources of foreign revenues through energy export that account for a large share of the national GDP. In effect, a large part of energy production in the country is supplied by biomass, including fuel wood, used by 81 percent of households (Census 2014), as well as charcoal and residues of agricultural processes. The transport sector is also expanding because of increasing demand accompanying the economic growth, and will grow further for the next fifteen years. Since 1988, the country is focusing in expanding access, in particularly for road transport, along main economic corridors at national and international level. This involves reinforcing transport axis along the supra-regional Greater Mekong Sub-Region (GMS) network as well as the alignments of the Pan-Asian Highways, with urban hubs along the corridors. In immediate terms, the number of vehicles in Myanmar has increased exponentially, from less than one million registered vehicles in 2004 to almost four millions in 2012. The growth will continue as economic capacities of households increase and the productive sector diversifies. This implies two main challenges in a context of climate change: on the one hand, the Country will need to increase transport infrastructure and services to boost economic activities while containing emissions and mitigating environmental impacts. Moreover, critical infrastructure will have to be built with a firm approach to prevent and mitigate the impact of ever more severe natural hazards. Although the GDP of Myanmar is still largely composed of agricultural activities, it has been declining and the industrial sector is growing fast, in particular the manufacturing, tourism, telecommunications and construction, boosted by investments, national and international; societal changes in the workforce, young and attracted by jobs in industry and services; and the urbanization process. They possess the largest potential for growth and employment over the next years. In particular, analyses suggest that by 2030 Myanmar’s manufacturing sector could become the largest economic sector and create a large number of jobs (ADB, 2015). It also suggest an increase of FDI in industry – currently about 10 percent (GoM, 2015) – is to also be expected along these trends, as urbanization process continues, and a large base of youth workforce seek employment in industry and services. Both Yangon and Mandalay are expanding their capacities for industrial zones that are attracting workforce and economic prospects. In a context of climate change, the progressive shift towards a tertiary economy of Myanmar, if slow, will possibly entail increased emissions from increased industrial outputs and energy consumption; while increased hazards may have an impact on the costs and availability of materials; disruption of work and production cycles; and productivity loss in the immediate and mid-term. 24| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Impacts of Current Climate and Future Changes As briefly highlighted above, these critical sectors are both exposed to the negative effects of the changing climate in Myanmar, and have the potential to negatively affect the net greenhouse gas (GHG) sink status of Myanmar in 2012 (INC, 2012). Resilience of the Energy, Transport and Industry sectors will be key determinant to be able to sustain economic development. The recurrent destruction of key transport infrastructure from cyclones, severe storms and floods are a threat to development objectives, which are due to increase in the next decades. Additional 1 to 2 degree Celsius increase by 2040 – with a global scenario of reduced emissions by 2030 – will result in tropical storms of cyclones of heightened intensity, abnormal rainfall in the rainy seasons, which will have an impact on main and secondary transport infrastructure. As a result, for instance, the logistics required for trade and industrial production may come to halt for protracted periods with an impact at national level, but also along the supranational development corridors, which may decrease the competitiveness of the hubs along the corridors in Myanmar. If projections of up to 40 cm in sea-level rise will materialize impact is to be expected on coastal areas, but also on the delta, that can affect connectivity to and from regional hubs, such as Pathein. Prices may also depend on variations in temperatures and rainfall, with effects along the supply chain that may result, for instance, on higher prices for the commoditybased industries where food production is involved and basic ingredients will be more difficult to grow or become scarcer. This, as a result, could turn Myanmar industry less attractive on a regional scale, compared to other more prepared countries. Ultimately, this may result in a reduced capacity to absorb workforce. The ability to produce and distribute energy will also be, obviously, a key component of energy security that may be affected by climate change. Power generation and distribution, for instance, may be affected by heat waves (a larger number of very hot days are expected for Myanmar especially inland) while generation of hydropower, a main source of renewable energy and revenues for the Country, may suffer from prolonged droughts periods, erratic and intense rainfall. Although it is difficult to establish a precise chain of causes and events without specialized studies applied to specific sites, potentially rains may trigger large-scale erosion, resulting in siltation and sedimentation of waterways and dams – this will reduce the waterstorage capacity of dams and cause structural damages, increased maintenance costs and increased operational costs. Security of power-plants will need to be increased, considering longer return periods for hazards, related to more intense storms and floods. It is of evidence that a thorough resilience building for these inter-twinned sectors will be a critical component of climate responsiveness for Myanmar and its ability to sustain development. In terms of mitigation potential, the Initial National Communication reported in 2012, with a baseline of the year 2002, that energy, transport and industry sectors together contributed to 68 percent of total GHG emissions with industry and construction sectors was 10 percent, 28 percent from transport and the rest from energy and industry sector (INC, 2012). With the development of the last fifteen years, it is reasonable to think that this balance may have shifted. The quest for energy security required to sustain development overtime may require the Government of Myanmar to increase other sources that have a high carbon footprint, such as coal. Although these plans are not confirmed, the Country faces the challenge of delivering a stable and secure source of energy despite the changes in climate and the expected extended drought periods. The Country, however, should and could engage in a low-carbon energy pathway by maximising renewables from hydro and solar for the grid necessary in critical industry and seeking alternatives ways to increase access 25| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 to electricity, both off-grid or with a mix of renewables. In addition, private sector and government alike have interest in working for energy efficiency to reduce the waste on the consumption end of energy at residential and industrial level, to increase availability, contain prices, and reduce emissions. The need to increase transport capacities must be accompanied with sustainable practices: at urban level, this will mean working on integrated spatial strategic planning that reduce costs of transport. At regional and national level, this will entail rationalizing the transport system on road, in particular. The industrial sector, in turn, will need increase adherence to principles of environmental management with co-benefits in reduced carbon generation, such as energy efficiency, reduction of waste generation and better treatment, efficient use of water and natural resources. In relation to the latter, in fact, Myanmar has a unique richness of natural resources that may well boost its economic development, but only if they are managed adequately with the primary concern of maintaining a safe capacity for replenishment for the current and future generation. As the economy grows, the expansion of the energy, transport and industry sectors will lead to extreme environmental stress unless this is planned and managed carefully. The need to maximize the use of renewables on and off-grid with a manageable impact on environment is paramount. Laying down major infrastructure at national, regional and local scale must take into account the impact on the natural capital and the potential depletion of eco-system services. The industrial development, also, must incorporate a strong stand for sustainable use of natural resources in the production cycle, from cradle to grave, through a mix of awareness, advocacy and regulations measures. Stakeholder consultation provided several examples of climate change impact in the energy, industry and transport sector. For example, the stakeholders in Rakhine and Pathein described that due to cyclone, flooding and other disaster events, the infrastructure and road are damaged thus affecting the industry and transport sector. Stakeholders in Rakhine shared that almost one third of the fishery industry is negatively impacted due to salt-water intrusion and sea level rise making the fisherman communities more vulnerable. The consultations in Kachin further revealed that excessive flooding is affecting the hydropower generation and having negative impact on the transport sector. Current Policy and Practices, Future Targets and Challenges The sectors are regulated by an extensive, and rapidly evolving, regulatory framework, although hardly explicit on the relatively new challenges posed by climate change. However, their respective policy directions incorporate, to different degrees and extent, some level of awareness on the need to develop in a sustainable manner, the co-benefits of which are relevant to making Myanmar resilient to climate change. The overall challenge across sectoral policy remains, all of evidence, to keep a balance between the need to leapfrog energy production and distribution; increase transport access and traffic capacities; and industrial productivity and the need for sustainability. Another way to communicate this, as some have put it, is ‘doing it right the first time’. Energy policy directions for Myanmar focus on the need for energy security, affordability, access, poverty benefits and wellbeing as well as foreign revenue generation. Although climate change is not prominent in the policy so far, there are considerations related to carbon emissions, for instance in the draft of Energy Master Plan. There is a growing concern, also confirmed by the local 26| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 consultations conducted for the National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plans, that the production of energy for renewable sources should be prioritized, although environmental and social impact of large dams remain amongst the highest concern and mid-sized to small hydropower generation should be instead prioritized, while the investment in coal, also preconized in some draft documents, is widely frowned upon by an increasing segment of informed population. Efficiency and energy conservation are also the focus of a number of national policies, with the evident cobenefit of reducing prices, therefore increasing inclusiveness of access, reducing carbon emissions from fugitive and wasted energy use, and reducing overall the impact on natural resources. As energy is the single largest GHG source globally (though including energy-intensive processes, such as construction) the mainstreaming of climate change considerations in this policy environment will be key to reach the overall Strategy ambition. The regulatory framework of transport is also evolving, with a focus on improved and extended public transport systems and infrastructure, particularly for road transport. Efforts are directed towards improved national and international transport systems, environmental improvement and reduced emissions. There is therefore evidence of a concern for containing emissions through, for instance, incentives for Electric Cars. However, the regulatory environment for transport could further consider resilience long-term challenges brought upon the projected changes, to ensure viability of the sector overtime. The industry policy framework is also largely regulated, although most of the legal instruments are dated (for instance the 1914 Companies Act, under revision currently) which limit the considerations concerning climate change - with the notable exception of the 2012 Environmental Conservation Law to which all investors must abide. The overall focus of the policy direction currently is on Small and Medium Enterprise development; support for manufacturing and processing; skills development; seeking increased FDI for economic development. The drive towards an enabling environment for increased FDI; shift to industry-based economy by 2030; small, medium and large-scale industry should not give way to unsustainable practices, however, and a strong inclusion of climate change global commitments and national adaptation requirements should be operated here. It is interesting to note that the new Environmental Impact Assessment procedures have been launched in January 2016, and their adoption considered as an important step forward. The adherence to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), to which Myanmar was admitted as candidate in July 2014, is also a signal that Myanmar desires to abide by high international standards of transparency for revenues deriving from i.e. oil, gas and mining activities. It is now the role of the national government, the private sector and all actors to ensure that this instrument is effective. Required Response These sectors are so decisive for socio-economic development, but also potentially so demanding on the environmental capital in the context of climate change, that keeping the balance between their enhancement and the correct interaction with the environment will be a key area for action over the next fifteen years. By 2030, country would like to achieve resilient and low carbon Energy, Transport and Industrial Systems to support the socio-economic development goals in a sustainable manner. This would mean increasing the resilience of the nascent energy, transport and 27| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 industrial systems, and they are made sustainable through efficient, low-carbon and green processes in these sectors. Country would require embracing a full range of activities across sectors, from the basic do-no-harm logic, to the most progressive low-carbon choices that are possible for a country with such potential for renewable energy. For these reasons, it is clear that the ability of Myanmar to reach ambitious climate resilience and low-carbon goals will depend, to a considerable extent, by its capacity to enable the development of inclusive, sustainable and resilient energy, transport systems and industrial development within a similar timeframe as the main national development objectives. This thrust will assume a variety of forms for these sectors, but converge on the need, on the one hand, to build their resilience so to prevent sudden damage or progressive deterioration of financial viability resulting from rainfall and temperatures or sea-level rise. On the other hand, the need and will to make progress while ensuring sustainability and low-carbon, green development. In the energy sector, national and local consultations and the evolving policy environment have highlighted priorities including the promotion and diversification of renewable energy sources, supported by further research in energy diversification; the improvement of energy efficiency in productive processes and infrastructure; the development of capacities to include climate change considerations into energy practices. Overall, the need to ensure resilience of the sector vis-à-vis the heightened risks related to a changing climate will need to underpin all energetic choices and actions. In the transport sector, the focus highlighted in the consultations, and through the analysis of the policy framework is that of strictly implementing existing law and regulations, which may alone provide for considerable gains in emission control. The upgrading and retrofitting of existing infrastructure, to reduce vulnerabilities and maximise efficiency, with both adaptive and mitigation go-benefits will be required, while engaging in greener and more progressive transport systems. In this particular sector, however, there may be considerable needs for financial support and technology transfer, to benefit efficient transport and, in general, a more rational spatial development that provides efficiency. In the industry sector, there will be need for proactively implementing environment regulations, for instance, on the location suitability, location protection; water and solid waste management among other aspects. The thrust in this area should be that of enhancing productivity and profit by developing green industries, through a mix of sensitization of the private sector on environment and climate change issues and tangible business cases. Cities, Towns and Human Settlements Significance In 2014, around 14.9 million of Myanmar’s 51.48 million populations lived in urban areas – approximately 29.6% of the population (Census, 2014). There are 330 towns and cities in the country, with Yangon and Mandalay accounting for 20% of the urban population and generating a significant proportion of the nation’s gross domestic product. Although the proportion of people living in urban areas in Myanmar is still low compared to other countries of the region, the context is evolving rapidly, underpinned by four key issues. 28| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Firstly, the urban population is due to grow to about 20.4 million in 2030, or 34.7% of the population, driven by population growth, increase in the manufacturing sector and growth of the real GDP progressively aligning with the regional trends as the country unlocks its potential after years of stagnation. This represents an absolute increase of 36.9% in urban population by 2030 compared to the 2014 baseline of the Census. Other estimates, however, indicate a faster growth that will see 50% of the population living in cities and towns already in 2040. By all accounts, although the country’s urban population percentage is still comparatively low and the growth rate per annum has been similar to that of the population (about 0.84 percent, according to Census 2014) the growth rate of the relative share of people living in agglomerations of 1 million people, i.e. Mandalay and Yangon (and Nay Pyi Taw to an extent) is comparable to the regional trends, i.e. 2 percent per annum (UN-Habitat, 2016). Secondly, as the country organizes its spatial growth strategies, all cities and towns assume important strategic value for sustaining socio-economic development, from large cities (Yangon, Nay Pyi Taw and Mandalay), to regional centres (e.g. Pathein, Bago) and agro-industry centres (e.g. Lashio, Monywa). Thirdly, the current local governance currently in charge of township administration and development (Town Management Committees), with the notable exception of the main cities, do not easily engage in long-term strategic coordination and planning (UN-Habitat, 2016). Finally, as the country’s’ economic potential unlocks, the construction sector, i.e. both industrial and residential buildings, is expected to boom. Although the oil, gas and power sectors attract most of the Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) inflow to Myanmar, the construction sector has been growing steadily since 2001. According to the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the construction sector output at constant prices reached US$2.6 billion in 2012, compared with US$2.3 billion in 2011. This mainly refers to large infrastructure, but housing and urban commercial buildings are a significant and ever increasing segment, which reflects the changes in the demographic, emerging economic sectors, and socio-economic capacities of a growing middle class. This sector will have a significant impact on the country’s GHG emissions, as well as on the form of new urban developments and their potential for being low-carbon and resilient. This will increase the consumption of energy at urban level. Interestingly, Yangon already uses about 50 percent of Myanmar’s power. Impacts of Current Climate and Future Changes These four aspects require immediate attention in light of the country’s already high vulnerability to the natural hazards, and the projected impacts of changes in climate. Cities will be home to a higher concentration of people and assets, while the pace of infrastructure development and landuse planning struggle to integrate environmental-sensitive measures, and the towns or cities to provide adequate services for all. This increases exposure to hazards in both large and small settlements. Furthermore, as all mid-sized and small towns are home to an increasing number of people, and all play an explicit role in the spatial and economic growth of the country, the vulnerability of these towns’ against changes in climate may decrease their capacity to support sustainable and inclusive development and ensure the safety of residents. In particular, as large cities attract more people migrating because of changes in climate that decrease agriculture productivity, the may be also an increasing informal settlements population, with poor 29| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 infrastructure and services. Often, informal settlements are located in the most hazardous zones of towns and cities, and the socio-economic vulnerability of their dwellers will be further deepened by the adverse effects of climate change. Both cities and towns in Myanmar are exposed to recurring rapid on-set natural hazards, such as cyclones and floods. Yangon was badly affected by Cyclone Nargis in 2008 and smaller towns like Laputta were estimated to have suffered 33,000 casualties and extensive damage. Urban areas that are either in flood-prone areas or in experiencing increased water runoff due to the increase in impermeable surfaces, will more frequently lose assets and lives to floods resulting from more intense rains. Coastal towns such as Bogalay may have to entirely re-design their form and infrastructure or even partly relocate because of sea-level rise, estimated to be between 20cm and 41cm by 2050, as highlighted by vulnerability assessments conducted recently. Water shortages will be an increasing preoccupation, which may result in increase of prices for services in Yangon and Mandalay and, consequently, threaten affordability and incomes. The sub-national stakeholder consultations concurred in that small town near the coastal areas and delta are exposed to cyclones, flooding and sea level rise. There are also likely to be serious effects resulting from longer-term, slower-onset changes such as increased temperature and changing rainfall patterns, such as decreased crop yields, which in turn can drive rural-urban migration. Changes in climate observed over the last 20 years in the Dry Zone Area already affected the productivity of crops and resulted in migrations and re-distribution of population from rural to urban areas, or migrations abroad, as confirmed during the local consultations for the strategy, and by Census 2014 itself. The projected climate change scenarios are also likely to affect small and mid-sized towns, for instance Pakokku or Lashio, which depend on agro-business that is largely rain-fed. For instance, they may experience increased food prices and water-shortages, which, in turn, may impair their role attractiveness for business, work-force and competitiveness and affect their role in the national strategic spatial development plan. Extreme heat also results in health and sanitation issues, similarly voiced by stakeholders in Bago and Mandalay consultations (September 2015). Processes of urban growth may also drive land-use change and deforestation, with negative impacts on the commitment to maintain forest coverage to reduce global emissions. Additionally, deforestation can increase the exposure of urban settlements to risks such as landslides; increased run-off of surface water; and heat-island effects. The heat-island effect resulting from increased temperatures and densification of built up areas (such as the estimated increase of temperature for Yangon of +1°C by 2040 and +2.8°C by 2070), will result in substantial threats to health and liveability. As far as mitigation of GHG is concerned, urbanization and the construction processes will lead to increased demand of energy, services and resources, which in turn may result into increased emissions. Emissions from towns and cities are extremely high in Asia-Pacific, according to ADB, to which the urbanization process in Myanmar may well end up contributing to. The ever-growing access to second-hand car market in the larger cities of Myanmar on the one hand, and the increased energy demand to operate buildings with poor energy efficiency standards on the other, will be among the factors to contribute in reshaping the Myanmar’s GHG inventory, considering that in some countries about 50 percent of the overall GHG emissions come from constructing and operating buildings. 30| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Current Policy and Practices, Future Targets and Challenges Myanmar is presently at comparatively early stages of urbanization and has the opportunity to steer the process towards achieving urban resilience. For this reason, Myanmar must engage early in the impending process of urbanization to create resilient, sustainable and low-carbon towns and cities, regardless their size, and over the long-term through all realistic means. In addition, if urban planning and development approaches integrate concepts of participation, resilience, and adoption of low-carbon technologies Myanmar can develop more inclusive, sustainable and resilient towns and cities. The Government of Myanmar is drafting a National Urban and Regional Development Planning Law, which includes references to environmental and social issues to be integrated into spatial planning; a National Housing Framework, which should integrate climate change considerations in the delivery of affordable and inclusive housing and a National Urban Policy that will make climate change an important component. Importantly, the Myanmar National Building Code has been updated and will be enacted in 2016. The code, in addition to measures of safety and disastersensible use of materials, construction technics and technologies, does include specific provisions for energy efficiency and water supply efficiency, and green buildings to contribute in reducing emissions and constructing more liveable and adaptive buildings that reduce needs for energy, cooling and lighting by means of design, technologies and materials. Its enforcement will be essential but will also require self-adherence from the public and private sector. If resource-efficient design and materials, disaster resistant and climate change adaptive design are not mainstreamed consistently at an early stage in private construction and through developers, a huge opportunity is lost to create towns and cities that are carbon neutral and can withstand the increased frequency and intensity of hazards. Finally, a number of planners will be trained to achieve policy goals, the first in Myanmar to receive such training. However, capacities in urban planning remain a constraint at both national and local level, and will define the ability of administrators to enforce regulations and building codes. It is extremely important to underline that, because townships of Myanmar, with the exception of the three main cities, do not have yet the capacity and mandate for long-term strategic planning, it integrating long-term effects of climate change in decisions for infrastructure, services, and landuse may be a challenge, which must be urgently addressed. Required response In summary, Myanmar urbanization process is expected to deliver socio-economic growth and development in line with regional trends, but also entails potential heightened risks. People and assets in cities and towns will suffer from more rapid on-set disasters; slow on-set effects of climate change. Certain population groups will be more vulnerable to its impacts, often the poorest and with the lowest capacity to adapt, in particular those living in informal settlements without security of tenure and secure livelihoods. In addition, the process may also imply increased emissions. Myanmar is now at a comparatively early stage of urbanization and has therefore the opportunity to steer the process towards city resilience and sustainability. For this reason, Myanmar must engage early in the impending process of urbanization to create towns and cities that are safe and liveable for all people, especially the most vulnerable, regardless their size, and over the long-term. 31| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Myanmar should aim to prevent and mitigate risks by managing urban growth in a way that all urban residents have access to resilient infrastructure, including sanitation, drainage, and secure housing, while measures such as sustainable transport and compact design must contribute to make urban growth sustainable. Ultimately, the effort to mitigate and adapt to climate change is seen as a contribution to alleviate suffering caused by climate change and enable sustainable and durable development of the poor, both in rural and urban areas (INDC, 2015:2). With this in mind, all participants to the national and local consultations for the formulation of the strategy agreed on that, by 2030, Myanmar should achieve resilient and sustainable cities and towns for all to live and thrive, with emphasis on the most vulnerable people, in alignment with the national policies and the SDG11: “Make Cities Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable”. This aspiration can be achieved in Myanmar through two main streams of action. Firstly, by reducing the vulnerability that results from the interaction of increased concentrations of people and assets in towns and cities, the sensitivity of the socio-economic and infrastructural urban systems, and the increasing intensity and frequency of climatic hazards. Secondly, by engaging in reducing and preventing new emissions through compact urban development forms and low-carbon construction technologies. Climate Hazards and Health Significance Disaster preparedness and risk management are essential to securing and sustaining Myanmar’s social and economic development, and for putting it on a climate resilient pathway. The Union of Myanmar is striving for social and economic transformation in order to achieve its vision for 2030. Social development is one of the major priorities of the government. The Government of Myanmar has devised policy responses to address key social protection and health issues. The National Social Protection Strategic Plan (2014) envisions supporting vulnerable households to protect livelihood assets and invest in activities that will promote and transform livelihoods (GoM, 2014b). The National Environment and Health Action Plan (2010) are also intended to increase health safety and healthy environment for the population. Myanmar has made significant progress in achieving MDG targets, especially in the social sector, such as health and education. For example, child mortality was reduced from 10% to 5.2% for under-fives between 1990 and 2010 (ADB, 2015). The government has also increased spending in the social sector. The budget allocation for health increased from 0.2 percent in 2011/12 to 0.9 percent in 2013/14 (World Bank, 2013a). However, the development gains and social progress are already being undermined by extreme events and disasters and the climate projections for the country suggest that these could get worse. Disaster preparedness, health and risk management will play a key role in building the resilience of households and the economy to climate change. The Government of Myanmar has recognised the growing threat of disaster risk to the achievement of its development goals; and, in response, has improved its capacity to prevent, manage and recover from disasters. The government has made some advances in predicting drought and generating credible early warning information. Yet the challenge of effective response has become more urgent as climate change increases vulnerability. 32| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 There is a need to build on these responses to ensure that Myanmar is able to deal with climateinduced disaster and risks and is able to build a healthy and resilient society. Impacts of Current Climate and Future Changes Climate change projections for Myanmar suggest that the social and economic development of the country’s population is at risk if the necessary public health and social protection measures are not strengthened and supported. Climate-induced disasters have already caused huge economic and social losses in the past and will continue to be a major threat in future. With the projected climate change impacts, there will be more human and economic losses in years to come undermining GDP growth and social prosperity. The trend, frequency and timing of occurrence of disasters have increased due to extreme variability in temperature and rainfall. Data from 1998-2007 indicates that fires constituted around 71 percent of reported disaster events, followed by floods (10 percent), storms (11 percent) and others including earthquakes, tsunami and landslides (8 percent) (MoSWRR, 2009). In the last 10 years, Myanmar has experienced a number of major cyclones. Cyclone Nargis in 2008 affected 2.4 million people, with 84,537 deaths, and 53,836 missing (MoSWRR, 2009). Cyclone Giri in Rakhine State in October 2010, destroyed 21,242 homes and affected at least 224,212 people (UNFPA, 2011). Drought and extreme temperatures affect the arid to semi-arid central belt of the country with impacts on livelihoods and nutrition. During the summer of 2010, 1,482 heat-related disorders were reported and 260 heat-related deaths occurred across Myanmar (MoNREC, 2012a). Myanmar’s floods and landslides of 2015 are estimated to have caused K 1,080,573 million of production losses to the economy for 2015/2016, or about 1.7 percent of last year’s GDP – undermining economic and development progress. Climate-induced shocks and stresses indiscriminately affect the poor and marginalized people’s livelihoods and health and undermine the country’s economic development. Increased temperature and rainfall variability and change is projected to have major impact on health in Myanmar. The NAPA projection shows that the Public Health socio-economic sector is most at risk with a high vulnerability. It is projected that the increases in intense rain events and events will lead to increases in flooding events and storm surges, with resultant increases in diarrheal diseases through contaminated water and skin diseases due to exposure to flood waters. Meanwhile, increases in occurrence and severity of droughts will decrease water availability and water quality, with concurrent health impacts. The future projection for Myanmar indicate that higher temperatures will also reduce the development time for pathogens and thereby increase transmission rates e.g. mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue will increase in highland areas (e.g. Shan State) which at present are too cold for vector insects. The IPCC fifth assessment report for Asia projects that climate change is also expected to affect the spatiotemporal distribution of dengue fever in the region (Banu et al., 2011). Fluctuating insect, bat and rodent populations in response to climatic 33| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 conditions are predicted to have negative effects on the spread of a range of diseases19,20. The subnational consultation in Kachin also reported the incidence of malaria was evident in Shan State. The local stakeholder perceived that the malaria incidence is more frequent with increasing temperatures and spread of mosquitoes. Stakeholders consulted in Mandalay reported that local populations were experiencing heat-related stresses and diseases more frequently, while increased temperature, variability in rainfall and sea level rise is fuelling the occurrence and spread of diseases. The climate-related health concerns for Myanmar are described in the table 7. Table 4: Climate Change Impacts on Health Sector Health concerns Climate Change Impacts Temperature-related morbidity Heat and cold-related illness Cardiovascular system (CVS) illness Vector-borne diseases Malaria, filarial, dengue and other diseases of pathogens carried by mosquitoes, ticks and vectors Diarrhoea, cholera and poisoning caused by biological and chemical contaminants in water Damaged public health infrastructure due to cyclones Injuries and illness Social and mental stress due to disasters and displacement Malnutrition and hunger especially in children Health impacts of extreme weather Health impacts of food insecurity Current Policy and Practices, Future Targets and Challenges Health and social protection Current policy direction in the health sector focuses on ‘health for all’, via decentralized health care services that will prioritise vulnerable communities. The health policies 21 focus on protection, preventative and curative measures, public fitness, research, financing, nationwide health services, multi-stakeholder and international engagement. These could play a key role in addressing climate induce vulnerability. Access to health infrastructure and improved institutional structures within the health sectors play an important role in awareness raising and capacity building. Twenty national hospitals and 32 state and regional hospitals exist in Myanmar, and the World Health Organisation has supported the establishment of these hospitals since 2006. The Department of Health raises awareness using newspapers, TV advertisements and posters in order to promote behaviour change. Prof Dr Soe Lwin Nyein. 2010. Climate change on communicable diseases. Director of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health. 19 Kovats, S. and Akhtar, R. 2008. Climate, climate change and human health in Asian cities. Environment and Urbanization 20:165-175. 20 21 Health policy instruments include: The Public Health Law (1972); National Health Policy (1993); National Environment and Health Action Plan (2010); Governance and Policy Plan for Health Sector (2015-2018 – draft). 34| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 The National Social Protection Strategic Plan (2014) provides steps to support vulnerable households to protect livelihood assets and invest in activities that will promote and transform livelihoods (GoM, 2014b). The social protection strategies specifically focus on four key pillars including: protective, preventive, promotive and transformative social protection. The government of Myanmar has planned to expand the social protection strategies to cover all the state and regions in years to come. This strategy can help vulnerable livelihoods address climate induced risks. Disaster risk management The Union of Myanmar is committed to Disaster risk reduction and it has systems and procedures at National, State/Division, District, Township, Wards and Village Tracts levels for Disaster Management. It has also prepared National Disaster Preparedness Central Committee’s Disaster Risk Reduction, Preparedness, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Action Plan. The National Disaster Preparedness Central Committee’s Standing Order has also been revised. In addition, the Disaster Emergency Relief Fund is established at the central level to provide immediate relief support during the occurrence of disaster in the country. Disaster risk reduction policies22, the Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR, 2012) and the Disaster Management Law (2013) together focus on better risk information, preparedness planning, awareness and early warning, improved management and better data for early warning systems. A Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group (DRR-WG) was formed in 2008 during the early recovery phase of cyclone Nargis, and is increasingly active with a diverse network of agencies working to increase capacity for DRR in Myanmar (over 60 members). The Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR) was developed by the government to address disaster risk. The MAPDRR is composed of seven components, which were: i) policy, institutional arrangements and further institutional development; ii) hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment; iii) Multi-hazard Early Warning Systems; iv) preparedness and response programs at national, State/Region, District & Township levels; v) mainstreaming of DRR into development; vi) community-based disaster preparedness and risk reduction; and vii) public awareness, education and training. The MAPDRR complements the NDPCC’s Disaster Risk Reduction, Preparedness, Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Action Plan and the Standing Order. The period of MAPDRR has been completed and the government is planning to update or develop new plan for addressing DRR. With respect to early warning systems, projects include assessing the hydrological impact of climate change on river systems and developing flood and drought early warning systems for reducing the vulnerability of local communities to extreme weather events. End-to-end early warning system capacities are being developed with the assistance of international expertise. The Monsoon Forum is organised yearly to provide updates on forecasted data. Technical and financial resources in Myanmar today limit the extent in which data is collected, analysed and used however. Assistance to increase capacity in this area is therefore required. An Emergency Operation Centre 22 DRR policy instruments include: Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction, Preparedness, Relief and Rehabilitation (MAPDRR) (2009); Natural Disaster Management Law (2013). 35| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 (EOC) is being established to upgrade the response capacities to disasters, and other issues being addressed include a focus on townships planning for adaptation. Required Responses In summary, due to its exposure and sensitivity to current and projected weather patterns and climate fluctuations, Myanmar is extremely vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and these are likely to become more severe in future. Communities and businesses that are located in at risk regions and reliant on climate sensitive economic activities are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Myanmar is in a process of social and economic transformation, and climate change could challenge the social and development gains which have already been achieved It is thus imperative that government should develop a roadmap to guide Myanmar’s strategic responses and actions to address climate related risks and opportunities over the next 15 years and beyond. Current policy initiatives on DRR, health and social protection need to be strengthened to enable vulnerable communities and sectors to prepare and recover from current and future climate induced shocks. There is also a need to improve information and awareness on climate change and associated impacts to enable vulnerable communities and sectors to respond effectively to current and future climate change impacts. Resources need to be mobilised and allocated to support communities and sectors to prepare and recover from climate-induced risks. All participants to the national and local consultations for the formulation of the strategy agreed that, by 2030, Myanmar should aim to have communities and economic sectors able to respond to and recover from climate induced disasters and risks and build a healthy society. This is in alignment with the national development vision of 2030, national and sectoral policies and the SDG 3 “Good Health and Well-being for all at all ages” and SDG 13 “Take Urgent Action to Combat Climate Action and its Impact”. This objective can be achieved by ensuring a number of actions are taken. Firstly, integrating climate change into disaster management, health and social protection policies, plans, programmes and regulations, to strengthen the policy direction for disaster preparedness, risk reduction and recovery. This will support climate-change responsive institutions in the health and social protection sectors. Secondly, capacities and awareness on climate change and associated impacts should be improved at the level of communities, government, civil society and private sector, to enable vulnerable communities and sectors to respond effectively to current and future climate change. This includes improved access to knowledge and technology on disaster forecasting, surveillance and monitoring systems, for improved climate risk management. Finally, climate resilient infrastructure and systems, including health care and social protection systems, should be developed, including through civil society and public-private partnerships, and, financial mechanisms to mobilise and allocate resources to support communities and sectors to prepare and recover from climate-induced risks should be enhanced. Education, Science and Technology Significance The education and science and technology sectors play a key role in developing a knowledge based society that will drive inclusive and resilient economic and social development in Myanmar. The 36| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 government has prioritised investment in both sectors. This broadly comprises of investment in: (a) formal education, including primary, secondary and higher education to improve research and innovation capacity; (b) professional development and training to strengthen the knowledge and skill set of professional staff; and (c) awareness raising programmes to strengthen awareness on climate change and its associated impacts and response strategies. Myanmar has made significant progress in achieving MDG targets. Net primary education enrolment rates have improved over the past two decades (UNDP, 2012). The census data (2014) shows that the literacy rate of people aged 15 years and above is 89.5 percent, while78.2 percent of over five year olds have received some form of formal education and 84.4 percent of the population is literate. Rates of literacy are become more equitable amongst males and females below 15 years, however for those aged above 15 years, the male literacy rate (92.6%) is slightly higher than the female literacy rate (86.9%). However, there are issues of exclusion and lack of access to education, information and technology. For example, literacy rates in urban areas are higher than those in rural areas. Over 30 percent of households have no communication tools such as radio, television, land line phone, mobile phone, computer, internet access (GoM, 2014a). However, 49.5 percent do have television, 35.5 percent have radios, 32.9 percent have mobile phones and 6.2 percent have Internet at home. Impacts of Current Climate and Future Changes Extreme weather events like floods, cyclones and extreme heat days, and longer term changes in climate, including sea level rise will affect the education and science and technology sectors. These impacts will be seen, for instance, in the direct effects of increasing severe weather events on educational provision 23. Over the longer term, incremental environmental changes such as sea level change, salinization, changes in season patterns, desertification, soil erosion, species loss, are also likely to result in deteriorating livelihoods, which affect upon both household expenditure on schooling and the nutritional status of children24. Children will be the hardest hit by these impacts. For example, 3,600-4.5000 schools were damaged by Nargis (PONJA)25. Cyclone Nargis disrupted the education of about 500,000 children (UNICEF). Total damages and losses incurred in the education sector reached US$ 118,094.42. Of this amount, US$1,038.58 is estimated as losses (Save the Children, 2008). Stakeholders at sub-national workshops shared experience of climate change impacts on the education sector. Flood is one of the major disasters affecting the education sector for e.g.in Gwa Township, Rakhine State in 2010, 2014 and 2015, the flood damaged the school infrastructures. Another major disaster reported by local stakeholders is cyclones, such as cyclone Mala in Gwa Township, Rakhine state in 2010 and Cyclone Giri in KyaukPhu Township in Rakhine state during UNESCO. 2012. Education sector responses to climate change. Background paper with international experiences. UNESCO, Bangkok. 23 24 Bangay, C. and Blum, N. 2010. Education responses to climate change and quality: Two parts of the same agenda? International Journal of Educational Development Volume 30, Issue 4, July 2010, p. 359-368. 25 MoSWRR. Guidance on mainstreaming DRR in the education sector- Rural settings. 37| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 2010 destroyed more than 30% of the school buildings. In addition, extreme heat days in Mandalay in 2015 forced all the schools to be closed. Current Policy and Practices, Future Targets and Challenges The education and science and technology sectors can play a significant role in formal education, professional development and awareness raising to build a climate smart society. The government is reforming the education sector. Policy direction driving this reform is provided by a number of national, environmental and sector specific policies. The National Comprehensive Development Strategy and the FESR focuses on improving education and innovation for development; The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Disaster Management law and National Water Policies focus on education awareness for conservation and risk reduction. In Myanmar Agenda 21, there are six integrated programs for the pursuit of environmental education and public awareness activities. This includes: a) formation of national advisory and coordination body for environmental education and training; b) improvement of environmental education In school; c) improvement of environmental education and research at the tertiary and professional level; d) building the capacities of business, industry, academic and private sectors for proper code of conduct in environmental conservation; e) launching a public education and awareness campaign; f) developing partnerships with other national and international stakeholders. The education sector policies and plans26 are directed towards strengthening education systems and improving literacy rates. Policy direction focuses on strengthening primary, secondary and higher education, vocational training and on improving scientific research to support development. The government is carrying out a Comprehensive Education Sector Review and developing new legislation, policies and a National Education Sector plan to improve education for children throughout the country. The Myanmar National Education Law enacted on 30 September 2014, is designed to reform the country’s education system. The government has increased spending on all social sectors, including education. Budget allocation for education increased from 0.8 percent of GDP in 2011/12 to 1.8 percent in 2013/14 (World Bank, 2013a). Compared to 2012, the spending on education in 2014 increased by 49%. In compliance with the Article 6 of UNFCCC, Myanmar has paid special attention to enhance education and awareness of the public on climate change through trainings and various means. Since the National Commission for Environmental Affairs (NCEA) was formed in 1990, an attempt has been made to promote the education and public awareness on environmental conservation (GoM, 2012 b). The Ministry of Education has initiated a process to mainstream climate change concepts and practices into the school curricula and learning materials. Universities and research Education policy instruments include: The Basic Education Law (1973); The Vocational Education Law (1974); Myanmar Agenda 21 (1997); National Education Law (2014); 30 Year Plan for Education and Climate Change (Draft). 26 38| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 institutions have also recognised that climate change is a key field of knowledge and skills to offer to future graduates. In addition, the government of Myanmar has also prioritized the science and technology. It has established Ministry of Science and Technology to enhance the development of science and technology. It carries out research and development works for national economic and social development. The ministry also plans and carries out human resource development and coordinate research and development. Although there are policies and programme targeted at enhancing education and science and technology, there is limited focus on climate change. For example, the education sector has not been prioritised in past climate change policies such as NAPA, INDC and REDD+. The education, science and technology sectors will play a key role in building a knowledge based society that is able to respond to current and future impacts of climate change. There is, however, a lack of capacity for integrating climate change into the formal and informal education systems. In addition, awareness levels and knowledge about climate change are also limited among the public, technical service providers and government agencies Required Responses In summary, climate change has major implications for the education sector. Extreme weather events and longer term changes in climate have already posed a major threat to access to education for thousands of children particularly during the extreme disaster events. The extreme weather events and climate induced disasters have damaged education infrastructure, restricted mobility of children and even created psychological problems in many children and youth. It is also projected that the incidence of severe weather events will increase in frequency, and the impact will be severe. The availability and dissemination of appropriate and up to date information on climate change is essential for promoting public awareness on climate change issues in order to take effective actions to address the problems. Another major prerequisite for effective implementation is access to improved knowledge, practices and technologies on climate change and mitigation that can help the government and communities to prepare for climate risks and respond to impacts. All participants at the national and local consultations for the formulation of the strategy agreed on that, by 2030, Myanmar should develop a climate smart society with the human capital to design and implement climate resilient and low carbon development solutions for inclusive and sustainable development. This is in line with the national development vision of 2030, national and sectoral policies and the SDG 4 to “Ensure inclusive and equitable education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all”. Climate responsive education, science and technology sectors in Myanmar can be achieved through key streams of action, as identified through the stakeholder consultations. The stakeholder consultations identified key actions to strengthen the role of the education and science and technology sector in building a knowledge based society that is able to respond to climate change. The first priority is to integrate climate change into relevant sector policies, curriculum and training programmes. The second priority is to strengthen the technical and institutional capacity within educational and science and technology organisations for research, data analysis and innovation for climate resilient and low carbon development. The third priority is to enhance regional and 39| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 international cooperation on knowledge sharing and technology transfer for climate resilient and low carbon development. Readiness and Capabilities for Addressing Climate Change Policy Landscape In 2015 and 2016 Myanmar has covered significant ground in terms of policy and normative development in several sectors. Concerning climate change, the Country has developed the present Strategy, the Indented Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC in 2015 and signed the Paris Agreement following the COP21 in December 2015. The climate change policy is also being prepared. Importantly, climate change is considered a main area of work by the NCDP 2011-2031, as part of the environmental pillar. In addition, between 2013 and 2016 the Country has progressed to develop a large variety of sectoral policies and planning. However, as they have been developed in parallel, some of these sectoral policies do not adequately reflect climate change as an important concern. This will require correction and, possibly, the adjustment of these policies within the mid-term. More specifically, the Government of Myanmar signed and ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 and 1994, respectively. It ratified the Kyoto Protocol (KP) in 2003. As part of its commitment, it has submitted its Initial National Communication (INC) in 2012 and National Adaptation Programme for Action (NAPA) in 2013 to the UNFCCC. In addition, the government has prepared and submitted its Indented Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC in 2015, and has singed the Paris Agreement on Climate Change in 2016. The country has also developed a REDD+ strategy and action plan and a Climate Smart Agriculture Strategy (CSAS). The preparations for new Environmental Policy, Climate Change Policy, Green Growth Strategy and National Adaptation Plan (NAP) are underway alongside the Myanmar Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (MCCSAP). NAPA identifies eight priority sectors (agriculture, early warning systems, forests, public health, water resources, the coastal zone, energy and industry, and biodiversity) vulnerable to climate change and requires urgent and immediate responses. Climate smart agriculture strategy focuses on building the adaptive capacity of sectors and communities so that they are resilient to the impacts of climate change. The INDC, on other hand, will help the government of Myanmar to adopt low carbon development pathways and meet its international commitment for reducing GHG emissions. INDC has set mitigation targets in energy, forestry, industry, agriculture and urban sector thus opening opportunities for Myanmar to benefit from investment in low carbon development (GoM, 2015). Other national policies relevant to resilient and low carbon development include a) the Disaster Management Law, b) The Environmental Conservation Law, c) Myanmar Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction, d) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, e) National Sustainable 40| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Development Strategy, and f) the National Environment and Health Action Plan (GLOBE 2016)27. In addition, the Government of Myanmar has agreed to the ASEAN Multi-Sectoral Framework on Climate Change: Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry towards Food Security (AFCC), which is an integrated framework to facilitate ASEAN to respond to climate change threats and food security (GoM, 2012a). The National Strategy for Sustainable Development (NSDS) formulated in 2009 suggested promotion of environmental, economic and social development in a balance manner towards achieving the vision of “well-being and happiness for Myanmar people”. With the government reform efforts now underway, the achievement of the NSDS targets and the realization of the country’s targets for the Millennium Development Goals are continuously being pursued. A great risk however to the gains so far achieved in terms of the MDGs and national development targets is the country’s exposure to natural hazards and the already felt impacts of a changing global climate. Table 5 Climate Change Policies and other Climate Change Relevant strategies and plans in Myanmar Initial National Communication (INC) (2012) It highlights GHG abatement potential of Myanmar by taking stock of its GHG inventory. It shows that, although the baseline is from the year 2000, Myanmar is in fact a carbon sink country. The Second National Communication will be undertaken since 2016 and update the inventory. National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) (2012) It focuses on climate change adaptation and mainstreaming adaptation and management into policies and plans, increasing climate change research. It was prepared to pinpoint those immediate actions to be taken to kick-start adaptation, with priorities actions in agriculture, early warning systems, forests, health, water, coastal zones, energy and industry and biodiversity. Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) (2015) Builds on the need to balance the economic growth with social and environmental sustainability and highlights how Myanmar will contribute to the combat to global warming at local level. The INDC focuses on maintaining the sinking status through maintaining the Forestry land-cover, and to invest in renewable generation of power. Importantly, it underlines that Myanmar must focus on adaptation and that the National Climate Change Strategy will be a key tool to this end. Myanmar Climate-Smart Agriculture Strategy (2016) Focuses on adapting crop varieties and corresponding farming practices, disaster-risk management, crop and income loss risk management. 