"!#%$
&('*)+-,/.102.43
5 698;:=<?>A@CB>D69EGF98H6JIKC<LKM698*NO>QP*E<CRS:TRSURVK
7
B>W>D6/RSEG6YXZI\[Y6WF^]`_->WUD<?:a]cb(d=de69>D6AfM6WFgDhWhWiWh/j^]kPmlonoPb
pqsr\tMuwvyxDt?zT{}|;~?Mz ^
T/{//z ^r
Tu
TYuw
}utMu|;|?T{Y{Y|;
`|M/;
Ttm Lu¡tMTuw|;/?t?z¢;u ?£O`puYz Tu/¤z;Y
Tt?v{Y|;
|?/
v¥tHu Lu¡a;
t?Y¦§{Y¢{Y|;
k|?vw
|;rt?;Yuwz roHt?z2e|;
Tr%¨Yv¥tMT¦k£C`©(t*ª4«¬vvyM{t?¦%£9puwYzSu/¤z¦Y
t?r
¦Y¨Y
uwYT{Y`v¥tH
t?
S|?¢{Yuwz®vwueMk¯L
uwY{Y|;
?/«{Yuw{7uwz{Y`z ¨Y£L° k|?{Yuzt?
SuwvwM-uwzt?
tM r}|Z
Tt?vwu±
T{Yuwz¦Y
t?r²´³µ|m«¶ ;
(uwQr\t?C·«¶tLz(z T
TuY¸{Y|;
QtM r}Tz²T|J;|
£9;|?Y¦1puYz Tuw-¤z¦Y
t?r²§¯L
uwYT{Y|?
tHTr4z®T|¹£Y
TuY¹t?vvD~OY|m«e|;
Tzc|?tMT¨Y
TMº
Y|?¢° ¨Yz ?
t Lua(t?Y¦
vw
|;r\tM;YTuwz roYº²¨YY¦}
|;Y%¨Yr£Y
vwvwt}®»st?vwz |\
uwz®|¦}|zT|¹ut
rt?YY
kT{tM§uwzk|;Yz uwzSC§«u{¼{YY
uwYuwYvzc|?½O¨t?CT¨Yr¾r{t?YuzWºT{YT{Y|?
7{tH
uwzYz zt?
S(e|;
µ¦Yz
uw£YuYT{Y%vwtm«z|?tH¨Y
tMµ ;
ozTrt?vwvW¦Yuz t?YM¿{O¨Yz®z
uwY{Y|;
uwz§t?1tMTTr}c|(}
T|m Luw¦Yt?ÀtMvwvY|;rt?z zTuY(¦YzT
Tuw4uw|?1|?¶tM¨}
T{tMk«¬|;
T~OztH%vwt?
T;
¦Yuz tMYz«{Y
T
;
Tt 4u¡aJ£|;rzuwr|?
tMOtMz«¬vv®t?zzTrt?vv¦YuwzSt?Yz«{Y
½O¨t?C¨Yr
r{t?}uwzuzuwr|;
St?C
»aT{Yuwzt?
Suvw¶»z {t?vwv4
%|c;u ?t ;
S;}
tMvuwC
|4¦Y¨}u|;|czS
TuY{Y|;
?ÂÁ³|m«¬ ?
uwÃ|;
¦Y
T|J¦Y|JzT|Y»r¨}z ²£;uwÄ£CÄ
Luw«uwYJ|;¨}
¹¨Y
TC²¨YY¦}
TzSt?}¦YuwYZ|?k{Y£Yt?zTu
|?Yz Tu¨}Czµ|?r\tM
¿{YuzµuzG{Ycz ¨Y£L° T|`«{Yuw{«¶kzT{Yt?vwv/}|*«Å¨Y
/
Ç ¢È ÉÊËÈ$ ¹D ÌÍ%µÈ
Î |;
¦Yuw}||;¨Y
2¨Y
TOD¨YY¦Y
TzSt?Y¦}uwYY? ;
O{}uwY®T{tM2«¶¬zTt?
T|?¨YY¦%¨}zuzrt?¦Y¢|?^te«
vrCtM
¹£Y¨}uwvw¦}uwY`£Yv|4~Oz¶ÏDu;¨Y
`Ч;u¡ ;zµ¨}z®t£Yuw
¦/¤zµ;c Luw«Ë|?D|?¨Y
¨Y
TC~OY|m«vw¦};
|?µ{YzS
T¨}¨}
T²|?®rtM
Î `{Y
T¨Y¦Yz vw ;vGT{Y£Y¨Yuvw¦YuY£Yvw|L~Oz`|?r\tM
t?
T¹{}
uw}¦Yu Luw¦}¨t?v¢r|;v¨Yvwz§|? Mt?
uw|;¨Yz§|;r9|;¨YY¦Yz7³|m«¬ ;
`{Y
T¹t?
¹to ?
Àv¥t?
;O¨Yr%£
|?
|?r9|;¨YY¦}z/t?{
«uT{
uTz|m«{t?