27 GLOBE: The Global Climate Legislation Database http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/legislation/the-global-climate-legislationdatabase/?region=all&country=Myanmar&fromyear=all&toyear=all&emitter=all&income=all&framework=all&execleg=all&category=all 41| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Green growth strategy (2016) (in preparation) The Strategy, currently being developed, focuses on those investments, incentives, insurance mechanisms that can facilitate green and low-carbon economy to emerge in Myanmar. The Strategy is cross-linked to the National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan and shares its vision. National and City Waste Management Strategy (in preparation) The country is developing a national and city waste strategy which makes explicit reference to climate change as a key issue to be addressed, in order to contain potential emissions National Environment Policy (revision) The country has been revising between 2015 and 2016 its National Environment Policy. Among others, the policy makes explicit reference to the need to address climate change, in particular through the implementation of a Strategy. Myanmar’s Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR) The Myanmar’s Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR) define the action of the country to reduce the risks related to the recurrent disasters. It is imperative that the MCCSAP relates strongly with this document and contributes to its implementation by reinforcing the climate change aspects Source: MCCSAP drafting team Capacity needs assessment revealed that the sectoral officials are capable of delivering the policy through their decisions and actions. However, there is hardly any insight on climate change in sectoral policies, which leaves a major gap in policy guidelines. In such a void, it becomes difficult for the officials to integrate climate change into regular activities. There developing sector specific policies by inserting climate change related aspects such as building resilience of the sector against adverse impacts of climate change. It also calls for inter-sectoral policy harmonization in relation to climate change so that the effectiveness of such policy guidelines is not undermined. A holistic and overarching policy on climate change is also important to ensure inter-sectoral integration and mainstreaming. All these will fulfil the need for climate-sensitive policies towards transforming Myanmar into a resilient nation. Despite the NCDP 2011-2031 makes climate change an important cross-cutting issue, the mainstreaming into sectoral policies and programming remains uneven, with a varying degree of integration. Effectively mainstreaming climate change into all sectoral policies remains a high priority that the present strategy will need to address. Institutional Arrangement The Environment Conservation Department (ECD) of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MoNREC) is the focal point for climate change and deals with climate change issues at international level including negotiations and reporting to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It is also responsible for translating global level decisions at national level implementation, which includes endorsement of projects for support under different climate change funds such as Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), Green Climate Fund (GCF), Global Environment Facility (GEF) Trust Fund, Special 42| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Climate Change Fund, and Adaptation Fund under Kyoto Protocol. It also responsible to engages other ministries and departments for addressing climate change. However, the existing capacity of ECD require reinforcement, while capacities in other ministries and agencies also require dedicated support to be able to integrate climate change in respective programmes. The participation to COP21, and the consistent exchanges through the Technical Working Group (TWG) of the Myanmar Climate Change Alliance (MCCA) between 2015 and 2016, have significantly increased the participation of several sectoral actors, and inter-ministerial coordination in addressing climate change issues. ECD plays an important coordination role as concerns climate change and has used the TWG of MCCA effectively to this end. This initiative, originally designed to develop the Strategy, has in fact evolved into a platform of coordination, which has also served the development of the INDC, the dissemination of the new climate change projections, and other issues. This platform will require further institutionalization, beyond the life of projects, as it is the first actual mechanism to discuss, consistently, climate change action in Myanmar at national, sub-national, and local level and very much remain to be done as concerns coordination and actual sectoral mainstreaming of climate change. Importantly, the Government of Myanmar has established in June 2016 the National Environmental Conservation and Climate Change Committee (NECCC) at the highest level of the government. The committee is chaired by the Vice President of the Government of Myanmar and supported by six sub-committees. It is very important for members of the Environment Conservation and Climate Change Committee as well as six sub-committees to understand their roles and responsibly, roles and responsibility of different ministries and departments in delivering project and reporting mechanisms, roles and responsibility of ECD as a secretariat of the committee. It is also import to understand specific roles and responsibility of climate change sub-committee. Specific capacity building efforts would require for all members of the committee and sub-committee as well as Environment Conservation Department serving as secretariat. Most importantly, this Committee also expands to the State/Regions level, and will also extend to District and Townships. Financing Mechanism Financing for climate change actions is predominantly coming from international sources primarily from Global Environment Facility (GEF) and some bilateral development partners. Financing most of the climate change enabling activities and development of plans such as National Communication (NC), Technology Needs Assessment, and Formulation of National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA) were access through international agencies. Couple of international climate funds such as Adaptation Fund (AF) and Green Climate Fund have established Direct Access modality for the country to develop and implement climate change adaptation and mitigation projects but fulfilling fiduciary requirements for accrediting a national institute is not easy for many developing countries including country like Myanmar. A number of UN organizations are supporting access to climate finance for design and implementation of climate change project in Myanmar. These include United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Bilateral and Multilateral Development Partner Organizations are supporting climate change related activities in Myanmar, especially through non-government international organizations and national 43| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 organizations including community based organizations. Many disaster risk reduction initiatives also include climate change components. Capacity needs assessment highlighted the need of enhancing ability of the government to generate funds from local as well as access to international sources, particularly tapping on available sources of international funds can be of extreme importance. Myanmar must attain adequate capacities to generate and access funds in order to utilize other capacities towards dealing with climate change. One of the modalities of tapping international funds is to take part in the negotiation processes so that the delegation members become aware of availability of such opportunities and to align themselves with proper ideas and mechanisms that are often discussed and decided in the negotiated global agreements. It is therefore important to build capacities to negotiate in international forums on climate change. The Ministry of Finance (the Budget Department) only responds to the request for allocation if it comes through the planning process – the latter being led by the Ministry of Planning. The potential climate financing from own sources is possible only if the national sector-specific projects can integrate climate change and pass through the screening by the National Planning Department. Moreover, the Budget Department should ideally have adequate funds to cater the needs of sectorspecific ministries/agencies. Unless the resource endowments are becoming bigger and there is strong policy support towards allocating finance for integration of climate change, all these requirements cannot perhaps be met by allocating own resources. One modality to increase resource endowment for financing climate change is to decide for imposition of polluters pay principle and gather a fund that might be employed to finance climate change in Myanmar. However, such impositions cannot be made without proper background analyses. As an enabling activity, a few studies may be commissioned to probe into possibilities of imposition of green taxes and polluters pay principle in various sectors in order to discourage emission-heavy activities and to gather such finance from within Myanmar. As indicated above, GCF can be a potential source for drawing international financing under UNFCCC mechanism. However, GCF offers climate financing on demand-driven basis, which calls for significant capacity improvement in project formulation – as per GCF rules and procedures. The potential Executing Entities within Myanmar must invest in capacity building of its permanent personnel so that they are capable of drafting good proposals as per GCF standard/criteria. Technologies and Innovation Building climate resilience and materializing low carbon development trajectory would require access to environmentally sound technology and innovation. Myanmar relies on available technologies at international and regional levels as well as innovation. It is apparent that country will continue rely on innovation at international and regional level and therefore enabling policies and regulatory framework, adequate capacity to access technologies are very import for the country. In this context, generation of knowledge on technological needs and innovation cannot be overemphasized while dealing with climate change. 44| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 There is a dearth of research findings in the current state of knowledge on climate change in Myanmar. Since successful adaptation depends largely on location and context specific narratives on vulnerability, there is a need to fill in the research gaps as a priority. However, scientific research can be quite demanding in terms human resources (i.e., scientists) and research finance. Myanmar may focus initially on international research collaboration, which will also help developing capabilities of her researchers on various aspects of climate change, particularly on climate modelling. Once a critical mass of trained researchers is available, further follow up research can be undertaken through inter-agency collaboration within Myanmar. Carrying out research on climate change must be the way for Myanmar to generate climate change related knowledge. Awareness and Capacity As economy and social development are heavily dependent of climate sensitive sectors, sectoral agencies and policy-makers are aware of impacts of degradation of environmental resources as well as extreme climatic events such as floods, droughts and cyclone. However, awareness on slow onset climatic phenomenon such as salinity intrusion, changes in temperature, erratic behaviour of rainfall, likely changes in monsoon behaviour, and its implications on sectors and society are very limited among policy makers as well as community living in vulnerable areas. Therefore, research on generating evidence of impacts and it implication need to go hand in hand with awareness raising and building capacity to deal with adverse impacts of climate change. People must be made aware of adverse impacts and climate change induced-complications, which are likely to be manifested in many different ways. People should have adequate orientation on how a known problem might change its pattern and bring new hazardous dimensions in which timeframe and more importantly, how those hazardous dimensions may be overcome with minimal effort and cost. A number of enabling activities may be undertaken first in order to make people increasingly aware of climate-induced future. Capacity of national research institutions on climate change must be enhanced first in order to produce credible research based scientific understanding on climate change. One particular enabling capacity need is to increase climate modelling, projection and forecasting capacities. Similarly, to provide for better and advanced early warning on imminent weather conditions and meso-scale weather advisories, the early warning system (EWS) needs to be modernized as well as made more functional. The latter highlights another enabling capacity need i.e. the weather data acquisition system to be modernized with advanced scientific tools and equipment such as Dopplar Radar and automated rainfall/temperature gauges. Informing the local people will have to be strengthened further by educating the current youth – particularly the students. Students must be exposed to climate induced hazards by introducing the subject in the curricula and gradually helping students at appropriate levels (most likely at tertiary levels) to specialize on the subject. The latter will continuously generate capable and skilful professionals, who will take informed decisions in future. In addition to individual’s skills and national policy directions, institutional capacities are needed towards implementing actions either to reduce vulnerability or to realize low carbon development 45| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 opportunities. Strong institutional capacities ensure timely undertaking of necessary actions, their quality and in the process, it satisfies people’s aspirations to become more resilient. Moreover, strong resource use efficiency, transparency and accountability in project/activity delivery make sure that GOM has to optimize its allocations for CCA and LCD – an essential enabler towards achieving sustainable development. Partnerships Adverse impacts of climate change cut across sectors and society at national level. Moreover, nature of the problem itself bind international community together to deal with climate change collectively and supporting each other in achieving overall objective of the climate convention following the principle of common but differentiated responsibility and respective capability. Considering wide range of actors involved in dealing with climate change both at national and international level, strong partnership among different actors at national and international level would expedite implementation of responses as well as will avoid duplication of efforts. Major groups, including the Private Sector; the Media; the Youth; the Civil Society will need to be involved actively and roles and responsibilities clarified. 46| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Gender Perspectives To be completed Youth and Children Climate change will significantly affect the capacity of Youth and Children in Myanmar to benefit from opportunities and dividends generated by the current development process. Already, in townships such as Pakokku and Laputta for instance, the population pyramid shows that many youths must migrate within the country or above to seek employment, because of the interplay between changing climatic features that affect productivity of the land, and the already scarce employment and socio-economic opportunities. Although demographic trends in Myanmar do not indicate high growth rate – and in fact the population has aged compared to 1973 – the population under 15 years (child population) is still 14,400,000 millions or 28.6 percent of the total populationm while the age groups already in the ‘productive age’ between 15-19 and 20-24 together amount to approximately 8,500,000 millions28. More important than the figures, though, there is the fact that socio-economic changes in Myanmar, and the political democratization and progressive development, have generated vibrant youth movements in both rural and urban areas of the country, facilitated to some extent by the means of communication and the social media, in particular Facebook and the e-mails. It is absolutely key that the Youth find ways to participate actively in addressing climate change in Myanmar, for the obvious reasons that they are or will deal with the effects of changes in the next decades, but also because of their capacity to provoke change and influence behaviours. In fact, as mentioned in the INDC, “[…] a more consistent inclusion of civil society perspectives; the empowerment of groups at risk of the short and long-term impacts of climate change, (such as children and other younger members of society)[…]” is essential as, “[…]ultimately, the effort to mitigate and adapt to climate change is seen as a contribution to alleviate suffering caused by climate change and enable sustainable and durable development of the poor, both in rural and urban areas29.” Among other channels to enable this, Education will need to be a primary channel. The country is currently revising is primary and secondary curricula. It is of essence that climate change is captured as an important topic in these curricula, to create awareness and capacities. Also, there are several projects and programmes, that target Youth as concerns disaster risks and climate change. These will require enhancement. In short, Youth should be considered as a major group to form partnership with, influence, and capture ideas from. 28 The Republic of the Union of Myanmar, The Union Report, the 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census, 2015 29 Government of the Union of the Republic of Myanmar, Intended National Determined Contribution, 2016 47| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Part II: The Strategy Introduction High level of exposure and sensitivity to current and projected erratic behaviour of weather and climate change stimuli, key economic and social sectors of Myanmar are extremely vulnerable. Changes in climate include a general increase in temperature, erratic and variable rainfall and an increase in the occurrence and severity of extreme weather events, including cyclones, floods, droughts, intense rains and extreme high temperatures. Long-term changes include sea level rise, salinity intrusion and ocean acidification. Coastal regions are particularly at risk from sea-level rise, salinity intrusion, and cyclones and storm surges, whilst lowlands and dry-zones are vulnerable to the impacts of floods and droughts respectively. These will have a negative impact on climate sensitive sectors and communities. Thought the Government of Myanmar has made significant progress in economic growth and social development, countries readiness and capabilities are not adequate to address future challenges arising from climate change. Country has enacted several polices but they are largely climate blind. A lack of investment in climate smart responses could lock Myanmar into a carbon-intensive development pathway and leave it vulnerable to the escalating impacts of climate change. Investment in climate resilient and low carbon development strategies and technologies at an early stage can provide sustainable and resource efficient opportunities for socio-economic development, including green jobs, business opportunities and emission reduction. They will also ensure that current and future development outcomes are resilient to the impacts of climate change. Moreover, Myanmar has signed the Paris Climate Agreement, which has strengthened international and national political will, policy direction and financial investment in climate resilient and low carbon development. It is thus imperative that government develops a roadmap to guide Myanmar’s strategic responses and actions to address climate related risks and seize opportunities over the next 15 years and beyond. The strategic direction and prioritization of key social and economic sectors can potentially capitalise on the opportunities for enhancing climate resilience and achieving low carbon growth through investment on adaptation and mitigation activities. It also requires putting enabling policy, institutional mechanism, multi-stakeholder partnership and financial mechanism including investment on technology, awareness and capacity building. Process and Approach The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MoNREC)30 coordinated the formulation of the Myanmar Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2016-2030 (MCCSAP) and the related Sectoral Action Plans throughout the formulation and adoption process, with the agreement reached on the methodology in December 2014. Environment Conservation Department (ECD) played a central advisory role to guide the team in each phase of research, supported by 30 Former Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MoNREC), since April 2016 48| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 MCCA and their consultants. Every effort has been made to align the Strategy with Myanmar’s socio-economic development objectives and with evolving policy documents, such as the green growth strategy; the environmental policy; annual, medium and long-term development plans; the second Framework for Economic and Social Reform (FESR) and the decentralisation policy. As the Strategy was developed through the MCCA, and that MCCA has been working to advise the Government in several climate change aspects, the Strategy has therefore been aligned as much as possible to several other climate change or environment policies that have been drafted in parallel such as the INDC, and the Green Growth Framework. The Strategy was prepared in close consultation with national and local level stakeholders representing a cross-section of government institutions, national non-governmental organisations (NGOs), community representatives, private sector actors, development partners, professionals, and academia covering a wide range of sectors. Bilateral discussions, three national workshops and five sub-national workshops were conducted to engage with stakeholders. Subnational workshops were conducted in five of Myanmar’s climate vulnerable states/regions engaging more than 600 participants from the local government, civil society organisations, community representatives and private sectors. Most of the consultations were conducted under the guidance of Technical Working Group (TWG) of the MCCA. The MCCSAP is therefore strong of multiple views and perspectives and captures this diversity effectively. In addition to direct consultations and interviews, the drafting team reviewed policy documents and secondary data, working on all available published policies, laws, documents and available advanced drafts with national importance. Strategic Vision, Purpose and Guiding Principles Strategic Vision The strategic vision of the strategy is to develop Myanmar as a nation that is resilient to the impacts of climate change and is able to harness the benefits of low carbon development for present and future generations in an inclusive manger. Overall Purpose The MCCSAP aims to direct the government and its development partners, private sector entities, civil society and households to invest in a climate resilient and low carbon development pathway to secure inclusive and sustainable development. The MCCSAP has been formulated in response to the opportunities and risks provided by ongoing social, economic and political transition in the context of climate change in Myanmar. It aims to support decision makers to: 1. Provide a strategic response to climate change by identifying interventions that will enable the most vulnerable communities, regions and sectors to address climate induced risks and opportunities; 2. Provide a cohesive and coordinated response to climate change by enabling policymakers to deliver coherent policies and programmes; 49| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 3. Prioritise responses to climate change by enabling policy makers to identify investments that will deliver climate resilience and low carbon development opportunities for the most vulnerable populations as a priority. Guiding principles 1. Inclusive development: The MCCSAP recognizes the need to support inclusive development by mitigating climate change negative effects on the most vulnerable. It will support climate vulnerable, poor marginalised and less powerful groups and regions to shape and benefit from the opportunities provided by the Strategy; 2. Resource efficient development: The MCCSAP will drive action to deliver resource efficient development. It will incentivise investment in a green economy, where growth can be achieved with minimal environmental harm and carbon emissions; 3. Integrated development: The MCCSAP will facilitate integrated development planning. It will direct government, development partners, civil society, private sector entities and communities to align, harmonise and coordinate policies and programmes to support the overall objectives of the Strategy, including by influencing sectoral investment; 4. Results based approach: The MCCSAP is result-oriented and designed to be monitored overtime. It outlines a Vision, served by a set of time bound goal and objectives, to be achieved through outcomes and expected results in key sectoral areas. Respective strategic indicators for expected results are used by the Secretariat to assess the degree of progress (Annex 2). Goal and Objectives Goal Myanmar achieved climate resilient development and pursued a low-carbon development pathway by 2030 to support inclusive and sustainable development31. Objectives • To increase the adaptive capacity of vulnerable communities and sectors so that they are resilient to the adverse impacts of climate change; • To create and maximise use of opportunities for potential sectors to pursue a low carbon development pathway by ensuring development benefits to communities and all economic sectors. Sectoral Expected Accomplishments The Strategy has identified six key sector entry points to deliver inclusive climate resilient and low carbon development outcomes. The entry points include primary, secondary and service sectors, which contribute significantly to current and future economic and social development. The In earlier presentation and discussion goal as stated as “by 2030, Myanmar is achieving climate resilience and is engaged in low-carbon, resource efficient development as a contribution to sustainable development” 31 50| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 rationale for focusing on these sectors is provided in Part-I. Detailed sector action plans provide additional details on time-bound priority actions for each sector. 1. Climate Smart Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock for Food Security Sectoral Aim To maintain food and livelihood security of Myanmar by adopting climate resilient responses in agriculture, fisheries and livestock sectors including promotion of resource efficient and low carbon practices. Sectoral Outcome The agriculture, fisheries and livestock sectors maintained growth and productivity, livelihoods of dependent communities and households are supported and maximised GHG reduction potential by implementing climate smart responses. Sectoral Expected Results Climate change integrated into relevant policies, planning and budgeting procedures of the agricultural, fisheries and livestock sectors and are practiced by relevant actors; Climate resilient and environmentally sound adaptation technologies, and climate smart management practices are adopted by the agricultural, fisheries and livestock sectors, and are supported by international and domestic finance; and Institutional coordination and multi-stakeholder engagement framework established and supported implementation of climate smart responses in the agricultural, fisheries and livestock sectors including innovative business models. 2. Sustainable Management of Natural Resources for Healthy Eco-System Sectoral Aim To sustain the support to the economic and social sectors’ performance by maintaining and enhancing healthy environmental resources, ecosystem and ecosystem services, and rich biodiversity. Sectoral Outcome Enhanced resilience of natural resources, ecosystem and ecosystem services, and biodiversity to climate change to maintain it support to dependent sectors and communities and improved sequestration capacity of carbon. Sectoral Expected Results Climate change dimensions are incorporated and enforced in environment and natural resources management policies, rules and regulations; 51| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Environmentally sound technologies and good management practices are adopted for improving and maintaining ecosystems (forest, water, land, coastal) health and services; Institutional coordination and multi-stakeholder engagement framework established and supported access to finance and implementation of responses for health environment and natural resources management. 3. Resilient and Low Carbon Energy, Transport and Industrial Systems for Sustainable Growth Sectoral Aim To support sustainable economic growth and social development by enhancing resilience and fostering low carbon system in energy, transport and industrial sectors in Myanmar. Sectoral Outcome Climate resilient and low carbon energy, transport and industrial systems are developed and implemented in Myanmar to support inclusive and sustainable development. Sectoral Expected Results Energy security for the country is based on a large share generated from renewables and high energy efficiency in the domestic, industrial and other use; Transport systems are both adapted to heightened risks of disasters from new climatic conditions, and sustainable by virtue of efficiency and low-carbon technologies; Industrial systems are highly productive and competitive by virtue of their climate resilience, and sustainable, low-carbon and green characteristics. 4. Climate Resilient, Inclusive and Sustainable Towns and Cities for People to Live and Thrive Sectoral Aim To build resilience to increased risks of natural rapid and slow on-set disasters for all township and city dwellers, with a focus on the most vulnerable, and develop sustainable and inclusive towns. Sectoral Outcome All township and city dwellers in Myanmar, including the most vulnerable, are safe from increased risks of natural rapid and slow on-set disasters and live in sustainable, inclusive towns Sectoral Expected Results Town and city residents have access to resilient infrastructure and services, that protect them from natural hazards of increased intensity, continue to perform during and after the shocks, and are best adapted to the new climatic context; 52| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Climate change resilience, low-carbon development and social inclusivity approaches are a defining element of urban planning and development, providing mitigation and adaptation co-benefits; New buildings are designed and constructed to be energy and resource efficient, as well as resilient to natural hazards and disasters, so that they emit less carbon, produce savings from reduced energy consumption and thus provide equity and affordability. 5. Climate Risk Management for People’s Health and Well-being Sectoral Aim To build capacities and capabilities of communities and economic sectors in Myanmar to responds to and recover from climate induced disasters and risks, and build a healthy society. Sectoral Outcomes Myanmar capable to effectively deal with climate induced disasters and risks. Sectoral Expected Results Climate risk management system in Myanmar is well established, robust and nationally integrated to respond effectively to increased intensity and impact of risk and hazard on the people and well-being; Myanmar has improved social protection and risk finance capacity to prepare for and recover from potential loss and damage resulting from climate change; The health system of Myanmar is improved to deal with climate-induced health hazards that will support climate vulnerable communities to respond effectively to disaster and health hazards resulting from climate change. 6. Education, Science and Technology for a Resilient Society Sectoral Aim To build a climate smart society and the human capital to design and implement climate resilient and low carbon development solutions for inclusive and sustainable development. Sectoral Outcomes Climate responsive society and human capital is built through education, awareness, science & technology. Sectoral Expected Results The capacity of actors in the education sector is developed to integrate principles of sustainability, low-carbon development and resilience into the curricula at primary, secondary and tertiary levels; 53| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 The capacity of actors in the science and technology and education sectors is developed to generate research and build and use climate information systems; The institutional capacity and multi-stakeholder partnership are enhanced to access and manage climate financing for ensuring climate responsive education, science and technology. Actions Areas In order to achieve the above Sectoral Outcomes and Sectoral Expected Results in each of the six sectors prioritized, activities and related outputs must be undertaken under six Action Areas as follows: 1. Integrating climate change into development policies and plans; 2. Establish institutional arrangements to plan and implement responses to climate change; 3. Establish financial mechanisms to mobilise and allocate resources for investment in climate responsive initiatives; 4. Increase access to technology and capacities; 5. Build awareness and capacities to respond to climate change 6. Promote multi-stakeholder partnerships to support investment in climate smart initiatives 54| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Pathway to Achieve the Vision In summary, the Strategy ambition is to achieve its goal through the following ‘pathway’: Source: MCCSAP Drafting Team 55| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Part III: Implementing the Strategy This section of the Myanmar Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (MCCSAP) provides an overall action plan and strategic indicators to monitor progress; requisites for implementing the strategy and action plan identified; roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders in implementing and reporting progress; as well as tools to be applied for monitoring implementation of the strategy and action plan. The overall action plan covers expected results and strategic indicators, which are reported upon to the National Environmental Conservation and Climate Change Committee on a yearly basis. The policy environment, coordinating mechanism and lead agencies to deliver each priority sector, strategic framework for financing, capacity building, and monitoring tool are elaborated under requisites for implementation. Overall Action Plan Climate Smart Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock for Food Security Expected Results Climate change integrated into relevant policies, planning and budgeting procedures of the agricultural, fisheries and livestock sectors and are practiced by relevant actors; Strategic Indicators # of sectoral polices, plans, research and development strategy and extension services integrated climate change and are practiced at national, sub-national and local levels; # of officials trained on sector specific guidelines and tools for integrating climate change into planning and Climate resilient and budgeting systems; environmentally sound adaptation technologies, and # of sector, geographical area, and technology climate smart management specific institutional arrangement including multipractices are adopted by the stakeholders engagement framework developed for agricultural, fisheries and implementing climate change responses at national, livestock sectors, and are sub-national and local levels; supported by international and # of climate change adaptation projects implemented domestic finance; and through externally supported finance as well as Institutional coordination and domestic resources; multi-stakeholder engagement framework established and # of climate smart technologies and good practices supported implementation of introduced and scaled up in central dry zone, the climate smart responses in the Ayeyarwady delta and coastal zone, and lowland agricultural, fisheries and areas; livestock sectors including innovative business models. 56| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 # of farmers benefited from introduction of climate smart technologies and other responses; # of multi-stakeholder partnerships supported scaling up climate resilient and low carbon responses. Sustainable Management of Natural Resources for Healthy Eco-System Expected Results Climate change dimensions are incorporated and enforced in environment and natural resources management policies, rules and regulations; Indicators # of policy, strategies, laws and by-laws that integrated climate change dimensions including resilient and low carbon provisions; # of officials trained on sector specific guidelines and tools for integrating climate change into planning and Environmentally sound budgeting systems; technologies and good management practices are # of sector and technology specific mitigation and adopted for improving and adaptation action plans are implemented in regions or maintaining ecosystems (forest, areas with higher deforestation and degradation water, land, coastal) health and issues; services; # of households, NGOs, and CBOs are benefited by Institutional coordination and access and implementation of environmentally sound multi-stakeholder engagement technologies, good management practices including framework established and ecosystem Based Adaptation approach and training supported access to finance and received; implementation of responses for health environment and # geographical area and technology specific natural resources management. institutional arrangement including multistakeholders engagement framework developed for implementing climate change responses at national, sub-national and local levels; # of climate change projects have been implemented through externally supported finance as well as domestic resources to address issues in the NRM sector. Resilient and Low Carbon Energy, Transport and Industrial Systems for Sustainable Growth Expected Results Indicators Energy security for the country # of sectoral laws and norms that are inspired to is based on a large share sustainability concerns generated from renewables and 57| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 high energy efficiency in the Level of implementation of the Green Growth domestic, industrial and other Framework use; Energy mix, within the timeframe of the MCCSAP Transport systems are both 2030, includes a high share of energy generated from adapted to heightened risks of sustainable renewables disasters from new climatic conditions, and sustainable by % of existing rules and regulations in the industrial virtue of efficiency and low- and transport sector enforced, to ensure low-carbon carbon technologies; and air-quality thresholds are respected at both Industrial systems are highly national and urban level productive and competitive by virtue of their climate resilience, and sustainable, lowcarbon and green characteristics. # of incentives schemes put in place to support the private sector to transition to low-carbon production, investment in renewables, and management of the production processes # of schemes and programmes that incentivize the introduction of solar power energy generation, biomass and other sustainable sources of renewable energy # number of businesses that introduce climate change in their business planning to ensure resilience and protect jobs # of green jobs created Resilient, Inclusive and Sustainable Cities and Towns for People to Live and Thrive Expected Results Town and city residents have access to resilient infrastructure and services, that protect them from natural hazards of increased intensity, continue to perform during and after the shocks, and are best adapted to the new climatic context; Climate change resilience, lowcarbon development and social inclusivity approaches are a defining element of urban planning and development, providing mitigation and adaptation co-benefits; 58| P a g e Indicators Spatial, Land-Use and National spatial planning frameworks include climate change considerations from a low baseline # Laws, Policies, and By-Laws for Urban Management and Development including climate change, from a low baseline % of new, converted, retrofitted infrastructure, basic services and buildings, to be climate change responsive, from a low baseline % of Town planners, Architects and Engineers in the country able to assist townships and cities to plan and Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 New buildings are designed and constructed to be energy and resource efficient, as well as resilient to natural hazards and disasters, so that they emit less carbon, produce savings from reduced energy consumption and thus provide equity and affordability. manage with climate change considerations from a low baseline # of Township and City Climate Change Action Plans based on Eco-System Adaptation or other approaches # of Real Estate, Developers, Private Industries integrating climate change in their development projects Climate Risk Management for People’s Health and Well-being Expected Results Climate risk management system in Myanmar is well established, robust and nationally integrated to respond effectively to increased intensity and impact of risk and hazard on the people and wellbeing; Myanmar has improved social protection and risk finance capacity to prepare for and recover from potential loss and damage resulting from climate change; The health system of Myanmar is improved to deal with climate-induced health hazards that will support climate vulnerable communities to respond effectively to disaster and health hazards resulting from climate change. Indicators # of climate risk management system including risk informed policy development and planning guidelines, tools and framework developed; # of local communities, local government, civil society organizations access to risk mapping, EWS, disaster resilient technologies for disaster preparedness and emergency management and response; # of states and townships with capacity for climate risk management planning. Social protection policies, strategies, budgeting and plan integrate climate change; # of private sectors, development partners, government, civil society and international communities allocate % of resources for social protection and resilience building activities; # of states, townships that integrate climate change in their budgeting system to finance climate risk management and social protection activities at the national and sub-national level. # of laws, bye laws, policies and plans within the health sector integrate climate change; # of health professionals and government staffs with capacity for climate risk and disaster mapping, early 59| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 health hazard detection and forecasting and resilient planning; # of households in the climate vulnerable state/region and township able to access improved health and sanitation practices and resilient health infrastructures. Education, Science and Technology for a Resilient Society Expected Results The capacity of actors in the education sector is developed to integrate principles of sustainability, low-carbon development and resilience into the curricula at primary, secondary and tertiary levels; The capacity of actors in the science and technology and education sectors is developed to generate research and build and use climate information systems; Indicators # of policies, strategies and action plans in the education and science & technology sectors integrate climate change; # of primary, secondary and higher level institutions in Myanmar integrate climate change within their educational curriculum, courses and teaching materials; # of university graduates and researchers trained and capacitated to carry out independent and innovative work on climate change. # of ICT materials including research and extension products (research paper, thesis, policy papers and The institutional capacity and technical working papers) reflect climate change multi-stakeholder partnership issues and solutions; are enhanced to access and manage climate financing for # of university professors/lecturer, school teachers, ensuring climate responsive university graduates able to assist the government education, science and and private sector to plan and manage with climate technology. change considerations; # of households at the climate vulnerable states and township aware of the consequence of climate change and able to identify response measures. Increase in % of climate financing from government, development agencies, international organizations and other actors for climate change information, knowledge, research and capacity; # of networks and partnership among different actors established to promote climate responsive education, science and technology; 60| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 # of joint projects to strengthen the education and science and technology for promoting climate resilience and low carbon development strategies and actions at the national and sub-national level. Requisites for implementation Five areas have been identified key requisites for successful implementation of Myanmar Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan. Formulating and enacting a climate change policy would require for guiding responses of different actors and sectors, ensuring synergies as well as avoiding duplication of efforts. It would also require establishment of a well-functioning coordination mechanism to guide political, administrative and multi-stakeholder actions in support of climate resilient and low carbon development. Implementation of climate smart responses and capacity building would require finance and therefore a mechanism to mobilise, manage and allocate financial resources for investment in climate smart responses need to develop. A capacity development roadmap for different actors and sectors involved in delivering the Strategy and Action Plan has been formulated and key aspects have already been reflected in sector specific action plan presented in Annex-I. Updating strategy and action plan in future, providing regular progress of implementation and results achieved would require establishing a monitoring, evaluation and learning mechanism. The following section elaborated all the above requirements. Enabling Policy Environment A coherent policy framework would require for providing policy direction at strategic level. As outlined in chapter 2, actions for mitigation and adaptation to climate change need to be integrated into national and sectoral policies and greater coherence between sectoral, national and local policies is required. The MCCSAP will guide the development of policies for resilient and low-carbon development to ensure that climate change is mainstreamed into key national, sub-national, and local public and private sector policies and there implementation. Key actions include: Develop new policies such as the Climate Change Policy, Green Growth Framework Mainstream climate change in key national and sub-national policies and priorities such as in FESR and prioritised sector policy. Implementation, Coordination and Monitoring Mechanism The implementation of the Strategy requires that institutions take responsibility for advancing towards the strategic Goal and Objectives. As highlighte in Part I of the Strategy, Myanmar’s institutional structures and respective management capacity are evolving in response to decentralisation and democratisation. In this context, the establishment of a formal institutional mechanism to foster the Strategy is essential, to be further institutionalized in the mid-term as required, and to increase overtime its decentralized capacities. 61| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Functions of the ‘Mechanism’ The MCCSAP will be implemented by a multi-stakeholder institutional mechanism with the following functions: 1. To promote, at the political and programmatic level, the implementation of the Strategy’s Action Plan, i.e. through progressive achievements of milestones and outputs in the respective Sectoral Action Plans. 2. To coordinate the action and ensure that Stakeholders cooperate to achieve common objectives as devised by the Strategy, and Partnerships are established as needed 3. To monitor the progress towards the Strategy’s Goal and Objectives, by observing changes in the Strategic Indicators for each Sectoral Outcome, and the respective milestones listed in the Sectoral Action Plans Composition and Functioning of the ‘Mechanism’ Within one year from the adoption of the MCCSAP, a mechanism will be functioning with the overall purpose of making progress towards the Strategy’ objectives, as defined in Annex 2. 62| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Figure 7: Inter-linkage of Coordination Body and Implementing Agencies Decentralization (Local to National Adaptation/Mitigation) Acknowledging the need to facilitate local adaptation the MCCSAP requests the State/Regions Committees for Environmental Conservation and Climate Change (MCCSAP) to engage on a yearly basis with the Townships and City-Development Committee, thus to ensure a bottomup/top-down balance Monitoring timeline and reporting lines - - Yearly, the MoNREC/ECD and Focal Agencies report to the NECCC on the progress of the Action Plan, by describing how the Expected Results for sectors are being achieved. On a six-months basis, each Focal Agency with the support from MoNREC/ECD, collects data on the progress of the Sectoral Action Plans. This detail is not communicated to the NECCC unless requested, in order to simplify the monitoring and reporting system The stakeholders in each sector are in constant relation through the MCCA Platform and their respective Focal Agency. Human Resource’ and Strategic Evolution of the Mechanism 63| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Based on the Capacity-Development Assessment conducted along with the MCCSAP, a human resource programme will be conducted to strengthen skills to plan and implement. The details of the programme are further elaborated by the Secretariat in a later stage (within one year from the adoption of the Strategy) Within five years from the adoption of the Strategy, this mechanism could evolve into an actual Myanmar Climate Change Commission. This possibility will be explored and clarified in the Myanmar Climate Change Policy (under preparation). Strategic Financial Framework Context As highlighted in the INDC and assessed during the formulation of the Strategy, the current finance available for investment in climate change mitigation and adaptation in Myanmar is inadequate and financial systems need to be strengthened. Therefore, the Strategy will need strengthening the climate change related financial system in the country on the one hand and, on the other, it will require funding from a multiplicity of sources. Within one year, the cost of delivering the strategy’ action plan should be estimated, to orient the mobilization of resources. Financial streams Financing the implementation of the Action Plan of the Strategy will require a multi-source and phased approach, based on three key streams: 1. In the immediate terms, and within three years, increase the access to dedicated climate change finance sources through: Access the Green Climate Fund Readiness programme, and pursue other strategies to increase capacities for attracting and managing funds from global climate change funds Prepare concept notes for the implementation of the Strategy Action Plan for global funds such as the Adaptation Fund, the GEF, the GCF Request bilateral and multilateral donors to align their dedicated climate change programmes to the Strategy Action Plan, in order to deliver one or more parts of it 2. Within five years, integrate climate change into the public finance management reform (fiscal policy, budget and planning cycle, results based finance). To this end: 64| P a g e Agree on a certain percentage of budget that can be dedicate from sectoral budget to address climate change related issues, within the six action areas of each sectoral outcome and establish a budget code for climate change activities Under the Environmental Law 2012, the MCCSAP may participate in the establishment of the Environmental Conservation Basket of Fund, to govern the flow of climate finance from both national and international sources. Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 3. In the immediate to the mid-term, and within five years, mainstream climate change into sectoral investments by: Within two years, assessing the climate change relevance of sectoral existing investments through an expenditure review, to appraise how current projects and investments can contribute to advance the Sectoral Action Plans, and ensure that results otherwise not related are monitored and reported through the Monitoring Framework Within five years, establishing a ‘climate change marker’, or ‘screening’ tool for all FDI; sectoral projects and private or public investments to help implementing one or more components of the Strategy Action Plan Within ten years, requiring that all investments contribute to the sectoral outcomes, through adequate design Projects are required to be climate responsive in each sector Strategic approach Realistically, the Union and State/Region budget allocation will be the smallest share of finance at least in the short and mid-term (5 to 10 years) given the possible conflicting priorities and the low capacities of the State budget. However, as the country develops, it should increase its capacity to allocate own funding for delivering the Strategy. The climate change dedicated finance is extremely important to kick-start the Action Plan, and address a number of action areas in each sectoral outcomes, in particular the Policy area and the Capacity-Building Area. Finally, gaining access to sectoral investment is key to achieve the sectoral outcomes as the magnitude of the investment is very large. Realistically, this may be achieved by a combination of direct access, for instance through components of the investments to be dedicated to sections of the Strategy Action Plan, or by assessing the relevance of these investments for climate change in Myanmar through a climate change ‘screening’ tool or ‘climate change marker’ 65| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Key streams for financing the Action Plan of the Strategy by potential magnitude Union and State/Region budget allocation Climate Change dedicated finance flows (Global Funds, Bilateral/Multilateral Donors) Sectoral finance (Expenditure review, Climate Change Marker) Source: Drafting team of the MCCSAP, 2016 Capacity Building Awareness and capacity to plan and deliver climate change is low at all levels. There is lack of capacity to better assess, plan and deliver climate change responses at the national and local level. The capacity to generate climate change data, information and evidence are inadequate. There is also lack of country capacity for projection, forecasting and response on disasters including lack of advanced computing facilities. The capacity need assessment, carried out for the MCCSAP, shows that there is inadequate institutional, policy and legal framework including highly inadequate focus on climate resilient planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation. The assessment also found that the knowledge management on climate change is significantly inadequate. There was also inadequate focus on community mobilization and engagement on climate change including sensitivity to marginalized groups. Capacity building is important, as it is the targeted efforts to enhance ability of a system to address climate change in a sustainable way. For institutions to take forward priority adaptation and low carbon development actions, a wide range of capacities will be required. The emerging areas for targeted capacity developed include capacity for climate change assessment, projection, mapping and planning. It also focusses on policy, institutional, financial and coordination capacity to implement the strategy and action plan. In the short-run, the following capacity-building plan is proposed: Human resource development to enhance institutional capacity, knowledgeable human resources pool to mainstream climate change through specialized short courses, institution specific short courses and manual for mainstreaming climate change; Enhance policy and legal capacity to integrate climate change into sectoral policy; 66| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Enhance education and awareness to make people understand and help them consider adaptive measures by involving most vulnerable groups, general public for understanding and responding to climate risk and impact. In the long-run, the capacity building activities need to focus more on enhancing the existing systems (planning, financing, education etc.) to better integrate climate change and respond to the negative impact of climate change. The following priorities are needed to enhance capacity at the national and sub-national level: Integrate climate change into the education curricula at basic education, higher education, technological education; Promote research and regional collaboration for enhancing national capacity for climate change forecasting, modelling, mapping and planning; Enhancing institutional implementation capacity for fiduciary risk management, oversight mechanism on adequacy; Enhancing the capacity of monitoring and evaluation of climate change delivery; and Enhancing institutional capacity for financial management including capacity building to harness international fund, manage domestic funds, build capacity to develop project proposals, and develop guidelines and mechanism for fund flow. Monitoring Framework and Tool The government of Myanmar has prioritized the establishment of a rigorous Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system to improve the reliability and availability of economic and social data (FESR). M&E systems at the national and sub-national levels vary in their approaches to data collection and management. In general, M&E systems focus on collecting data on inputs rather than assessing progress against objectives. National level M&E frameworks like the MDGs and NSDS use indicators to collect and manage data. The government also uses environmental impact assessment and strategic environmental assessment frameworks. Each sector submits bi-annual progress reports and States and Regions submit progress reports against targets and revenue spend to Union agencies. The Central Statistical Office plays a key role in collecting sector level data. In some instances, M&E task forces have been established for M&E. For example, the MAPDRR taskforce monitors progress against the Myanmar Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction. It submits this data, bimonthly, to the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction sub-committee for review. The sub-committee then provides strategic inputs to guide the overall implementation process32. As a Monitoring framework will be developed for the National Determined Contribution, the MCCSAP will be integrated in such mechanism or develop a similar mechanism. A monitoring, evaluation and learning (MEL) mechanism will guide a strategic response to climate change. It will support decision makers to set targets for climate resilience and low carbon development; establish 32 GoM, 2009. Myanmar Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction. 2009-2015. Relief and Resettlement Department. Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement. The Republic of the Union of Myanmar. 67| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 a climate vulnerability and emission baseline; monitor and evaluate investment in adaptation and mitigation actions and support accountable and informed decision making. The MCCSAP recognizes the need to establish a MEL mechanism for climate change with the vision of integrating MCCSAP priorities into national and sub-national development planning processes. This can be related to the National Determined Contribution system Within the next 3 years, the MCCSAP will guide the establishment of a national MEL mechanism. The following actions will support the establishment of a MEL mechanism in the next three years: 1. Develop a Result Based Framework (RBF) to identify adaptation and mitigation targets; 2. Establish a climate vulnerability and emission reduction baseline; 3. Strengthen/develop tools and methods for monitoring and evaluation of the strategy and action plan. Over the medium and long term, MoNREC will support national and sub-national agencies to monitor and evaluate investment in adaptation and mitigation actions. It will also collate M&E reports to support learning and iterative decision-making. The MCCSAP will guide the following actions over the medium and long term: 1. Establish a Management Information System (MIS); 2. Establish a Measurement Reporting and Verification (MRV) system. 3. Review the provision of the MEL mechanism every 5 years using a participatory evaluation system 4. Generate evidence and lessons to guide iterative decision-making and to integrate MCCSAP priorities into national and sub-national decision-making. Figure 8: Result Based Monitoring Framework 68| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 69| P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Annex I: Sectoral Action Plans 70 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Table of Contents Introduction: using the Sectoral Action Plans ................................................................. 72 1. Climate Smart Agriculture, Fisheries, Livestock for Food Security ............................... 74 2. Sustainable Management of Natural Resources for Healthy Eco-System ....................... 87 3. Resilient, Low Carbon Energy, Transport & Industrial Systems for Sustainable Growth .. 99 4. Climate resilient, inclusive, and sustainable towns and cities to live in and thrive in ...... 108 5. Climate Risk Management for People’s Health and Well-being .................................. 117 6. Education, Science and Technology for a Resilient Society ........................................ 128 71 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Introduction: using the Sectoral Action Plans The Sectoral Action Plans (SAPs) are appended to the Myanmar Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2016-2030 (MCCSAP). They are implemented by partners involved in the respective sectors, and monitored by the designated Focal Agencies. These SAPs are the results of a one-year process of stakeholder consultation, between April 2015 and June 2016 with representatives from several sectoral actions, reunited under the Technical Working Group (TWG) of the Myanmar Climate Change Alliance Programme (MCCA). The activities for the areas of actions captured here result from these intense exchanges and, although not comprehensive of the entire range of actions possible in these large sectors, represent key entry-points, with tangible and measurable outputs, that will contribute to achieving the MCCSAP’ overall goal by 2030 and Myanmar’s vision. These SAPs are designed as follows: Sectoral Aim The sectoral aim describes what Myanmar wishes to achieve in a specific sector, or sectoral area, thus to serve the Overall Goal of the MCCSAP and its main objectives. By progressively achieving these aims, Myanmar becomes more resilient to climate change, and engaged in lowcarbon development Sectoral Outcome The sectoral outcome defines in a concise manner how the sector will become after the successful implementation of the relevant SAP. Achieving all these sectoral outcomes, contribute to achieve the two main objectives of the MCCSAP Sectoral Expected Results The sectoral expected results are the key minimal achievements that must be attained to achieve the sectoral outcome. They are “building blocks” that drive the sectoral action Strategic Indicators The strategic indicators for the sector represent an indication of what type of processes, laws or policies, activities must be observed to monitor change. They do not include numeric baselines at this stage, but the implementation mechanism of the strategy may decide to improve them Objectives for Areas of Action In order to achieve the sectoral expected results, in each sectors the stakeholders consulted agreed to focus the action in six areas for action, which in the SAPs are considered objectives to attain. For instance, this are formulated as follows: “Objective for Area of Action 1: To integrate climate change in environment and natural resource management policies, plans, research and development, and extension services at national, sectoral and local levels” 72 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Activities for these objectives All activities that will contribute to achieve the Objectives for Areas of Action. These are key activities that have been agreed upon by the stakeholders. Some represent on-going projects and sectoral activities that must be continued and strengthened, while others are activities that must be initiated Outputs for the activities Each activity has one or more output that can be achieved within the duration of the strategy. The delivery of these outputs will contribute to the achieving the sectoral expected results Indicators Indicators are both quantitative and qualitative, and suggest the stakeholders which signs to observe to monitor progress. However, target values and baselines for these indicators are not presented at this stage, but can be improved by the implementation mechanism as required. Timeframe Timeframe is divided in three segments: 5, 10 and 15 years. Activities that can be initiated and achieved in 2 years, are simply reported within the ‘short-term’ segment (5 Years), while others that cannot achieve the main outputs within 5 years are recorded under ‘mid-term’ (10 years) even if they will achieve outputs in 6 years. Activities that can be completed only on the long-term are all reported under the 15 years segment. However, there are activities such as 'awareness’ that are reported under all the three segments, as it is expected that, although tangible outputs can appear in the short-term, they require continuation overtime. Responsible This column indicates both the Lead, which has the responsibility to drive action and report, as well as all those actors that must participate to one or more activities. The MCCSAP clearly states that such ambitious Strategy cannot be achieved without the participation of many different actors. The leads at this level may be different from the overall Focal Agency (refer MCCSAP) that report to the Secretariat on the overall progress towards each sectoral outcome. The MCCSAP reports on the progress towards the Sectoral Expected Results only, for ease of monitoring and reporting. It is the responsibility of the Focal Agency to report progress towards the sectoral outcome, on a regular basis as indicated in the MCCSAP by consulting the different Leads 73 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 1. Climate Smart Agriculture, Fisheries, Livestock for Food Security Sectoral Aim To maintain food and livelihood security of Myanmar by adopting climate resilient responses in agriculture, fisheries and livestock sectors including promotion of resource efficient and low carbon practices. Sectoral Outcome The agriculture, fisheries and livestock sectors maintained growth and productivity, livelihoods of dependent communities and households are supported and maximised GHG reduction potential by implementing climate smart responses. Results and Indicators Sectoral Expected Results Climate change integrated into relevant policies, planning and budgeting procedures of the agricultural, fisheries and livestock sectors and are practiced by relevant actors; Climate resilient and environmentally sound adaptation technologies, and climate smart management practices are adopted by the agricultural, fisheries and livestock sectors, and are supported by international and domestic finance; and Institutional coordination and multi-stakeholder engagement framework established and supported implementation of climate smart responses in the agricultural, fisheries and livestock sectors including innovative business models. 74 | P a g e Strategic Indicators # of sectoral polices, plans, research and development strategy and extension services integrated climate change and are practiced at national, sub-national and local levels; # of officials trained on sector specific guidelines and tools for integrating climate change into planning and budgeting systems; # of sector, geographical area, and technology specific institutional arrangement including multi-stakeholders engagement framework developed for implementing climate change responses at national, sub-national and local levels; # of climate change adaptation projects implemented through externally supported finance as well as domestic resources; # of climate smart technologies and good practices introduced and scaled up in central dry zone, the Ayeyarwady delta and coastal zone, and lowland areas; # of farmers benefited from introduction of climate smart technologies and other responses; Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 # of multi-stakeholder partnerships supported scaling up climate resilient and low carbon responses. Objectives for Action Areas 1. To integrate climate change in policies, plans, research and development strategy, and extension services at national, sectoral and local levels; 2. To establish and reinforce institutional arrangements to plan and implement climate change responses; 3. To establish financial mechanisms to mobilise and allocate resources for climate change response and climate responsive development; 4. To increase access to climate resilient and low carbon technologies and practices; 5. To enhance awareness and capacity to promote and implement climate resilient and low carbon responses; 6. To promote multi-stakeholder partnerships to support and scale up climate resilient and low carbon responses. Actors Lead • Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation (MoALFI): Department of Agriculture (DoA), Department of Agricultural Research (DAR), Department of Rural Development; Department of Planning; Land Use and Statistics Department; Agriculture Mechanization Department, Irrigation and Water Utilization Department, Directorate of Livestock, Fisheries and Rural Development (DLFRD) and Livestock Breeding and Veterinary Department; Department of Fisheries; and Department of Planning Other actors • Academic and Research Institutions (e.g. Agricultural and Forestry Universities) • Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment Conservation (MoNREC): Environmental Conservation Department (ECD) • Regional and State Government for Addressing Local Priorities • Ministry of Planning and Finance (MoPF) • Ministry of Transport and Communication (MoTC): Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) • Ministry of Health and Sport (MoHS) • Ministry of Education (MoE) • Local Government: Regional, District and Township • Development Partners: EU, DFID, ADB, FAO, UNDP, UNEP and others • Others: Farmers/Fisheries Groups, national and international Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Private Sector, Media 75 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Action Plan 1: Climate Smart Agriculture, Fisheries, and Livestock for Food Security Objective for Area of Action 1: To integrate climate change in policies, plans, research and development, and extension services at national, sectoral and local levels Activity Output Indicators Timeframe Responsible (Years) 5 1 1 0 5 Develop guidelines (tools, contents) to mainstream Guidelines for mainstreaming # of guidelines for Lead: MoALFI climate change into agriculture, fisheries, livestock and climate change in MoALFI mainstreaming CC irrigation sectors developed developed Support: MoNRC (ECD), MoPF, Pilot and promote Local Adaptation Planning at the Local adaptation plans prepared at # of local adaptation plans Lead: MoALFI local level to integrate climate change within local the local level prepared in # of climate government, CSO and CBO agriculture and livelihood vulnerable areas Support: MoNREC plans NGOs, CBOs Develop climate change research and extension strategy Research and extension strategy # of research and Lead: MoALFI for agriculture, fisheries and livestock sector including including action plan developed extension strategy and an action plan for climate smart agriculture strategy action plan in place Support: MoNREC Develop training modules for fisherman and farmers, Training module on climate # of fisherman, farmers Lead: MoALFI on how to integrate climate change at the local level change integration developed trained on climate change planning integration Support: MoNREC NGOs, CBOs Implement efficient water management practices in Water management technologies # of water management Lead: MoALFI vulnerable townships and states e.g. mountains, flood adopted by farmers technologies promoted in (DAR) and delta regions, dry zone # of climate vulnerable areas Support: MoNRC (ECD), locl, government, civil society 76 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Implement eco-friendly crops and bio-energy schemes Increased access of farmers to eco- # of farmers adopting ecotargeting climate vulnerable households in Shan state friendly crops and bio-energy friendly crops and bioand the dry zone schemes energy schemes Identify and Implement livelihood diversification activities (both on farm and off farm) in vulnerable areas of dry zone, delta, mountain and coastal areas targeting poor and landless households Develop mitigation and low carbon develop strategy including plan for the agriculture, fisheries and livestock sectors (in line with INDC and Climate Smart Strategy for agriculture sector) • Lead: MoALFI Support: Private sector, MoEPE Lead: MoALFI Vulnerable households with # of households with improved access to livelihood improved access to diversification activities livelihood diversification activities National mitigation and low # of MoALFI activities on carbon develop strategy and plan mitigation and low carbon in place development Support: MoNREC NGOs, CBOs Lead: MoALFI Support: MoNRC (ECD), MoPF, Objective for Area Action 2: To establish and reinforce Institutional arrangements to plan and implement climate change responses Activity Outputs Indicators Establish climate change and Climate change working groups # of events of the working agriculture/fishery/livestock working groups at the established groups on climate change national level for better coordination and synergy Establish climate change cell or division within Climate Change Cell MoALFI MoALFI established within # of activities of climate change cell or division on climate change Establish institutional platform for learning and Learning and knowledge sharing # of events organized by knowledge sharing on climate smart agriculture, forum on climate smart learning and knowledge fisheries and livestock to exchange agriculture, fisheries and livestock management forum established; 77 | P a g e Timeframe (Years) 5 10 15 Responsibility Lead: MoALFI Support: MoNREC (ECD), MoPF Lead: MoALFI Support: MoNREC (ECD), MoPF Lead: MoALFI Support: MoNREC (ECD), MoE Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Develop TOR and human resource capacity HRD plan for cc capacity building # of human resources development for climate change cell for integrating developed trained on climate change climate change within MoALFI Develop institutional guidelines and strategy for Guidelines and strategy for # of decentralized promoting decentralized community institutions for decentralized community institutions formed effective climate change response institutions developed Establish and strengthen cooperatives or Cooperative and farmers # of cooperatives or framers/fisherman/water users/herders associations to association or groups capacitated farmers group formed collective deal with climate change issues on climate change Lead: MoALFI Support: MoNREC (ECD), MoPF Lead: MoALFI Support: MoNREC (ECD), MoPF, Civil society, Development agencies Lead: MoALFI Support: NGOs, development agencies, local government Objective for Action Area 3: To establish financial mechanisms to mobilise and allocate resources for climate change response and climate responsive development Activity Output Indicator Timeframe Responsibility (years) 5 1 1 0 5 Develop, integrate and legalize risk based insurance Risk based insurance system is # of farmers benefit from Lead: MoALFI, system to cover the loss and damage of crop, livestock either integrated into existing one risk based insurance MoPF and fisheries from climate induced disasters or ensured through developing system new law and regulation Support: Local government, farmers groups/cooperatives, private sector Establish and promote micro-credit cooperatives in Micro-credit cooperatives # of farmers benefitted # Lead: MoALFI order increase access to financing for small enterprises established of micro-credit benefiting vulnerable households cooperatives 78 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Support: Local government, NGOs, CBOs, development agencies, private sector Lead: MoALFI Support: MoPF, development agencies Lead: MoALFI Develop budget guidelines and expenditure tracking Budget guidelines and expenditure % of annual budget system within MoALFI to integrate climate change in tracking system developed allocation on climate annual budgeting change Identify and promote financial incentive mechanisms (e.g. loan, micro credit and grant) targeting vulnerable households in dry zone and delta areas Improved access of farmers to # of farmers of dry zone financial incentive mechanism and delta with access to loan, micro credit and grant Integrate climate change economic and investment Economic and investment # of projects or plans appraisal criteria (e.g. cost benefit analysis) into appraisal criteria integrated integrated economic and internal MoALFI strategy and plans investment appraisal criteria Objective for Action Area 4: To increase access to climate resilient and low carbon technologies and practices Activity Outputs Indicators Identify climate smart agriculture technology and practices such as efficient and improved water management technologies suitable for dry zone, delta, mountain and coastal region and prepare the extension materials Efficient water management technologies and practices promoted (e.g. micro irrigation, drip irrigation, rain water harvesting), including small and medium scale irrigation schemes # of farmers with access to efficient water management technologies and practices 79 | P a g e Support: MoPF, private sector Lead: MoALFI Support: MoPF, private sector Timeframe (years) 5 10 15 Responsibility Lead: MoALFI, respective departments Support: Local government, research institutions including private sector, NGOs, CBOs, international agencies Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Provide trainings to farmers and fishermen on climate Capacity of farmers and fishermen # of farmers trained on smart agriculture technologies and practices such as enhanced on climate smart climate smart technology improved soil and nutrient management, improved technology and management practices cropping, community aquaculture etc. Establish and promote climate smart villages that focus Climate smart villages established on technology demonstration and generation of knowledge on climate change # of climate smart villages established in the climate vulnerable areas Carry out infrastructure design and studies to protect the Infrastructure design and studies # of infrastructure design agriculture land in the coastal areas from salt water carried out and studies in the coastal intrusion areas Establish the Emergency Operation Procedure for Emergency operation procedure # of EWS for dam safety conducting early warning system (EWS) for dam safety developed in context of climate in context of climate change change Develop and promote drought and water stress tolerant rice varieties (early maturing and heat tolerant) to suit the dry zone, delta and coastal areas Stress tolerant varieties/breeds suitable for dry, delta, and coastal zone developed and disseminated at the local level # of stress tolerant varieties/breeds disseminated at the local level Lead: MoALFI, Support: Local government, NGOs, CBOs, international agencies Lead: MoALFI, Support: Local government, NGOs, CBOs, international agencies Lead: MoALFI, Support: MoNREC, MOSWRR, MoC Lead: MoALFI, MoNREC Support: MoPF Lead: MoALFI, and respective departments Support: Local government, universities, research institutions, NGOs, private sector, international agencies 80 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Promote community based seed bank targeting dry zone Improved access of farmers to # of Community based areas to increase access to resilient seed and planting climate resilient seed and planting seed bank established materials material Promote stress tolerant breeds (fish, livestock) targeting Stress tolerant breeds identified # of communities with vulnerable households in the dry zone, delta and coastal and promoted improved access to Stress areas tolerant breeds identified and promoted Establish EWS, auto rain-gauge, telemetry and auto EWS, auto rain-gauge Telemetry # of EWS, auto rain-gauge water level monitoring system in lower delta and monitoring system established and telemetry and monitoring stations in lower delta Introduce low-emission farming technology and Low-emission farming technology # of farmers with access to practices targeting farmers in the climate impacted and practices promoted # of low-emission farming regions (dry zone, delta, flood zone, coastal and hilly technology and practices areas) 81 | P a g e Lead: MoALFI, and respective departments Support: Local government, universities, research institutions, NGOs, private sector, international agencies Lead: MoALFI, and respective departments Support: Local government, universities, research institutions, NGOs, private sector, international agencies Lead: MoALFI, irrigation department Support: MoENRC, international agencies Lead: MoALFI Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Support: MoNREC, international agencies, MoE Lead: MoALFI Test and promote eco-friendly plans and bio-energy Number of townships in dry zone # of townships in dry zone schemes in selected dry zone townships areas with ecofriendly plans and areas implement bio-energy schemes ecofriendly plans and bioenergy schemes Establish 3 pilot stations for conducting climate change Pilot scale climate research research (crop, fisheries and livestock improvement stations (crop, fisheries and research) livestock improvement research) are established and operating Promote fuel-efficient agro-machineries, residue Fuel-efficient machineries management and reduce tillage practices and system promoted technology Support: MoNREC, international agencies, MoEPE Lead: MoALFI # of pilot scale climate research stations (crop, fisheries and livestock improvement research) are established and operating Support: Academic and research institutions, MoNREC, international organization Lead: MoALFI and # of fuel-efficient machineries and system promoted in # of townships Support: MoNREC, international agencies, MoEPE Objective for Action Area 5: To enhance awareness and capacity to promote and implement climate resilient and low carbon responses Activity Output Indicator Establish climate change database management system Database management on climate # of government staff, (including cc) at the MoALFI change system established researcher, farmer benefitted from climate change database system 82 | P a g e Time frame (years) 5 10 15 Responsibility Lead: MoALFI, Support: government, international agencies local Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Provide training to MoALFI monitoring unit on Training provided to staffs of the # of government staffs approaches to improve climate risk analysis and related monitoring unit working on monitoring data monitoring and management section received training Lead: MoALFI, Develop flood hazard maps in the flood prone areas to Flood hazard map developed assess the agricultural damage Lead: MoALFI, # of flood hazard map developed targeting climate sensitive agriculture areas & flood prone zone Build capacity to develop national and regional National and regional monitoring # of farmers benefit from monitoring and surveillance plan for the fisheries sector and surveillance system in place the monitoring and surveillance system Build capacity to establish additional agro-met and Agro-met and hydro met stations # of agro-met and hydro hydro met stations to strengthen weather and climate established met stations established information Build capacity to carry out hydrological analysis in all the sensitive flood areas of Myanmar Hydrological analysis carried out # of hydrological analysis carried out Support: government, international agencies local Support: MoTC (DHM), international agencies, MoNREC Lead: MoALFI, Support: MoTC (DHM), international agencies, MoNREC Lead: MoALFI, Support: local government, international agencies Lead: MoALFI, irrigation department Support: MoENRC, international agencies 83 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Strengthen the capacity to Improve land use maps of the Improved land use maps at the # of improved land use vulnerable townships in dry zone, delta and coastal climate vulnerable areas maps areas Establish Agriculture Information Management System AIMS and agro-advisory # of farmers and fisherman (AIMS) and agro-advisory mechanism for improving established and promoted benefited from AIMS and access of farmers to climate relevant information agro-advisory Carry out awareness and capacity activities targeting Government staff extension agents and government staff on climate climate change change trained on # of government staffs trained on climate change Provide climate change training to the staff of academic Academics and researchers trained # of academic and and research institutions to enable them to carry out on climate change researcher trained on climate relevant information and knowledge generation climate change Establish environment clubs or societies in school and Environment clubs and societies # of activities of the universities and support them to integrate climate established environment clubs and change within their activities societies 84 | P a g e Lead: MoALFI Support: DMH (MOTC), MoENRC, Lead: MoALFI, MoTC (DMH) Support: MoIN, local government, NGOs, CBOs, international agencies, media (FM radio, telecommunication) Lead: MoALFI Support: MoI, MoTC, local government, CSOs, media Lead: MoALFI Support: MoI, MoTC, local government, CSOs, media Lead: MoALFI Support: MoNREC (ECD), local government, NGOs Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Develop farmer friendly training and awareness raising Training and awareness raising # of training and materials related to addressing climate change material produced and used awareness raising material produced and used Lead: MoALFI Support: MoI, MoTC, local government, CSOs, media Lead: MoALFI Provide awareness and training on various improved Number of farmers trained on # of farmers trained on management practices in areas of water, soil-nutrients, improved management practices improved management pest and disease management practices Support: MoTC, government, media Objective for Action Area 6: To promote multi-stakeholder partnerships to support and scale up climate resilient and low carbon responses Activity Output Indicator Establish national, regional and district and township Multi stakeholder climate change # events organized by the level multi-stakeholder climate change response response committee established multi-stakeholder committees committee Develop guidelines and regulations to enable private Promoted private sector # of private sector engaged sector and other stakeholder’s investment on risk partnerships for investment in in insurance and contract financing insurance and contract farming farming Develop collaborative projects annually targeting 5 Collective actions promoted # of projects state/regions targeting a third of the most vulnerable among different actors for implementing in # of households addressing climate change impacts climate vulnerable areas at the local level 85 | P a g e Time frame (years) 5 10 15 MoI, local CSOs, Responsibility Lead: MoALFI Support: MoNREC (ECD), local government, NGOs Lead: MoALFI Support: MoPF, private sector Lead: MoALFI, Support: Development agencies, private sector, CBOs Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Establish multi-stakeholder engaged risk based Multi-stakeholder engaged risk financing mechanism (loss and damage fund and based financial mechanism modality) at the national level to support climate established vulnerable households 86 | P a g e # of climate vulnerable households benefit from multi-stakeholder engaged risk based financing Lead: MoPF, MoALFI, Support: International financing institutions, private sector, MoNREC (ECD) Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 2. Sustainable Management of Natural Resources for Healthy Eco-System Sectoral Aim To sustain it support to the economic and social sectors’ performance by maintaining and enhancing healthy environmental resources, ecosystem and ecosystem services, and rich biodiversity. Sectoral Outcome Enhanced resilience of natural resources, ecosystem and ecosystem services, and biodiversity to climate change to maintain it support to dependent sectors and communities and improved sequestration capacity of carbon. Results and Indicators Sectoral Expected Results Climate change dimensions are incorporated and enforced in environment and natural resources management policies, rules and regulations; Environmentally sound technologies and good management practices are adopted for improving and maintaining ecosystems (forest, water, land, coastal) health and services; Institutional coordination and multi-stakeholder engagement framework established and supported access to finance and implementation of responses for health environment and natural resources management. Strategic Indicators # of policy, strategies, laws and by-laws that integrated climate change dimensions including resilient and low carbon provisions; # of officials trained on sector specific guidelines and tools for integrating climate change into planning and budgeting systems; # of sector and technology specific mitigation and adaptation action plans are implemented in regions or areas with higher deforestation and degradation issues; # of households, NGOs, and CBOs are benefited by access and implementation of environmentally sound technologies, good management practices including ecosystem Based Adaptation approach and training received; # geographical area and technology specific institutional arrangement including multistakeholders engagement framework developed for implementing climate change responses at national, sub-national and local levels; # of climate change projects have been implemented through externally supported 87 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 finance as well as domestic resources to address issues in the NRM sector. Objectives for Action Areas 1. To integrate climate change in environment and natural resource management policies, plans, research and development, and extension services at national, sectoral and local levels; 2. To establish and reinforce institutional arrangements to plan and implement climate change responses; 3. To establish financial mechanisms to mobilise and allocate resources for climate change response and climate responsive development; 4. To increase access to climate resilient and low carbon technologies and practices; 5. To enhance awareness and capacity to promote and implement climate resilient and low carbon responses; 6. To promote multi-partnership mechanisms for enhancing climate resilience and low carbon development in the environment and natural resource management sector. Actors Lead • Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Conservation (MoNREC): Department of Forestry (DoF), Department of Planning, Environmental Conservation Division (ECD), Dry Zone Greening Department, National Environmental Conservation and Climate Change Committee (NECCC) Other actors • Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation (MoALFI): Irrigation and Water Utilization Department • Ministry of Electrical Power and Energy (MoEPE) • Ministry of Hotels and Tourism (MoHT): Directorate of Hotels and Tourism • Ministry of Planning and Finance (MoPF) • Ministry of Industry (MoI) • Other ministries: Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA), Ministry of Information MoIN), National Water Resources Committee (NWRC) • Local government: Regional, district and township • NGOs (MERN, REAM, ECO-Dev, WWF, EECDI, Spectrum, Green Lotus, FREDA, etc.) • Academic and research institutions (forestry university; departments of botany, arts and science, environment science) • Development partners and international agencies • Community Forestry User Groups, buffer zone user groups, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), other groups (women etc.) • Media and private sector 88 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Action Plan 2 for Management of Natural Resources for Health Ecosystems Objective for Area of Action 1: To integrate climate change in environment and natural resource management policies, plans, research and development, and extension services at national, sectoral and local levels Activity Output Indicators Timeframe Responsible (Years) 5 1 1 0 5 Integrate climate change in the new environment policy Climate change integrated in # of policy, laws, bye laws Lead: MoNREC, and law, and existing forest sector policies such as environment, tourism, land use and strategies integrate MoHT, MoALFI, water tourism, land use, forest and forest policy and laws climate change Support: MoPF, development agencies Support in preparing climate change policies and plans Climate change adaptation and # of climate resilient and Lead: MoNREC, (National Adaptation Plan), the green growth strategy, mitigation policies and strategies low carbon development MoHT, MoALFI, National Appropriate Mitigation Actions and Low developed and legalized relevant policies and Carbon and development Strategy strategies Support: MoPF, development agencies Prepare REDD+ and INDC Implementation action plan INDC and REDD+ policies, REDD+ implementation Lead: MoNREC and to integrate climate change into the national legal strategies and plans integrated in action plan implemented concerned framework and development plans National laws, policies and in # of townships and departments development plans states with high deforestation and Support: MoALFI, degradation rates CBOs, NGOs, international agencies, private sector 89 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Integrate climate into the guidelines for inventory Guidelines for inventory (forest, # of inventory, guidelines (forest, GHG), monitoring and mapping GHG), monitoring (National and maps integrate Forest Monitoring and climate change Information, NFMS), mapping are developed/updated Develop climate screening/proofing and planning Climate screening and planning # of climate resilient plans guidelines and tools to climate proof investments guidelines and tools developed or investment integrate climate change Develop/update existing compliance systems (EIA, REDD+ social and environmental SEA, SIA) to include climate risk management and safeguards (EIA, SIA, SEA) mitigation plans applied to enforce compliance to risk reduction and mitigation plans (e.g. mining, large infrastructures, Industries) # of projects/programmes/inve stments applying social and environmental safeguards (EIA, SIA, SEA) Develop and implement adaptation and mitigation Action plans for critical ecosystem action plans for critical ecosystems such as coastal developed and implemented areas, wetlands (e.g. Inle lake), critical watersheds and critical catchment areas # of mitigation and adaptation action plans are implemented in regions or areas with higher deforestation and degradation issues 90 | P a g e Lead: MoNREC Support: MoALFI, MoTC (DMH), GAD, MoPF, MoHT, university, international agencies Lead: MoNREC Support: MoALFI, MoI, MoEPE, MoPF, international agencies, private sector Lead: MoNREC Support: MoALFI, MoI, MoEPE, MoPF, international agencies, private sector Lead: MoNREC, ECD, relevant departments Support: Local government, CBOs, NGOs, development agencies Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Identify and promote successful climate resilient Successful climate resilient ecosystem based adaptation practices suitable for ecosystem based adaptation different eco-regions and forest conditions practices suitable for different ecoregions and forest conditions are identified and promoted # of ecosystem Based Adaptation approach developed, piloted and promoted Implement livelihood diversification activities such as Improved access of forest # Communities with skill oriented training on enterprise development, value dependent communities to access to # of livelihood addition and marketing targeting to number of livelihood diversification options diversification options Community Forestry User Group members, including landless, women and vulnerable households Introduce micro-finance and credit facilities to support Micro-finance and credit facilities # of vulnerable climate smart diversified livelihood options for poor promoted targeting the vulnerable households with access to households in vulnerable townships or districts townships and districts micro-finance and credit facilities Develop policy guidelines and directives for Forest gene bank establishment of gene bank to protect species under guidelines established threat from climate change policy, # of policy and guidelines for gene bank management in place Pilot and scale up REDD+ activities in the areas where REDD+ actions implemented # of activities the deforestation and degradation is high and in critical contributing to control implemented targeting forest areas. deforestation and degradation critical forest and ecosystem areas 91 | P a g e Lead: MoNREC, ECD, relevant departments Support: CBOs, NGOs, development agencies Lead: MoNREC, MoALFI Support: MoPF, CBOs, private sector, international agencies Lead: MoNREC, MoALFI Support: MoPF, CBOs, private sector, international agencies Lead: MoNREC, DoF, ECD Support: Local government, NGOs, international agencies Lead: MoNREC DoF, Dry Zone Greening Department Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Support: MoALFI, public and private sectors, international agencies Objective for Area Action 2: To establish and reinforce Institutional arrangements to plan and implement climate change responses Activity Output Indicator Initiate meetings and discussion to harmonize and align Coordination among ministries the existing coordination mechanisms (e.g. MCCA, and institutions in relation to NECCC) to integrate climate change climate change policies improved Develop training courses and curriculum on climate Capacity of forestry professionals change integration, assessment and planning including and practitioners on climate monitoring and evaluation change assessment and planning improved Time frame Responsibility (years) 5 1 1 0 5 # of activities carried out Lead: NECCC, by coordination MoNREC, mechanism on climate change Support: ECD # of forestry professionals Lead: MoNREC, and practitioners trained DoF, ECD, on climate change Universities Organize discussion forums to strengthen climate Climate change portfolio within MoNREC, ECD and its department/section departments MoNREC strengthened Change # of discussion forum and within meetings organized to established/ strengthen climate change functions Develop local level institutional mechanisms to Decentralized integrate climate change within the sub-national and coordination local plan and activities developed institutional # of township and mechanism community level coordination mechanism developed 92 | P a g e Support: MoALFI, MoE, MoHT, GAD Lead: MoNREC, ECD Support: MoPF, development agencies Lead: MoNREC, ECD Support: MoPF, development agencies Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Objective for Action Area 3: To establish financial mechanisms to mobilise and allocate resources for climate change response and climate responsive development Activity Output Indicator Develop fund management and operating guidelines to Fund management and operating # of meetings and operationalize Environmental Management Fund guidelines developed workshop organized to (EFM) discussion on the guidelines Develop an innovative climate fund mechanism Innovative (Payment for Eco-System Services –PES; Carbon established Credit) and guidelines at the national and sub-national level (within MoNREC-ECD) Develop a national level climate financing strategy and roadmap (accessing source and investment areas) to secure investment on climate change 93 | P a g e climate fund % of disbursement of funds to # of CBOs and communities to incentivize environment friendly practices such as agro-forestry, SWM technologies Strategy and plans to harness international financing for ensuring credits/incentives mechanism developed % of increased access to international climate financing through REDD+ and other mechanisms (LDCF, GCF, AF) Timeframe (years) 5 1 1 0 5 Responsibility Lead: MoNREC, ECD, MoPF Support: Bilateral and multilateral agencies, international financing, private sector Lead: MoNREC DoF, Dry Zone Greening Department; MoALFI Support: Local government, CBOs, NGOs, international agencies (e.g. GCF grant) Lead: MoNRECECD Support: MoPF, MoALFI, MoHT Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Develop guidelines and procedures for meeting Guidelines and procedures for # of national preparedness international standards for fund access (e.g. GCF, AF, meeting international standards for and capacity building MRV-REDD+) fund developed activities are implemented for GCF and AF readiness. Lead: ECD MoNREC- Support: MoPF, MoALFI, MoHT Lead: MoNRECECD Develop bankable projects to implement the CCA and Bankable climate change projects # of projects developed on mitigation priorities developed climate change relevant priorities Support: MoPF, MoALFI, MoHT Objective for Action Area 4: To increase access to climate resilient and low carbon technologies and practices Activity Output Indicator Develop, test and scale up sustainable soil and water management technologies and practices in climate vulnerable areas Alternative technologies and land use practices for managing deforestation and degradation piloted and promoted # of households and CBOs in the mountain and coastal region received training and extension support on alternative technologies Organize events to improve technological access of Increased access of farmers to # of households and CBOs farmers to climate smart technology and practices such climate smart technologies in the mountain and as improved land management practices (e.g. coastal region have agroforestry) received training and extension support on alternative technologies 94 | P a g e Timeframe (years) 5 1 1 0 5 Responsibility Lead: MoNREC Support: Local government Community Forestry User Group, MoALFI, CBOs, NGOs Lead: MoNREC Support: Local government Community Forestry User Group, MoALFI, CBOs, NGOs Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Establish forest gene banks and conservation zone Gene bank and species # of forest gene banks and targeted climate sensitive ecosystems (mangrove, conservation zone established conservation zone targeted wetland etc.) climate sensitive ecosystems (mangrove, wetland etc.) are established Implement energy efficiency plans focusing on biomass Energy efficiency schemes and conservation such as improved efficiency of fuel-wood biomass conservation use by adopting technologies (energy efficient stoves, implemented biogas, bio briquette) in the most vulnerable townships targeting a number of households # of households access to energy efficient schemes such as biogas, biobriquette Activity Indicator Lead: MoNREC Support: Local government Community Forestry User Group, MoALFI, CBOs, NGOs Lead: MoNREC, MoEPE Support: MoPF, MoEPE, CSOs, private sector, international agencies Objective for Action Area 5: To enhance awareness and capacity to promote and implement climate resilient and low carbon responses Output Develop climate change awareness and capacity Climate change Awareness and # of climate change development plan and materials (for training of capacity development plan awareness and capacity trainers) developed development materials Timeframe (years) 5 1 1 0 5 Responsibility Lead: MoE, MoNREC, ECD Support: GAD, MoALFI, MoIN, civil society, media, NGOs, local government, international agencies 95 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Implement training and awareness raising activities on Improved awareness of public on climate change targeted for landless and vulnerable importance of ecosystem health communities including ethnic group and services in light of climate change impacts # number of training, education and awareness raising activities, including vocational training, for vulnerable households Provide capacity building training on vulnerability and Improved capacity of MoNREC to # of trainings organized risk assessment, inventory, climate hazard mapping), effectively respond to climate involving # of forestry information management (database system) and change impacts professionals dissemination (communication strategy) Organize capacity building activities targeted to Improved academic and research # of capacity building academic and research institutions in order to capacity activities involving # of mainstream climate change academic and research professionals Provide research grants for university teachers and Research grants established and # of university teachers students to conduct research on climate change issues operationalized and students engaged in within the environment natural resource management climate change impact on sector environment and NRM sector 96 | P a g e Lead: MoE, MoNREC, ECD Support: GAD, MoALFI, MoIN, civil society, media, NGOs, local government, international agencies Lead: MoNREC Support: MoE, MoPF, international agencies, NGOs Lead: MoNREC, GAD, MoPF, academic and research institutions Support: International agencies, private sector Lead: MoNREC, MoHT, universities Support: MoPF, MoALFI, international agencies Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Develop mass communication and dissemination Mass communication and # of media involved on strategy on communicating climate change to the local dissemination strategy developed communicating and communities disseminating climate change awareness Lead: MoNREC, MoIN, media Support: MoALFI, CBOs, development partners Objective for Action Area 6: To promote multi-partnership mechanisms for enhancing climate resilience and low carbon development in the environment and natural resource management sector Activity Establish a climate biodiversity working stakeholders Output Indicator change, environment and Working groups on climate change # of functional group involving multiple established coordination mechanisms involving multiple stakeholder Support the activities of networks of Community Enhanced coordination and # a national federation of Forestry User Groups and others for enhancing public networking among Community Community Forestry User participation in addressing climate change issues Forestry User Groups Groups and Water User Groups is established/promoted Develop strategy and proposals for joint actions on accessing climate finance (GCF, AF, LDCF, CIF etc.) 97 | P a g e Strategy and proposals on climate # of climate change finance developed projects have been implemented in a number Timeframe (years) 5 1 1 0 5 Responsibility Lead: MoNREC ECD, DoF; private sector Support: Local government, civil society, international agencies, private sector Lead: MoNREC Support: Civil society, international agencies (e.g. WWF) MoNREC, local government Lead: MoNREC Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 of climate change priority areas Implement joint collaborative project involving Joint collaborative projects # of joint and government, NGOs, development agencies, and implemented at the local level collaboration project on international partners in targeted climate sensitive and addressing climate change vulnerable areas of Myanmar issues in the NRM sector 98 | P a g e Support: MoPF, CSOs, donors Lead: MoNREC Support: MoPF, CSOs, donors Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 3. Resilient and Low Carbon Energy, Transport and Industrial Systems for Sustainable Growth Sectoral Aim The socio-economic development goals of the Country are supported by means of increasing the resilience of the nascent energy, transport and industrial systems, and they are made sustainable through efficient, low-carbon and green processes in these sectors Sectoral Outcome • Resilient and Low Carbon Energy, Transport and Industrial Systems for Sustainable Growth Results and Indicators Sectoral Expected Results Strategic Indicators 1. Energy security for the country is based on a large share generated from renewables and high energy efficiency in the domestic, industrial and other use # of sectoral laws and norms that are inspired to sustainability concerns 2. Transport systems are both adapted to heightened risks of disasters from new climatic conditions, and sustainable by virtue of efficiency and low-carbon technologies 3. Industrial systems are highly productive and competitive by virtue of their climate resilience, and sustainable, lowcarbon and green characteristics Level of implementation of the Green Growth Framework Energy mix, within the timeframe of the MCCSAP 2030, includes a high share of energy generated from sustainable renewables % of existing rules and regulations in the industrial and transport sector enforced, to ensure low-carbon and air-quality thresholds are respected at both national and urban level # of incentives schemes put in place to support the private sector to transition to low-carbon production, investment in renewables, and management of the production processes # of schemes and programmes that incentivize the introduction of solar power energy generation, biomass and other sustainable sources of renewable energy # number of businesses that introduce climate change in their business planning to ensure resilience and protect jobs # of green jobs created 99 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Objectives for Action Areas 1. To integrate climate change in policies and plans of energy, industry and transport sectors at national, sectoral and local levels; 2. To establish and reinforce institutional arrangements to plan and implement climate change responses; 3. To establish financial mechanisms to mobilise and allocate resources for climate resilient and low carbon development; 4. To increase access to climate resilient and low carbon technologies and practices in the energy, transport and industry sector; 5. To enhance awareness and capacity to promote and implement climate resilient and low carbon development responses; 6. To promote multi-stakeholder partnerships to support and scale up climate resilient and low carbon development responses. Actors Focal Agency Alternating: • Ministry of Electrical Power and Energy (MoEPE) • Ministry of Industry (MoI) • Ministry of Transport and Communication (MoTC) Lead • • • Ministry of Electrical Power and Energy (MoEPE) National Energy Management Committee (NEMC) Ministry of Transportation and Communication (MoTC) Other Actors • Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MoNREC) • Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation (MoALFI) • Ministry of Industry (MoI): Directorate of Industrial Collaboration • Ministry of Planning and Finance (MoPF) • Ministry of Transportation and Communication (MoTC): Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) • Ministry of Construction (MoC) • Local government: State, Regional, District and Township • Others: Myanmar Engineering society, private sector (UMFCCI), Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Media, UN (UNIDO; UNEP, UN-Habitat), Development partners. 100 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Action Plan 3 for Resilient and Low carbon Energy, Transport and Industrial Systems for Sustainable Growth Objective for Area of Action 1: To integrate climate change in policies and plans of energy, transport and industry sector at national, sectoral and local levels Activity Output Indicators 1.1 Integrate climate change within existing energy Climate Change integrated within # of policies and plans policies, plans and legal instruments (EIA, SEI, SEA) existing energy policies plan and integrate climate change legal instruments, in particular the new National Energy Master Plan National Energy Master Plan including climate change 1.2 Develop a strategic energy plan and investment portfolio that ensures national security and lower greenhouse gas emissions Timeframe (Years) 5 10 15 Responsible Lead: MoEPE Support: MoNREC, ECD, MoPF, international agencies Strategic energy plan and # of institutions investment portfolio developed implement energy plan and investments Lead: MoEPE 1.3 Develop climate proofing/screening guidelines, Climate proofing-screening # of institutions use methods and tools for integrating climate change risk guidelines and methods and tools climate within investments developed proofing/screening guidelines, methods and tools Lead: MoEPE 101 | P a g e Support: MoNREC, ECD, MoPF, international agencies Support: MoNREC, ECD, MoPF, international agencies, private sector, CSOs Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 1.4 Integrate climate change within transport sector Climate change reflected within policies and plans through developing guidelines and transport sector policies and plans regulations for climate proofing transport infrastructure, port facilities, roads, railways and bridges # of transport infrastructure, port facilities, roads, railways and bridges climateproofed Lead: MoTC, MoNREC (ECD) Support: MoPF, CDCs, local government, private sector Lead: MoI 1.5 Integrate climate change in industrial development Planning guidelines and tools # of industrial plans planning through developing climate resilient planning developed accounting for energy and guidelines and tools water use and scarcity Support: MoPF, CDC, private sector, MoNREC Objective for Area Action 2: To establish and reinforce institutional arrangements to plan and implement climate change responses Activity Output 2.1 Improve the institutional mechanisms to better Institutional mechanisms assess and plan climate change investment and assessment strengthened interventions 2.2 Integrate climate change institutional mechanisms (NEMC) 102 | P a g e within Indicator Timeframe (years) 5 10 15 Responsibility on # of government institutions trained on climate change investment assessment Lead: MoEPE, MoI, MoALFI, existing Climate change integrated within # of activities and existing institutional mechanisms initiatives carried out by (NEMC) NEMC Lead: MoEPE (NEMC), MoNREC Support: Private sector, MoNREC, MoTC, development agencies, international agencies Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Support: MoI, MoALFI Lead: MoEPE (NEMC), MoNREC 2.3 Establish and strengthen climate change cell within Climate Change Cell established # of initiatives on climate Ministry of Electrical Power and Energy and strengthened within MoEPE change implemented by climate change cell Support: MoALFI MoI, Objective for Action Area 3: To establish financial mechanisms to mobilise and allocate resources for climate resilient and low carbon development Activity Output Indicator 3.1 financial investment plan for the energy sector in Financial mechanisms and % of funds are being order to finance and implement climate resilient and guidelines e.g. tax, international generated through tax and low carbon development activities finance are developed international finance 3.2 Develop guidelines for including energy efficiency Energy efficiency and low carbon # of project or initiatives and low carbon development priorities within development integrated within the on energy efficiency Environmental Management Fund (EMF) Environment Management Fund funded by EMF Timeframe (years) 5 10 15 Responsibility Lead: MoEPE, Mop Support: MoI, private sector, international agencies Lead: MoEPE, MoNREC Support: MoI, MoPF, development agencies, private sector, international finance 3.3 Disburse climate change finance for low-carbon and Improved public and private sector # of public and private resource efficient technologies access to climate finance sector access to climate finance Lead: MoNREC MoEPE, Support: MoI, MoPF, development 103 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 agencies, private sector, international finance 3.4 Allocate revenue from natural resource extraction to Increased allocation to the climate % of fund allocated to a climate change fund (e.g. Environment Management change fund (Environment climate change fund Fund) Management Fund) Lead: MoEPE Support: MoNREC, MoALFI, MoI, private sector, international agencies Objective for Action Area 4: To increase access to climate resilient and low carbon technologies and practices in the energy, transport and industry sector Activity Output Indicator 4.1 Introduce and promote innovative technology in Improved access to environment # of innovative climate renewable energy (e.g. solar, wind, tidal and wave) and climate friendly technologies change and environment technologies targeting the most vulnerable households are scaled out and disseminated in 5 climate sensitive geographical areas 4.2 Provide training and exposure to the stakeholders Stakeholder trained on waste # of people trained on on improved technology on waste management to management technologies improved waste reduce GHG emission and promote environmental management sustainability 104 | P a g e Timeframe (years) 5 10 15 • y Responsibilit Lead: MoEPE Support: MoI, MoE, MoALFI, private sector, CSOs Lead: MoI, CDC Support: MoNREC, MoEPE, private sector Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 4.3 Identify and promote energy efficient technologies Energy efficient technologies and # of communities in dry and practices (cooking stove, off- and mini-grid energy, practices promoted zone, delta and coastal access to biomass regions accessed to improved cooking stove, off- and mini-grid energy, access to biomass etc. Lead: MoNREC, MoEPE, MoALFI 4.4 Promote low-emission technologies (e.g. clean Low-emission coal) targeting the energy, industry sector promoted Lead: MoI, MoPF 4.5 Introduce alternative modes of service delivery to Alternative modes improve the energy efficiency system in transport, delivery introduced building and industry sector Support: MoI, MoEPE, international agencies technologies # of industries use clean coal technologies and shift to clean coal production of Support: MoEPE, MoNREC, private sector, International agencies service # of cities and urban areas promote low cost public transport modes (such as rapid transit, light rail transit, improved motor vehicle fuel efficiency) Lead: MoI, MoTC, CDCs Support: MoNREC, private Sector, international agencies Objective for Action Area 5: To enhance awareness and capacity to promote and implement climate resilient and low carbon responses Activity Output 5.1 Carry out studies looking at climate change impact and implications in the energy, industry and transport sectors Climate Change impact studies # of development plans carried out are revisited and updated to reflect the climate 105 | P a g e Indicator Timeframe (years) 5 10 15 Responsibility Lead: MoEPE Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 change impact 5.2 Carry out risk assessment of public infrastructure Risk assessment of and develop risk reduction and mitigation plans infrastructure carried out scenario and public # of towns and cities implement building and infrastructure codes and municipal/town planning and regulations Support: MoI, MoTC, MoNREC, Ministry of Education, universities Lead: CDC, MoC Support: MoEPE, MONREC, private sector, international agencies 5.3 Prepare training guidelines and module on energy Training guidelines and module # of sector (energy, efficiency and low-carbon development developed industry, building and transport) and agency with capacity to assess climate change implications in their respective sectors Lead: MoEPE, MoI, MoALFI, 5.4 Provide training to government and private sector Capacity of government and # of government and stakeholders on climate proofing and screening private sector on climate proofing private sectors received guidelines and methods and screening developed training on climate screening and assessment Lead: CDC, MoC 5.5 Establish weather and climate information services in the cities and towns including rural areas Lead: MoIN, CDC, MoC, 106 | P a g e Weather and climate information # of cities and towns services established establish weather and Support: Private sector, MoNREC, MoTC, development agencies, international agencies Support: MoEPE, MONREC, private sector, international agencies Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 climate information for public access Support: MoTC (DMH), GAD, MoSWRR, MoIN Objective for Action Area 6: To promote multi-stakeholder partnerships to support and scale up climate resilient and low carbon responses • Activity Output Indicator Timeframe (years) 5 10 15 Responsibility 6.1 Develop Public Private Partnership (PPP) Institutional mechanism and # of private sector actors procedures and guidelines for private sector investment partnership modality developed engaged in investment on in low-carbon energy production and consumption in climate change sectors like industry, construction, mining Lead: MoEPE, MoI, 6.2 Establish linkages and collaboration between local Increased collaboration between # of buses, trains, cars government (CDCs) and international and national local government and private using low-emission actors to increase number of buses, trains, cars that use sector and other agencies technologies (e.g. hybrid low-emission technologies cars) Lead: MoEPE, MoI, 6.3 Develop regulations to promote tax exemptions, Regulations to promote tax loans and grants as incentives for clean energy exemptions, loans and grants investment for private sector and international developed cooperation 107 | P a g e # of private sector and the international community increasing investment in low-carbon Support: Private sector, MoPF, international financing institutions Support: MoPF, MoNREC, private sector, development partners, MoALFI Lead: MoEPE, MoI, Support: Private sector, MoPF, international financing institutions Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 4. Climate resilient, inclusive, and sustainable towns and cities for People to Live and Thrive Sectoral Aim To build resilience to increased risks of natural rapid and slow on-set disasters for all township and city dwellers, with a focus on the most vulnerable, and develop sustainable and inclusive towns. Sectoral Outcome All township and city dwellers in Myanmar, including the most vulnerable, are safe from increased risks of natural rapid and slow on-set disasters and live in sustainable, inclusive towns Results and indicators Sectoral Expected Results 1. Town and city residents have access to resilient infrastructure and services, that protect them from natural hazards of increased intensity, continue to perform during and after the shocks, and are best adapted to the new climatic context 2. Climate change resilience, low-carbon development and social inclusivity approaches are a defining element of urban planning and development, providing mitigation and adaptation cobenefits 3.New buildings are designed and constructed to be energy and resource efficient, as well as resilient to natural hazards and disasters, so that they emit less carbon, produce savings from reduced energy consumption and thus provide equity and affordability Objectives for Action Areas 108 | P a g e Strategic Indicators Spatial, Land-Use and National spatial planning frameworks include climate change considerations from a low baseline # Laws, Policies, and By-Laws for Urban Management and Development including climate change, from a low baseline % of new, converted, retrofitted infrastructure, basic services and buildings, to be climate change responsive, from a low baseline % of Town planners, Architects and Engineers in the country able to assist townships and cities to plan and manage with climate change considerations from a low baseline # of Township and City Climate Change Action Plans based on EcoSystem Adaptation or other approaches # of Real Estate, Developers, Private Industries integrating climate change in their development projects Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 1. To ensure that legal, policy and normative instruments for urban development and management integrate climate change 2. To build climate change responsive institutional and decentralized processes in urban settings 3. To increase the human resource capacities and awareness of CDCs and townships to address climate change 4. To build financial capacities for addressing climate change at a local level, using multiple sources of funding 5. To increase access to technology for urban climate resilience 6. To promote public-private and civil society partnerships at town and city level for climate change resilience and sustainable urban development Key Actors Focal Agency • Lead • • • Ministry of Construction (MoC); Department of Urban and Housing Development (MUHD) Ministry of Construction (MoC); Department of Urban and Housing Development (MUHD) CDCs Townships Other actors • Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA): Department of General Administration (GAD) • Ministry of Electrical Power and Energy (MoEPE) • Ministry of Transportation and Communication (MoTC) • Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Conservation (MoNREC) • National Committee for Environmental Conservation and Climate Change and State/Region Committees • City Development Committees (CDCs) o Mandalay City Development Committee (MCDC) o Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC) o Nay Pyi Taw Development Committee (NPTDC) • Township Development Committees • UN (UN-Habitat, UNEP, UNIDO), Développent Partner • Local government: Regional, district and township • Relevant Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Community Based Organisations (CBOs) • Private sector, including UMFCCI and other business associations • Myanmar Engineering Society 109 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Action Plan 4 for Climate resilient, inclusive, and sustainable towns and cities to live and thrive Objective for Area of Action 1: To ensure that legal, policy, normative and planning instruments for urban development and management integrate climate change Activity Outputs 1.1 Mainstream climate change adaptation and mitigation into urban development and management legal and policy framework 1.2 Develop by-laws at township and city level that incentivize low-carbon development and require climate resilient development 110 | P a g e Indicator All main urbanization policies (i.e. National Urban Policy (NUP), Housing Framework and National Spatial Development Framework) include climate change # of laws, policies and regulations including climate change from a current low baseline # by-laws in main cities By-laws in place within the following timeframes: 1 year in NCDC; 3 years integrating CC from a low in YCDC and MCDC, 10 years in other baseline townships # by-laws in townships integrating CC from a low baseline Timeframe (Years) 5 10 15 Responsible Lead: Ministry Construction of Support: CDCs, MoHA (GAD) Lead: CDCs Support: MoE, MoEPE, Private sector Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 1.3 Integrate energy efficiency, environmental considerations and disaster resilience into building regulations 1.4 Develop climate change and DRM action plans at the urban and local level 1.5 Undertake climate risk assessments for essential public buildings and emergency services # of laws, norms, codes analysed from existing baseline documents Lead: Ministry Construction Myanmar National Building Code adopted within 1 year, integrating energy efficiency provisions, water supply efficiency, reference to green buildings and hazard-sensitive construction; # of Codes under approval with efficiency and disastersensitive provisions (positive baseline) Support: CDCs, (GAD) # of other infrastructure and planning regulations integrating resource efficiency and disasterEIAs systematically applied as needed sensitive measures # of plans in townships and Existing plans reviewed and gaps CDCs from a baseline identified within 2 years, to be addressed by climate change and DRM composed of some examples in some towns and cities plans; Climate change adaptation, mitigation and DRM plans exist in each of the City Development Committees within 5 years; Greater Yangon plan integrates climate change and DRM within 5 years Risk assessment of public infrastructures carried out and risk reduction and mitigation plans developed within 3 years in main cities and towns; 111 | P a g e Existing building regulations reviewed for opportunities to integrate energy efficiency and disaster resilience; Training provided to government and private sector stakeholders on climate # of risk assessments in main townships from a low baseline in townships and some examples in CDCs of MoHA Lead: CDCs Support: Local ward/neighbourhoo d groups; international technical experts Lead: CDC, MoC Support: MoE, MoEPE, MoNREC, private sector, international agencies Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 proofing and screening guidelines and methods within 5 years; Climate smart buildings codes and regulations are reinforced within 10 years Objective for Area of Action 2: To build climate change responsive institutional and decentralized processes in urban settings Activity 2.1 Strengthen urban institutional processes that promote sustainable transport Milestone 2.2 Strengthen local governance ability to address climate change with climate change adaptation and resilience focal points 112 | P a g e Output Indicator # of urban public transport Feasibility studies for urban public transport developed at the city level within authorities from a zero baseline 2 years; Urban public transport plans developed for implementation in collaboration with private sector with financing identified, within 5 years; Public transport authorities established in urban areas to develop and implement mass transit systems within 15 years % of townships including Local governance processes reviewed to assess roles in addressing climate change; climate change resilience, focal points from a low baseline Focal points at Township and CDC level for climate change nominated Timeframe (Years) 5 10 15 Responsible Lead: CDCs Support: Ministry Construction of Lead: MoHA (GAD) & CDCs Support: MoC, International experts Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Objective for Area of Action 3: To increase human resource capacities and awareness of CDCs and townships to address climate change Activity Output 3.1 Improve capacity to use basic technology for data collection, management and GIS at the level of urban authorities Assessment of capacity gaps carried out and action plan # of staff trained from a developed within 2 years; low baseline Local authorities access and receive training on skills to use a number of tools within 5 years; # of township targeted E-governance system reactivated to promote GIS mapping and other good practices within 5 years 3.2 Strengthen capacity of local government officials to assess vulnerability and plan for climate change adaptation from township to national level Training provided for staff in three major cities on assessing vulnerabilities, on climate change impacts, and adaptive measures within 2 years; Training for staff in all township provided within 5 years 3.3 Increase sectoral capacity for effective liquid and solid waste management 3.4 Increase town planning capacities to integrate climate change into spatial strategic 113 | P a g e Indicator # of vulnerability assessments produced from a low baseline # of plans generated autonomously by townships and CDC (without international expertise) from a low baseline Existing systems reviewed and action plan for # of systems reviewed improvement and scale up devised within 2 years; Financing for water and solid waste management # of improved Solid systems identified, including for planned urban and Liquid Waste expansion within 5 years; Management systems Liquid and solid waste management systems adequate from the current to service urban populations within 10 years baseline CDCs Strategic Urban Plans and Land-Use plans # of town planners, integrating climate change led by national town engineers, architects planners; trained from a low baseline Timeframe (Years) 5 10 15 Responsible Lead: ECD, DoF, DMH, RRD, MoC, MoHA, CDCs Support: CDCs, international agencies, international technical support Lead: ECD, FD, DMH, RRD, MoC, MoHA, CDCs Support: CDCs, international agencies, international technical support Lead: CDCs, utility companies Support: MoC, private sector Lead: ECD, FD, DMH, RRD, MoC, MoHA, CDCs Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 urban planning and land-use Training provided to government and private sector planning stakeholders on climate proofing and screening guidelines and methods within 5 years 3.5 Revise existing education curriculum to include climate change (particularly for engineering and architecture at university level) 3.6 Implement campaigns for community awareness of likely impacts of climate change and basic DRR techniques 114 | P a g e Existing curricula reviewed to identify entry-points for including climate change within 2 years; University and technical institute curricula for engineering, architecture and planning integrate climate change and disaster risks reduction techniques; new curricula developed and rolled out to engineering and architecture courses within 5 years # of curricula in relevant topics integrating climate change from the current baseline including the basics of environmental planning Modules prepared within 2 years; #of campaigns Training provided to ‘heads of 100 households’ to conducted from a lowcapacitate them to inform local communities on DRR baseline measures continuously Support: CDCs, international agencies, international technical support Lead: Ministry of Education and Ministry of Construction Support: Universities, international agencies Lead: CDCs, NGOs Support: Civil society, Private sector, neighborhood wards Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Objective for Area of Action 4: To build financial capacities for addressing climate change at a local level, using multiple sources of funding Activity Output 4.1 Increase budgeting at local level for Feasibility studies for local level budgeting climate change adaptation and for climate change adaptation & mitigation mitigation carried out and financing plans developed within 3 years in townships; Agreed percentage of CDCs annual budget allocated to climate change activities, within 6-10 years, and through a system of taxation within 15 years 4.2 Increase capacity of local authorities CDC and townships access national and to access additional sources of funding, international finance for local resilience including national and international initiatives, within 5-10 years climate financing Indicator Timeframe (Years) 5 10 15 # financial plans for adaptation and mitigation Responsible Lead: CDCs Support: MoC # of local taxes that can be related to climate change related activities % of budget and extrabudgetary investment from national and international climate change sources Lead: CDCs Support: Private sector, international agencies, international climate funds Objective for Area of Action 5: To increase access to technology for urban climate resilience Activity Output 5.1 Assess technology gaps for addressing and monitoring climate change adaptation and mitigation, including disaster resilient buildings Assessment of technology gaps carried out # of technology gap and action plan developed within 2 years; assessments conducted Local authorities trained and supported and have capacity to understand measures and technologies to employ for adaptation and mitigation within 5-7 years 115 | P a g e Indicator Timeframe (Years) 5 10 15 Responsible Lead: CDCs Support: MoC Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Objective for Area of Action 6: To promote public-private and civil society partnerships at town and city level for climate change resilience and sustainable urban development Activity Output Indicator 6.1 Establish multi-stakeholder partnerships and mechanisms of participation and debate in local climate action – at the township level Functioning multi-stakeholder groups exist at the township level engaging on climate change impacts, adaptation and sustainability, and promoting low-carbon and sustainable investments # of functioning multipartner committees 6.2 Establish public-private partnerships to encourage investments in climate resilient, low carbon developments through zoning, planning and through incentive mechanisms Private sector sensitized through forums and business cases within 2 years; Procedures in place for private sector projects to follow building regulations and codes, invest in energy and water efficient systems, and low-carbon construction and urban industrial and commercial ventures, within 5 years # of public private forums from some examples existing currently as baseline 116 | P a g e # of public debates and campaigns # of public-private partnerships and projects for low-carbon development from a low baseline Timeframe (Years) 5 10 15 Responsible Lead: GAD/RRD/DMH/C DCs; CDCs, CBOs, NGOs, private sector Support: NGOs, CSOs Lead: Private sector, MoC; ECD; CDCs Support: CDCs, MoHA, MoNREC Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 5. Climate Risk Management for People’s Health and Wellbeing Sectoral Aim Communities and economic sectors in Myanmar are able to respond to and recover from climate induced disasters and risks and build a healthy society Sectoral Outcome Myanmar capable to effectively deal with climate induced disasters and risks Results and Indicators Sectoral Expected Results Strategic Indicators Climate risk management system in Myanmar is well established, robust and nationally integrated to respond effectively to increased intensity and impact of risk and hazard on the people and well-being # of climate risk management system including risk informed policy development and planning guidelines, tools and framework developed; # of local communities, local government, civil society organizations access to risk mapping, EWS, disaster resilient technologies for disaster preparedness and emergency management and response; # of states and townships with capacity for climate risk management planning. Myanmar has improved social protection and risk finance capacity to prepare for and recover from potential loss and damage resulting from climate change Social protection policies, strategies, budgeting and plan integrate climate change; # of private sectors, development partners, government, civil society and international communities allocate % of resources for social protection and resilience building activities; # of states, townships that integrate climate change in their budgeting system to finance climate risk management and social protection activities at the national and sub-national level. The health system of Myanmar is improved to deal with climate induced health hazards that will support climate vulnerable communities to respond effectively to disaster and health hazards resulting from climate change 117 | P a g e # of laws, bye laws, policies and plans within the health sector integrate climate change; # of health professionals and government staffs with capacity for climate risk and disaster mapping, early health hazard detection and forecasting and resilient planning; # of households in the climate vulnerable state/region and township able to access improved health and sanitation practices and resilient health infrastructures. Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Objectives for Action Areas 1. To ensure that legal, policy and normative instruments on disaster risk reduction, social protection and health integrate climate change; 2. To build climate change responsive institutional and decentralized settings; 3. To increase human resource capacities and awareness of communities, government, private sector and CSOs to address climate induced risk and disasters; 4. To build financial capacities for addressing climate change at local level, using multiple sources; 5. To increase access to technology for climate risk management and improved health and well-being; 6. To promote public-private and civil society partnerships at national and subnational level for climate change resilience and sustainability. Actors Lead • • • Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement (MoSWRR) Ministry of Transport and Communication (MoTC): Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) Ministry of Health and Sport (MoHS): Department of Public Health Other Actors • National Disaster Management Committee and its members • Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA): Police, GAD, Fire Service Department • Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Conservation (MoNREC) • Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation (MoALFI): Department of Irrigation and Water Utilization • Ministry of Planning and Finance (MoPF) • Ministry of Construction (MoC) • Ministry of Information (MoIN) • Ministry of Education (MoE) • Local government: State, District, Township • Representatives from line ministries with DRR/CCA activities • Others: DRR-WG UN (UNDP, FAO, UN-Habitat, UNICEF, UNEP, JICA, ADBC, RIME); Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), Private sector, Media, Universities 118 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Action Plan 5 for Climate Risk Management for People’s Health and Well-being Objective for Area of Action 1: To ensure that legal, policy and normative instruments on disaster risk reduction, social protection and health integrate climate change Activity Output Indicators Review existing policies, strategies and guidelines to Review paper developed looking # policies, strategies and identify gaps and scope for integrating climate change into existing policies, strategies guidelines reviewed and guidelines Timeframe (Years) 5 1 1 0 5 Responsible Lead: MoSWRR, MoHS, MoNREC Support: MoTC, MoALFI, MoHA Integrate climate change into DRR, social protection DRR, social protection and health # of policies and plan in and health policies and plans for risk-informed policy policies and plan integrate climate DRR, social protection development and planning change and health integrate climate change Lead: MoSWRR, MoHS, MoNREC Provide support to townships or district level to develop Climate change integrated into # of townships or district disaster preparedness plans and updated them to include local level plans and responses level have developed climate change risk and hazards disaster preparedness plans and update them to include climate change risk and hazards Lead: DMH Implement DRR and CCA activities and scaled up in DRR and vulnerable townships in delta, dry zone, coastal and implemented mountains regions townships Lead: DMH 119 | P a g e CCA activities # of townships implement in vulnerable DRR and CCA activities targeting # of households Support: MoTC, MoALFI, MoHA MoSWRR, Support: Local government, NGOs, CBOs, international agencies MoSWRR, Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Support: Local government, NGOs, CBOs, international agencies Update and implement multi-hazard preparedness and Existing multi-hazard # of multi-hazard response plans that include climate induced disasters preparedness response plan preparedness and response updated to include climate change plans at the national and local level are updated to include climate change Implement activities to reduce climate-induced waterrelated health hazards through increased access to safe drinking water, improved sanitation and Behavior Change Communication (BCC) Increased access of the climate change vulnerable household to safe drinking water and improved sanitation % of reduction in climateinduced water-related health disorders (diarrheal diseases) of residence of townships in central dry zone households Pilot social protection measures such as social transfers, Social protection measures piloted livelihood diversification, weather-indexed crop insurance and access to credit and assets in 5 vulnerable regions # of household in 5 vulnerable regions benefiting from social protection measures Objective for Action Area 2: To build climate change responsive institutional and decentralized processes 120 | P a g e Lead: NDMC, MoSWRR, MoALFI, MoHS Support: GAD, local government, development partners, civil society, CBOs Lead: MoHS Support: NGOs, CBOs, local government, development agencies Lead: MoSWRR Support: MoPF, development agencies, MoNREC, MoALFI, local government, NGOs, private sector Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Activity Output Indicator Timeframe (years) 5 1 1 0 5 Responsibility Strengthen the disaster management committees for Improved capacity of disaster effective preparedness and response, including management committees for additional HR development in the context of climate integrating climate change change # of staffs of concerned ministries receive a number of trainings on CCA and DRR integration Lead: MoSWRR, MoNREC (ECD) Carry out study to explore national, regional, and Study conducted district linkages and potential mechanisms for climate risk management # of institutional mechanism and networks reviewed Lead: MoNREC, MoSWRR, MoTC (DMH) Develop new institutional mechanism for effective New institutional EWS and communication established mechanism # of national, regional, district linkages established for effective EWS and communication Strengthen the National Disaster Management Disaster Management Technical # of initiatives on CCA Technical Centre in Hintada to provide technical Center at the national level carried out by Disaster 121 | P a g e Support: MoTC, MoHA, GAD, local government Support: MoHA, MoALFI, local government, international agencies Lead: MoNREC, MoSWRR, MoTC (DMH) Support: MoHA, MoALFI, local government, international agencies Lead: MoSWRR Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 support on climate induced risk and climate change strengthened with climate change Management modues modules Centre Technical Support: MoNREC, MoTC, MoPF, MoHA, UCSDC Objective for Action Area 3: To build financial capacities for addressing climate change at local level, using multiple sources of funding Activity Output Indicator Timeframe (years) 5 1 1 0 5 Responsibility Integrate climate change within DRR planning and Climate change integrated in DRR # of national and budgeting of national and sub-national government plan and budget system subnational government in agencies delta, coastal, dry zone and mountain regions have allocated % of budget for climate change focused DRR activities Lead: MoPF Provide training and exposure visits to build capacity of Training and exposure visits relevant institutions to Improve financial management organized for the relevant capacity to explore and manage funds for DRR and government officials CCA Lead: MoPF Mobilize a national contingency fund to support responses to climate risk and disasters 122 | P a g e National mobilized change # of government officials receive training and participate in exposure visits related to climate change financial management contingency fund % of contingency fund in to include climate support of climate risk and disaster responses MoSWRR, Support: International financing, MoTC, MoNREC (ECD) MoSWRR, Support: International development agencies, MoNREC (ECD), MoTC (DMH), international financing private sector, CSOs Lead: MoSWRR, MoPF Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Support: International financing, MoTC, MoNREC (ECD) Objective for Action Area 4: To increase access to technology on climate risk management and health Activity Output Indicator Provide training to government staffs on ICT and other Number of trainings organized skill-based areas for effective CCA and DRR responses Develop 24 hour EWS system in order to increase EWS system strengthened access of pubic to weather and climate related forecasts # of government staff are trained on ICT and other skill-based areas for effective CCA and DRR responses # of communities access to 24 hour EWS system Improve the efficiency of existing system through Improved early detection and # of human resourced with modernizing equipment, instruments and tools (ocean, forecast quality capacity for weather and marine) climate forecasting (both hardware and software) within DMH 123 | P a g e Timeframe (years) 5 1 1 0 5 Responsibility Lead: MoSWRR, MoTC (DMH) Support: International agencies, MoHS, MoNREC (ECD), MoI, UMFCCI Lead: MoTC (DMH), MoSWRR, MoALFI, MoNREC Support: MoC, MoI, international agencies Lead: MoTC (DMH) Support: Union and state government, civil society, international agencies, MoHA Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Establish water, air and food assessment lab/facilities Water, air and food assessment # of major cities with are established in MoHS and in 3 major cities lab/facilities established water, air and food assessment facilities Retrofit and climate proof critical infrastructure, schools, and hospitals in climate vulnerable townships Critical infrastructure retrofitted # of schools, hospitals in and climate proofed the climate vulnerable townships retrofitted and climate proofed Develop climate and weather and climate information Weather and climate information # of RCM capacity services for e.g. Agro-Weather Information services developed developed involving Management System to generate information for number of modelers communities Train government officials and development Government official trained on practitioners on scientific and technical assessment vulnerability assessment and risk such as vulnerability assessment and risk and hazard mapping mapping Establish national and subnational level (delta, dry Disease surveillance zone, coastal, flood, mountain) disease surveillance established systems 124 | P a g e # government agencies make vulnerability and multi-hazard maps available for all the township within the vulnerable district and state systems # of national and subnational level (delta, dry zone, coastal, flood, Lead: MoHS, CDC, ECD (MoNREC) Support: International agencies Lead: MoSWRR, MoPF Support: MoTC, international agencies, MoHS, MoC, local government, NGOs Lead: DMH (MoTC), MSWRR, MoALFI Support: MoNREC (RSGIS/ Survey dept.), international and national NGOs, MoHA, CDC Lead: MoTC (DMH) Support: MoNREC, MoALFI, MoSWRR, local government, development agencies Lead: MoHS and relevant departments Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 mountain) disease surveillance systems are in place Support: MoTC (DHM), development agencies, CSOs Objective for Action Area 5: To increase awareness and capacity of relevant ministries to effectively carry out climate risk management Activity Output Indicator Timeframe Responsibility (years) 5 1 1 0 5 Provide training to local communities on shelter Communities trained on shelter # of communities in Lead: MoSWRR management, search and rescue in the context of management, search and rescue vulnerable areas (dry climate change zone, delta) are trained in Support: MoC, local disaster management government, development agencies and CBOs Provide training and exposure to DMH staffs for Training and exposure visit # of DMH staffs have Lead: MoTC (DHM) climate change research provided to DHM staffs exposure and built capacity for climate Support: MoNREC, change research international and regional collaboration Establish research grants to DMH, sectoral agencies Research grants established and # of research grants made Lead: MoSWRR, and university students to build their capacity for made available available to DMH, MoTC, generating knowledge and evidences useful for climate sectoral agencies and risk management university students Support: MoHA, development agencies, NGOs and CBOs Objective for Area of Action 6. To promote public-private and civil society partnerships at national and sub-national level for climate change resilience and sustainability 125 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Activity Output Indicator Form a new or revitalize/upgrade the existing district, Multi-stakeholder DRM township, state and national level multi-stakeholder committees at all levels DRM committees integrating climate change within its established and strengthened portfolios Establish network and links of DMH with international Regional and international networks for the exchange of information and network and links established knowledge on climate information and disaster forecasting Design and implement number of multi-stakeholder Multi-stakeholder projects on climate risk management in the climate designing and vulnerable areas projects 126 | P a g e # of district, township, state and national level multi-stakeholder DRM committees formed or the existing ones revitalized # of initiatives of DMH and regional/international agencies on climate change engaged in # of joint projects are implementing implemented in climate vulnerable townships and districts Timeframe (years) 5 1 1 0 5 Responsibility Lead: MoNREC (ECD), MoTC (DMH), MoSWRR, Support: Local government, private sector, CSOs, development partners Lead: MoTC (DMH), MoSWRR, Support: MoIN, MoNREC, ECD, international agencies Lead: DHM MoSWRR, Support: MoPF, MoNREC, local government, development agencies, private sector, CSOs Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Develop multi-stakeholder involved projects for Green Projects for GCF /Adaptation # Government officials of Climate Fund/ Adaptation Fund in social protection and Fund developed respective ministries resilience building activities targeted to the most engaged in proposal vulnerable townships in dry zone, delta and coastal development targeting areas GCF/AF 127 | P a g e Lead: MoSWRR Support: MoPF, MoNREC, local government, private sector, CSOs, UN agencies Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 6. Education, Science and Technology for a Resilient Society Sectoral Aim Myanmar has a climate smart society and the human capital to design and implement climate resilient and low carbon development solutions for inclusive and sustainable development. Sectoral Outcome: • Climate Responsive Society through Education, Awareness, Science & Technology Results and Indicators Sectoral Expected Results 1. The capacity of actors in the education sector is developed to integrate principles of sustainability, low-carbon development and resilience into the curricula at primary, secondary and tertiary levels; Strategic Indicators # of policies, strategies and action plans in the education and science & technology sectors integrate climate change; # of primary, secondary and higher level institutions in Myanmar integrate climate change within their educational curriculum, courses and teaching materials; # of university graduates and researchers trained and capacitated to carry out independent and innovative work on climate change. 2. The capacity of actors in the science and technology and education sectors is developed to generate research and build and use climate information systems; # of ICT materials including research and extension products (research paper, thesis, policy papers and technical working papers) reflect climate change issues and solutions; # of university professors/lecturer, school teachers, university graduates able to assist the government and private sector to plan and manage with climate change considerations; # of households at the climate vulnerable states and township aware of the consequence of climate change and able to identify response measures. 128 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 3. The institutional capacity and multi-stakeholder partnership are enhanced to access and manage climate financing for ensuring climate responsive education, science and technology Increase in % of climate financing from government, development agencies, international organizations and other actors for climate change information, knowledge, research and capacity; # of networks and partnership among different actors established to promote climate responsive education, science and technology; # of joint collaborative projects to strengthen the education and science and technology for promoting climate resilience and low carbon development strategies and actions at the national and subnational level. Objectives for Action 1. To ensure that legal, policy and normative instruments in education, science and technology integrate climate change; 2. To build climate change responsive institutional and educational processes; 3. To increase human resource capacities on climate research and knowledge management and awareness of communities, government, private sectors and CSO on climate change; 4. To build financial capacities for strengthening climate information services, using multiple sources; 5. To increase access to climate information services, research and technological innovations; 6. To promote multi-stakeholder partnerships at international, national and subnational level for climate change education, science and technology. Actors Lead • Ministry of Education: Department of Human Resource and Educational Planning, Department of Teacher Education and Training, Department of Myanmar Education Research, Department of Basic Education, Department of Higher Education Other actors • Department of Research and Innovation • Ministry of Information (MoIN): Department of Information, Department of Public Relation • Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement (MoSWW): Department of Relief and Resettlement • Ministry of Planning and Finance (MoPF) • Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation (MoALFI) • Ministry of Transport and Communication (MoTC): Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH) • Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MoNREC): Environmental Conservation Department (ECD) • Research institutes under different ministries • Universities: a) Faculty of Bio-technology, Mandalay Technological University; b) 129 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 • • • • University of Distance Education, Yangon Technological University; c) Department of Geography, Yangon University; d) University of Forestry, University of Agriculture Local government: Regional/State, District, Township Others: UN (UNICEF, UN-Habitat, UNEP, UNDP), EU, civil society, others (Climate Technology Centre Network - CTCN under UNFCCC) Public and private sector including media Youth, Children, Women and other social groups 130 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Action Plan 6 for Education, Science and Technology for a Resilient Society Objective for Area of Action 1: To ensure that legal, policy and normative instruments in education, science and technology integrate climate change Activity Output Indicators Timeframe Responsible (Years) 5 1 1 0 5 Develop a new strategy on science and technology New strategy on science and # of government and Lead: MoE integrating climate change technology developed universities investing in climate science and Support: MoNREC technology (ECD), international agencies Revise curriculum and syllabus of all the main New curriculum developed # of universities and Lead: MoE, universities and schools to integrate climate change integrating climate change colleges course and Academic curriculum integrate institutions climate change within environmental science, Support: MoNREC forestry and relevant fields (ECD), MoPF (social science, life science) Integrate climate change in education sectoral planning Climate change integrated in # of activities on climate systems at national and local level through developing education sectoral planning change reflected in guidelines and tools systems education sector plan Objective for Area of Action 2: To build climate change responsive institutional and educational processes Activity Output Indicator Develop guidelines and procedures for integrating Guidelines and procedures for # of student, government climate change within the existing education integration developed staff and researchers benefiting from the 131 | P a g e Lead: MoE Support: MoPF, MoNREC (ECD) Timeframe (years) 5 1 1 0 5 Responsibility Lead: MoE, MoPF Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 institutions (training centres or formal and informal institutions) climate change training centre Establish climate change coordination mechanisms Coordination within the education sector for establishing better established linkages and synergy Support: MoNREC, ECD, universities, development agencies Lead: MoE, MoPF mechanism # of institutions working in education sector are part of climate change coordination group Support: MoNREC, ECD, universities, development agencies Lead: MoE Form new or revitalize existing organization in order to Institutional mechanism formed or # groups, forum or mobilize women, youth, children and vulnerable groups revitalized institutions for ensuring their engagement on climate change formed/revitalized for climate action Develop strategies to strengthen the capacity of education ministry on integrating climate change and system within the institutional portfolios Strategy on developing institutional capacity of MoE for managing climate change developed # Initiatives taken by Ministry of Education to build its institutional mandate and capacity to integrate climate change in education Activity Output Indicator Support: Other government agencies, local government, non-government including donors Lead: MoE Support: Other government agencies, local government, non-government including donors Objective for Area of Action 3: To build financial capacities for strengthening climate information services, using multiple sources of funding Establish climate change research fund and develop CC research fund established and # of research and guidelines targeted to enhance education and research guidelines developed innovations supported on climate change through the research fund 132 | P a g e Timeframe (years) 5 1 1 0 5 Responsibility Lead: MoE, MoNREC (ECD) Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Finance projects on climate change related education, capacity and research Climate change related projects # of project financed on implemented climate change and education research and development Develop and circulate budget guidelines for climate Budget guidelines for climate % of budget allocation of change integration in education and science and change developed education and science and technology sector technology development integrating climate change Objective for Area of Action 4. To increase access to climate information services, research and technological innovations Activity Output Indicator Timeframe (years) 5 1 1 0 5 Implement a number of multi-disciplinary technology Multi-disciplinary technology and # of multi-disciplinary and research focused projects on climate change research project on climate change technology and research implemented projects implemented in climate vulnerable areas Organize technology fair at national and local level to disseminate climate smart technologies and knowledge 133 | P a g e Improved access to information # number of technology and knowledge on climate smart fairs organized at national technologies and local level Support: MoPF, international agencies Lead: MoE, MoNREC (ECD) Support: All relevant ministries, international agencies Lead: MoE, MoPF Support: MoNREC (ECD), local government, CSOs Responsibility Lead: MoE, research institutions, universities Support: MoPF, MoNREC (ECD), international agencies Lead: MoE Support: Other government agencies, local government, Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 non-government including donors Lead: MoIN Develop and promote a number of ICT events and Improved ICT system at the # number of ICT events materials targeted to disseminate climate resilient national and subnational level and materials are technology related information to youth, children, developed and promoted women and other vulnerable social groups Support: MoNREC (ECD), MoC, DMH, international agencies Objective for area of action 5: To increase human resource capacities on climate research and knowledge management and awareness of communities, government, private sectors and CSO on climate change Activity Output Indicator Develop, package and distribute public awareness Public awareness raising materials # of public in the climate raising materials on climate change developed and provided to public vulnerable areas access to public awareness raising materials Provide training to all relevant ministries to raise Capacity of ministerial staff on # of training events awareness on how to integrate climate change resilience climate change enhanced organized for government into programme and project cycles staff Conduct training courses for school teachers on climate School teachers sensitized on # of teachers at a number change climate change of schools in climate vulnerable areas have received training 134 | P a g e Timeframe (years) 5 1 1 0 5 Responsibility Lead: MoIN, MoE Support: MoNREC, Ministry of Education, CSOs, Media, private sector, Regional and local government Lead: MoE Support: GAD, MoNREC (ECD), international agencies Lead: MoE, MoNREC (ECD) Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Support: NGOs, international agencies Lead: MoE Provide training to research and academic institutions Human resource capacity of # of training events and a and professionals on conducting research on climate academic and research institutions number of research change is strengthened projects on climate change organized and supported Support: GAD, MoNREC (ECD), international agencies Lead: MoIN Organize events to mobilize youth and children on Youth and children trained and # of events targeted to climate change awareness and capacity building mobilized youth, women and activities children Support: MoSWRR, MoNREC, local government, media, Lead: MoIN Organize events to increase awareness of media on Training and awareness raising # of social media climate change activities for media, organized disseminate climate change information targeting climate vulnerable townships and districts Support: MoNREC (ECD), regional and local government, state and private media, social organizations Objective for area of action 6: To promote multi-stakeholder partnerships at international, national and sub-national level for climate change education, science and technology Activity Output Establish climate change working group within MoE Multi-stakeholder for climate change awareness, capacity and technology modality and transfer established 135 | P a g e Indicator partnership # of collaborative projects mechanism on public awareness, capacity building, promotion of innovation etc. are promoted Timeframe (years) 5 1 1 0 5 Responsibility Lead: MoPE MoNREC, Support: Development Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Organize joint climate change science and technology Climate change Science and # science and technology fairs at national and regional/state level Technological fair organized fair organized and # of visitors attending the events Implement joint projects involving government, donors, CSOs, private sector on climate science, education and technology, targeting vulnerable areas project # of projects are established, and increased percentage of international funding is secured, for climate change resilience and low carbon related technology transfer Establish network among the media and private sector Networks among the media and # of functions of the media for exchange of information and knowledge on climate private sector established and private sector on change climate change 136 | P a g e Joint collaborative implemented partners, civil society and private sector Lead: MoNREC, MoPF Support: MoPF, private sector, international agencies Lead: MoPF MoNREC, Support: Private sector, international agencies Lead: MoIN Support: MoSWRR, MoNREC, local government, media, private sector, NGOs, development agencies Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Annex II: Mechanism for the Implementation, Coordination and Monitoring of the MCCSAP 137 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Role Stakeholder’s functions Key Tasks Overall lead at national level The National Environmental Conservation and Climate Change Committee (NECCC), under the responsibility of the Vice-President of the Union of the Republic of Myanmar, assumes the overall leading role in implementing the National Climate Change Policy (in preparation) and, under this, the implementation of the MCCSAP. It assigns roles to Focal Agencies (Ministries) to 1) advance activities under the respective Sectoral Outcomes; 2) Monitor the progress; 3) report back to the NECCC on a yearly basis. If required, the NECCC may explore the establishment of an administrative climate change coordination mechanism to plan and implement investments necessary for the implementation of the Strategy in the mid-term (5-10 years) 1. Provides overall policy guidance throughout the implementation of the MCCSAP, and 2. Coordinates the policy inputs from the different Ministries 3. Monitors the overall progress of the MCCSAP Decentralized coordination and monitoring State and Region Environmental Conservation and Climate Change Committees (S/R-ECCC) are formally assigned coordination and monitoring role by the NECCC, in particular by assessing progress in respective States/Regions, in cooperation with Districts and Township/City Authorities and all relevant partners, which will also have Environmental Conservation and Climate Change Committees 1. Coordinates action in the State/Region 2. Ensures that all programmes, projects and activities implemented in the State/Region, as well as Districts and Townships contribute to the progress of the Strategy 3. Report to the NECCC Secretariat The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MoNREC), through the Department for Environmental Conservation (ECD), acts as Secretariat to the Strategy, collecting Sectoral reports on a six-months basis and ensuring regular reports to the NECCC on a yearly basis. In the immediate terms (within 2 years from the adoption of the Strategy) this is composed by Staff of the ECD, 1. Supports the implementation of the Strategy by coordinating Climate dedicated finance from different donors 138 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 supported by the Myanmar Climate Change Alliance. In the mid-term (5 to 10 years) the Government explores the feasibility of a Climate Change Secretariat within MoNREC to support the implementation, coordination and monitoring of the Strategy. The Secretariat is co-chaired by the Ministry of the Plan and Finance (MoPF) Focal Agencies 139 | P a g e 2. Coordinates climate change projects and activities in the framework of the Strategy. 3. Monitors progress of the Action Plans 4. Collect reports from Focal Agencies on the progress towards Sectoral Outcomes 5. Ensures regular meetings are organized, in particular yearly updates to the NECCC Six focal agencies promote the implementation of activities under the six Sectoral Each focal agency: Outcomes, promote coordination, monitor the activities and report on progress of the 1. Promotes activities and partnerships to Strategy Action Plan through MoNREC to the NECCC. Focal Agencies are: deliver the Strategy Action Plan 1. MoALI: Climate Smart Agriculture, fisheries, livestock for Food Security 2. Assesses the progress by using the 2. MoNREC: Sustainable Management of Natural Resources for Healthy EcoStrategic Indicators for each of the System Sectoral Expected Results as specified 3. MoEEP, MoTC, and MoI alternate on: Resilient and low carbon energy, in the Action Plan on a yearly basis, transport and industrial systems for sustainable growth and report through MoNREC to the 4. MoC: Resilient & Sustainable Citie/Towns for People to Live and Thrive NCECCC on yearly basis 5. MoTC alternating with MoHS: Climate risk management for people’s health 3. Leads thematic forums and meetings and well-being within the scope of the Sectoral Action 6. MoE for Education, science and technology for a resilient society Plans 4. Monitors the milestones and outputs for each action areas in the respective Sectoral Action Plans and coordinate actions Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Planning and finance The Ministry of Planning and Finance (MoPF) supports the Secretariat in coordinating projects, access finance, and monitor investments 1. Facilitate access to funds and investments 2. Monitors and reports on finance Implementation All actors participate in the implementation of the Sectoral Action Plans, including the public and private sector, the civil society and the academia to contribute in reaching the Strategy overall goals and objectives. Stakeholders participate in respective sectors to achieve sectoral outcomes and expected results, as listed in the Sectoral Action Plans 3. In respective areas, all relevant stakeholders participate in the implementation of the Sectoral Action Plans Coordination & exchange The existing multi-stakeholder coordination platform called Technical Working Group (TWG) of the Myanmar Climate Change Alliance (MCCA) becomes a permanent platform of exchange. Respective Ministries and City Development Committee, confirm Focal Points for the MCCA Platform, as well as the Private Sector, interested CSOs, the Academia and Development Partners within six months from the adoption of the Strategy. The platform facilitates partnerships; strengthens stakeholder engagement in planning and implementation; promotes national and international cooperation. 1. Shares climate change related information 2. Discusses sectoral thematic issues 3. Analyze the progress of the Strategy 4. Acts as platform for exchanging practices, methods, project results 5. Works to increase continuously the awareness of policy-makers and stakeholders on climate change 140 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Annex III: Detailed Strategy Formulation Process 141 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Table of Contents 1. Description of the Process ............................................................................................................................143 2. Guiding Principles...........................................................................................................................................144 3. Methodology and Process .............................................................................................................................145 Phase 1. Defining the Objectives and Scope of the MCCSAP ..........................................................145 Phase 2. Full-fledged data collection, thematic consultations and sub-national workshops ....147 Phase 3. Initial Validation and Improvement of the 1st Draft of Strategy .....................................150 Phase 4. Additional Information Gathering and validation of the Advanced Draft ....................151 Phase 5. Finalisation and Dissemination of the MCCSAP .................................................................152 142 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 1. Description of the Process The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MoNREC)33 has coordinated the formulation of the Myanmar Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan 2016-2030 (MCCSAP) and the related Sectoral Action Plans throughout the formulation and adoption process, with the agreement reached on the methodology in December 2014, and then the actual formulation starting in April 2015 and completed within 2016. The MCCSAP has been formulated as one of the key outputs of the Myanmar Climate Change Alliance (MCCA), a programme implemented by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) with funds from the European Union, from 2013 to 2017 (possibly 2018). It was formulated through an iterative process of evidence generation, involving consultations at national, sub-national and local level of a multiplicity of actors. Most of the consultations were conducted under the Technical Working Group (TWG) of the MCCA, which comprised representatives of the Ministries, the University, the three main City Development Committees, the Private Sector (UMFCCI), the Civil Society, Development Partners (UNDP, Action Aid, Braced Programme, DRR Working Group). In addition, a number of development partners, NGOs, civil society, the Youth Forum, township administrations and citizen also participated in consultations and interviews or provided direct inputs. The MCCSAP is therefore strong of multiple views and perspectives and captures this diversity effectively. It has been designed with principles of inclusion and oriented to the delivery of results, in a way that it can be monitored as a long-term programme, or project. In addition to direct consultations and interviews, the drafting team reviewed policy documents and secondary data, working on all available published policies, laws, documents and available advanced drafts with national importance. The methodology was agreed at the MCCA Inception Workshop in December 2014. The workshop participants included the Technical Working Group (TWG), additional government officials from key ministries, and representatives from UN agencies, development partner organisations, NGOs, local government, and private sector organisations. They discussed the process for formulating the MCCSAP, including the priority areas for consultations at national, sub-national and local level. Four worksteams were established: Workstream 1: Defining the scope of the MCCSAP Workstream 2: Understanding vulnerability and risks, and mitigation potential Workstream 3: Development and dissemination of the MCCSAP Workstream 4: Periodic review and updating a) The MCCA, under Environmental Conservation Division (ECD) in MoNREC has delivered Workstream 1 to 3 (July 2016) and will continue delivering Workstream 3 (Dissemination) and 4 for its duration, while other mechanisms are established in the MCCSAP to ensure Workstream 4. 33 Former Ministry of Environmental Conservation and Forestry (MoNREC), since April 2016 143 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 ECD has played a central advisory role to guide the team in each phase of research, supported by MCCA and their consultants. Every effort has been made to align the Strategy with Myanmar’s socio-economic development objectives and with evolving policy documents, such as the green growth strategy; the environmental policy; annual, medium and long-term development plans; the second Framework for Economic and Social Reform (FESR) and the decentralisation policy. As the Strategy was developed through the MCCA, and that MCCA has been working to advise the Government in several climate change aspects, the Strategy has therefore been aligned as much as possible to several other climate change or environment policies that have been drafted in parallel. Among them the INDC, which MCCA has contributed in writing, the Green Growth Framework, the drafting team of which has consulted MCCA repeatedly and other instruments. 2. Guiding Principles The Strategy formulation has been guided by a set of principles, as follows: Ensuring policy coherence: The MCCSAP builds on existing climate change policies including the NAPA, INDC, REDD+ roadmap, the Climate Smart Agriculture Policy. The Strategy has been drafted to complement planned climate change policies including the National Climate Change Policy, the National Adaptation Plan and the Green Growth Strategy. Finally, the vision, objectives and priorities outlined in the Strategy are aligned with national and sector development plans and implementation arrangements, including the National Comprehensive Development Plan, sustainable development agenda, energy policies and plans, Environment Policy and associated action plan, DRR policies and plans, and other national policies and sectoral strategy and priorities; Ensuring multi-stakeholder engagement: The MCCSAP has been drafted through multistakeholder engagement at the national and sub-national level. The TWG of MCCA was a formally established body, extremely active, that oversaw the whole formulation process and provided technical inputs throughout, while the PSC of MCCA ensured policy guidance. As a result, the strategy was prepared in close consultation with national and local level stakeholders representing a cross-section of government institutions, national non-governmental organisations (NGOs), civil society, community representatives, private sector actors, development partners, professionals, and academia covering a wide range of sectors. Bilateral discussions, three national workshops and five sub-national workshops were conducted to engage with stakeholders. Sub-national workshops were conducted in five of Myanmar’s climate vulnerable states/regions engaging more than 600 participants from the local government, civil society organisations, community representatives and private sectors. In addition, as MCCA worked in parallel at local level for adaptation, it also captured views on climate change from other townships, not formally consulted. In total, the townships formally consulted, or able to express their views were 23, in 6 states and regions. Altogether, approximately 2000 individuals representing more than 40 different institutions of national and sub-national level were engaged in the process. The strategy development process was carried out with clear acknowledgement that a vast body of knowledge resides with a dispersed and diverse range of stakeholders and experts. Providing strategic direction: The MCCSAP has been drafted to provide a strategic direction to achieve climate resilient and low carbon development results. The strategy guides investment in six priority sectors, which were identified by stakeholders as key for inclusive, climate resilient and low carbon development. The sectors are a mix of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors and play a key role in economic and social development. In addition, stakeholders identified a need to put in place a strong implementation framework for the strategy. Consultations identified three key implementation pillars to support the MCCSAP, including: (a) an enabling environment that establishes policy, institutional, financial and M&E systems; (b) support to climate smart decision 144 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 making; and (c) establishing multi-stakeholder partnerships to invest in low-carbon and resilience interventions Ensuring a result-based approach: All actors consulted, and especially Government and Development Partners, insisted on the need to formulate a Strategy that can be implemented as a ‘project’ to achieve measurable results. Recognizing the challenges to establish baselines and indicators, the MCCSAP is nonetheless inspired by logic of results and measurability. For this reason, it includes the logical framework language of expected outcomes, expected results, objectives and indicators. 3. Methodology and Process Once the overall methodology was approved, in December 2014, the ECD with MCCA proceeded through consecutive phases, as follows: Phase 1: Apr-Jul 2015 Consultations, Assessment, other processes (INDC; EbA) Milestone 1: 1st National WS and adoption of the outline , scope and vision Phase 2: Aug-Oct 2015 National and Subnational consultations and data analysis Milestones 2 and 3: States and Regions consulted; data gathered Phase 3: Phase 4: Nov-Dec 2015 Jan- June 2016 Initial validation & improvement Further consultations, validation & drafting Milestone 4: Final draft validated at rd 3 National WS and improved with comments Milestone 3: Zero-draft validated at 2nd National WS Phase 5: June-September 2016 Submission for final comments and finalization with submission to cabinet Milestone 5: FInal draft of the MCCSAP ready for adoption Phase 1. Defining the Objectives and Scope of the MCCSAP Process In the first phase of evidence generation, the MCCA TWG convened to agree on the main purpose, objectives and methods for the formulation of the strategy, as well as on a preliminary outline of strategy and action plans. The TWG recently formed met, for the first time officially after the Inception Workshop of December 2014, at the Initial National Climate Change Strategy & Action Plan Workshop (7-8, April, 2015) in Nay Pyi Taw. At the workshop, participants agreed on the scope and purpose of the strategy as well as on the draft of outline for the strategy and for the action plans. Participants also agreed on a Vision, however this was later revised for a better formulation. At the workshop, the participants also agreed on the respective roles and 145 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 responsibilities in different sectors, which was an important achievement per se. About 200 people participated, as well as development partners and other nonmembers of the TWG. At the meeting, it was agreed 1) The overall scope of the Strategy was adopted including the working definition of its 1) vision, 2) timeframe of the Strategy, 3) the Policy alignment, 4) its mission (or overall objectives); 5) main thematic/sectoral areas to be addressed. The Sectoral engagement was also achieved, as well the Draft outline of the Strategy (Table of contents) adopted; the Format of the overall implementation action plan and sectoral action plans. The workshop also agreed on the planning and re-confirmed methodology for the Strategy and Action Plan Formulation At the workshop they also agreed on locations and timing of the national and local consultations, as follows: Cluster 1 2 3 4 5 Region/State Mandalay Region Sagaing Region Ayeyarwady Region District Mandalay Sagaing Township Natogyl Myinmu Hinthada Labutta Pathein Pyapon Kachin State Bago Region Myitkyina Bago Kayin State Hpa-an Hinthada Labutta Kyaunggo n Ngapudaw Thabaung Bogale Myitkyina Bago Waw Hlaingbwe Hpa-an Rakhine State Kyaukpyu Thandwe Kyaukpyu Manaung Ramree Gwa Tounup Maungdaw Figure 9: Five clusters formed out of 19 townships suggested at the Initiation Workshop in December 2014. The grouping was done according to administrative boundary and common climatic issues 146 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 During this 1st phase, MCCA also focused on supporting the Government, through the mobilization of the TWG, for other policy processes, i.e. the formulation of the Intended National Determined Contribution (INDC) to be submitted to the UNFCCC by September 30th 2015 (from April 2015 to September 2015). Although this diverted the focus from the Strategy, it was extremely useful to consolidate areas of work and sector thematic groups. It was also useful to increase the awareness of TWG members on climate change, which then supported the elaboration of the MCCSAP. The methodology to assess capacities to address climate change in Myanmar was also established and the experts recruited and the study was initiated Milestones/ Outputs 1st National Technical Workshop of the MCCSAP Scope, purpose and main areas of the MCCSAP defined, and outline adopted INDC draft formulated, with TWG of MCCA involved Drafting teams selected and recruited Capacity development needs assessment initiated 1st National Workshop Phase 2. Full-fledged data collection, thematic consultations and sub-national workshops Process In this second phase, ECD through MCCA, and supported by consultants from the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) contracted by UNEP under MCCA, and Myanmar Environment Restoration Network (MERN) NGO, along with the Chief Technical Advisor of MCCA and other experts, conducted the bulk of the data collection and analysis for the formulation of the strategy, which initiated in August and was completed, tentatively, in October 2015 This phase involved two main streams of work, one based on secondary data review and bilateral or thematic meetings at national level, and one based on local level consultations. For the latter, townships identified for the subnational consultation 147 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 locations were clustered according to vulnerability, geography and administrative arrangements; host townships according to administration arrangements. The team proceeded to Policy and Institutional Review as follows. A review of policy documents at national and international levels was conducted to situate the MCCSAP within Myanmar’s policy and institutional framework. The team reviewed Myanmar’s national, sectoral and subnational policy documents; Development Partners’ country strategies; and additional secondary resources. The review revealed Myanmar’s policy direction and corresponding management, financing and evaluation arrangements. Sector-level policies were also reviewed. Sectors were selected according to Myanmar’s INC, NAPA and INDC. They are energy, agriculture, forests, industry, transport, urban settlements, water, disaster risk reduction, biodiversity, education and health sectors. In addition, the team conducted Key Informant Interviews as follows. A series of key informant interviews with individuals and organisations were conducted between 24th August and 15th October, 2015. Key organisations encompassed government agencies, such as the ECD, MoPF, MoALFI, MoSWRR and DMH; the MCCA; and individual Development Partners, including the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD) and the UK’s Foreign & Commonwealth Office. Key individuals included climate experts - namely the INDC consultants. Interview data supported the workshop and review outputs; clarifying the policy and operational processes of government ministries and reinforcing the MCCSAP’s scope and focus. Meetings were also organized with the Environmental Sectoral Working Group. The team also proceeded to vulnerability assessment and identification of initial options for building climate resilience in Myanmar and opportunities for low carbon development. This part was based on the three key dimensions of vulnerability identified by the IPCC: exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. The assessment revealed: b) experienced and potential climate change impacts upon assets/systems, including critical thresholds c) assets/system priorities, according to their vulnerability; and d) options and actions for adaptation and mitigation. The evidence from these activities was collated in a database to enable cross-policy, cross-sectoral and cross-level analyses to be made. The team also conducted a document Review. A policy review was based on climate change documents such as the INC, NAPA, INDC, REDD+ Roadmap; national policies to address natural disasters, such as Myanmar’s Action Plan for Disaster Risk Reduction (MAPDRR); multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs); and resource management approaches. In addition MCCA organized a series of National-Level Consultation Workshops to gather information and receive feedback on the data generated so far. Participants identified the vulnerability of assets and systems, ascertained priorities across sectors and stakeholder groups and strategized practical responses. They verified and expanded the information gathered in Phase 1. These workshops included: 148 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 1) The 1st Civil Society Forum, conducted on 29th September 2015 in Nay Pyi Taw. Participants included CSO practitioners, NGO practitioners and government ministers. CSOs highlighted their resilience and low-carbon objectives, sectoral priorities and corresponding actions. Participants offered feedback on the scope and objectives of the MCCSAP and strategized collaboratively on actions to meet shared objectives. 2) The 1st National Technical Consultation Workshop conducted from 30 September – 02 October 2015. Participants included the TWG, additional government officials, CSO and NGO practitioners, research institutions and development partners. Participants verified sector-level information and identified respective priorities and actions. They took part in individual sessions according to their expertise. Sessions included Energy and Industry; Agriculture, Fisheries and Livestock; Forests and Biodiversity; Urban Environments and Transport, Disaster Risk Reduction; Education; and Planning and Finance. Participants provided feedback on climate changes and impacts, policies, institutional arrangements, financial structures and climate information activities. They discussed each sector in the context of the proposed MCCSAP objectives, identifying necessary actions for each sector, prioritising these actions and identifying the related capacity requirements. 3) A development partner consultation The Development Partner Consultation was conducted on 15th October 2015. The Development Partners Group hosted the meeting. Representatives from NORAD, DFID, EU, UNESCO, UNHABITAT and JICA attended. Participants provided feedback on the scope and objectives of the MCCSAP, verified their country-level activities and examined their future objectives and funding priorities. Finally, in this phase, the team conducted (5) five Subnational-Level Consultation Workshop in five (5) of Myanmar’s states/regions. These were organized managed and facilitated by local NGO, MERN according to the least agreed in phase 1. Each workshop took place over 3 days. In total, 600 participants attended. Local government officials were the primary participants, as well as some local NGO practitioners. The workshops provided information on climate impacts, priorities and responses across different geographical zones in Myanmar. At each workshop, discussions and activities provided information on: Change in climate based on scientific data Local perception of current climate change, Projected future climate change (short/mid/long term) Vulnerable sectors/areas/groups Available capacity and capacity development needs Prioritised actions to address future vulnerabilities, Policy and institutional assessment Mitigation potential. In addition, as MCCA conducted consultations to select a townships for Eco-System Based adaptation projects to climate change in the Delta and Dry Zone areas, additional townships and communities were consulted on the issues of climate change and on the priorities, for a total of about 500 people. 149 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 In parallel to these consultations, the capacity development assessment team also interviewed the participants on the existing capacities to deliver the options identified, and initiated a draft of assessment Milestones/ Outputs 23 Townships consulted, about 1100 people consulted, of which 13 townships officially for the MCCSAP TWG, 30+ permanent members consulted as a whole and in thematic groups Civil Society Forum, with about 15 CSOs Development Partners consultations (2) Documents reviewed Database established Capacity Development Assessment zero draft Example of local consultations, September 2015 Phase 3. Initial Validation and Improvement of the 1st Draft of Strategy Process As a result of the analysis of the data gathered in Phase 2, the team formulated an annotated draft of the MCCSAP was prepared in November 2015, for validation. The scope of the draft was agreed by members of the thematic working groups. The content relied on a preliminary analysis of information collected from the policy and institutional review, secondary sources and multi-stakeholder workshops and key person interviews. The draft was submitted for validation at the 2nd National Workshop for the formulation of the National Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan, held in Nay Pyi Taw on 2nd November 2015. The TWG provided feedback and clarification. They identified thematic areas for the action plans. These included Agriculture and Food security; Forest and Biodiversity; DRR and EWS; Energy, Industry, Buildings and Transport; Urban and Human Settlements; and Education and Awareness. The team used the feedback to validate and fine-tune the preliminary draft in preparation for presentation at COP21, at the international workshop held by the 150 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Global Climate Change Alliance at COP 21 in Paris in December 2015, to which ECD/MCCA participated. The Deputy Director General of MoNREC presented the essence of the preliminary MCCSAP at a meeting in COP21. The feedback received in these two events was integrated into the MCCSAP advanced drafts, and a subsequent consultation process undertaken to validate and develop the action plans. Milestones/ Outputs 2nd National Workshop for the formulation of the MCCSAP Annotated Draft of Strategy Approved by TWG Presentation at COP21 Draft of sectoral action plans Series of thematic and bilateral meetings 2nd National Workshop, Nay Pyi Taw, 2 November 2015 Phase 4. Additional Information Gathering and validation of the Advanced Draft Process With the aim of collecting additional information and feedback, to produce an advanced draft and seek validation, the team initiated the Phase 4 in January 2016, by organizing a second round of national consultations, held in particular between 23rd February and 8th March 2016. The meetings aimed to finalise action plans for addressing sectoral climate change with clear milestones and timeframes, and additional input to the MCCSAP. These include Thematic Consultations, i.e. Half-day workshops for each thematic sector where 10-20 primary stakeholders reviewed, validated and advised upon the draft action plans and agreed milestones and timelines. The team refined the action plans, based upon the guidance received. In parallel, the team organized one TWG Workshop (3rd March 2016) to discuss the Strategy main components as well as the revised action plans. The TWG members provided input for further refinement. Also, a 2nd smaller meeting was 151 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 organized in Yangon with the Civil Society group, on 4th March, 2016, in particular to ensure that their views were captured properly. Based on the additional information and further discussions the consultants produced a new version of the Strategy draft in March 2016 submitted to the attention of MCCA and ECD. This draft underwent internal re-formulation and improvement, with the inclusion of new data and understanding resulting from the national transition occurred in April 2016 in the Country and to strengthen the overall output between April and May 2016. Experts of UN-Habitat and UNEP, with MCCA and ECD, analyzed the draft of Strategy to check facts, strengthen the narrative, reinforce the coherence of the strategic pillars. On 5th June 2016, the advanced draft summary was presented at the World Environment Day, to high level representatives, and received further inputs. Eventually on 10th June 2016, abstracts of the advanced draft were presented at the 3rd National Myanmar Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan Workshop in Nay Pyi Taw. The meeting, attended by more than 150 people, in particular the Technical Working Group and partners revisited the overall Strategy pillars, and worked on the details of the Sectoral Action Plans and provided their feedback and input in order to strengthen the activities and refine the milestones. The abstracts were also submitted to the Youth National Forum for their analysis and comments, which they provided on 17th June 2016 for inclusion The team in charge of the Capacity Development Need Assessment also presented their findings at the workshop. Milestones / Outputs Advanced draft of MCCSAP ready for official submission Draft of Capacity-Development Needs Assessment ready for use 3rd National Workshop Phase 5. Finalisation and Dissemination of the MCCSAP Process As a result of Phase 4 the MCCA expert team worked to the reformulation of the draft so to include all comments and improve narrative and coherence, and submitted the draft for official comments to ECD at the end of June 2016. This draft was composed of the main document of Myanmar Climate Change Strategy and Action Plan (MCCSAP) 2016-2030 as well as the Sectoral Action Plans as revised and a number of other annexes. This draft was submitted in July by ECD and MCCA for formal comments to the TWG, for the team to proceed to finalization and submission to the highest Government instances for approval and promulgation, through a final launching workshop in September 2016. 152 | P a g e Version 11 July 1.4 2016 – 13:00 Milestones / Outputs 153 | P a g e Final draft submitted for official approval
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