Tt?T
uwz Tuw§r|;v¨YvwM Î zTuwrYv
µYuw¨Y
%r
;¦
«{}
u«GtMz¹
TtMvwuw±¦Z{tMt?{Är|;vw¨Yv(uz\rt?¦Y(|MczT|;r
zTrt?vvw
£Y¨}uwvw¦}uwYÑ£Yvw|L~Oz~OY|m«ÅtMz
ÒaÓWÔSÕ¡ÖS×ÙØÚÛHÜmÛHÝ*Û*ÞßLà*áyâãäæå*ÔÖâçGÔèââmåäéêáyâmåmëHì=êâáyíGêÔSîêï?ââðmÖ/âéÖeêyáäæé*è¬êñ*Ô âáyí×
Æ
Ð
MOLECULES
ATOMS
ELECTRONS
NUCLEUS
PROTONS
u
u
d
NEUTRONS
QUARKS
u1 u u3
2
d 1 d2 d 3
u
d
d
ÏDuw;¨}
T`Ð;x¢ò¨Y
¨}
T
TC¨}Y¦Y
z t?Y¦YuY|MT{Yc£Y¨Yuwv¦Yuw}`£Yvw|L~Ozµ|MDrtMTT
Mt T|;rzó¿{Y
Tot?
Tot?£9|;¨}²Ðmô;ô¦Yu¡õ-
TOaLz\|?tM|?rzt?}¦ó¦Yu¡õ-
TCr|?vw¨Yvwz`¦Yuõ
u
{}uw
Y
|;9
Tuwzo£9t?¨YzT7{}Q|;Ct?uwQ¦Yuõ
C²O¨Yr£9
²|?`tMT|;rz¹|?¦Yu¡õ-
TO²aLz(u
¦Yu¡õ-
TCt?
T
Tt?Y;rOTzö¨Y
uwY{}t?
Tv¡;tM
Tz%|MG{Ya«¶Cuw{ÀC¨}
Ñuc«GtMz%
Tt?vwu±¦
{YtMtMT|;rz%t?
Tt?vwz |
Y|?§{Y¹z r\t?vvwz §|;YzSu¡¨YOTz`|?rtMTT
AºÑt?{ZtMT|;r¾uwzrt?¦Y|?µt
C
tMvO¨Yvw¨}zt?Y¦otz |?vw
|;Yzµ
T ;|;v¡ 4uYt?
T|;¨}Y¦(u¡¬öuõ
TC®tH|;rz{t ;%¦}uõ
TC
O¨Yr£9
`|?vw
|;Yz£Y¨}t?vv¢T{Yvw
|;Yz%e|;¨}Y¦¸uw¸tMvwv¬tM|;rz%{Ytm ?¹uw¦YCuwt?v¢Y
T|;9
Suz
»a·|;C
tMz {YoL¨}vwu|?¦Yu¡õ-
TCaLz\|?tM|;rz{t ;o ?
S¦}uõ
TC\Y
|;9
TuwzĿ{Yuz
Yu¨}
Tz uwrYvwu¡¦o|;Y`u¡«¶t?z
t?vuw±¦({YtMtM{¼O¨Yvw¨Yzt?£9
Ct?
¦Y¦7tMz£uwY\r\t?¦}
|?W ;zTrt?vwv
|;Yz TuT¨YCzCº{YµY
|?|;\t?Y¦{YµY¨}
|;/öuõ
C¢O¨Yvu9{t ;®¦}uõ
TC
Y
|;
Tuwz¶£t?¨Yz {Y|?Ot?uw\¦Yuõ
CO¨Yr£9
Tz|MAY
T|?T|;YztMY¦Y¨}T
T|;}z¢ÏDuwYt?vwv¡;C ?
{}%Y
|?|;}z®t?}¦(Y¨}
|;Yzt?
§}|*«Ë~L}|*«
T|\£9§rt?¦Yk|?D ;zTrt?vwv
|;Yz TuT¨YCzt?vvw¦
½O¨t?
~LzºT{YkY
T|?T|;£uwYrt?¦Yc|?2a«¶|¨Y¸÷eø-ù¶½O¨tM
T~Ozt?}¦o|;}§¦Y|m«À÷úLù¶½O¨t?
T~Oz-t?}¦o{}
Y¨}
|;1|?¶|;YøÀt?}¦Ña«¬|
ú(½O¨t?
~Oz Î |?
T¦YuY²T|o|?¨Y
c¨Y
TC§~OY|m«vw¦};?2{YvT
T|;}z
t?Y¦{}k½O¨tM
T~Ozt?YY|M£9c¦Yu Lu¦Y¦²t?Ce¨Y
S{Y
ûÑkt?vwv{YrüvrCt?
StM
uvz
¿{Yuwzc;u¡ ;zc¨Yz§t¹ ;
S7zTurYv`Yuw¨Y
|?¬T{Yz
¨YT¨Y
T|?¶r\tM
Wt?rv¡
;
SO{YuY(uz
rt?¦Y¹|?{}
T¹¦}uõ
TCaLz|MkývrCtM
ÀYt?
Tuwvz¤Aº¼{}¹vwT
T|;/T{Y¹ø½O¨tM
T~ÀtMY¦
{}`ú¹½L¨Yt?
T~^c³|m«¬ ?
kt?z®«¬zT{Yt?vwvzTM-{}uwz®uzþt?
µe
T|;rÿt\|;rYvw%}uwT¨Y
TM Î z®uwztMvw
Tt?¦}
Lu¦YCµe
T|;r ÏuwY/Ð?Y{Yk¨Yot?Y¦(¦}|*«o½O¨t?
T~Ozµt?{o|;rcuw¹{}
Tc Mt?
TuTuwz¶³µ
c«¬%{Ytm ?
¦YY|?¦({}r £Cø Á ^ø 9ø t?Y¦(ú Á ú ^ú m£Y¨4®|? T{Yot?
Tc
Te
¦(T|\t?z
¦/9£Yvw¨}§tMY¦
;
aLc|?½O¨t?
~Lz¢ûÑzT{Yt?vwv/
e
G|`{Yuzt?zG{}k|;vw|?¨Y
G½O¨t?C¨}r L¨}r£
t?vT{Y|;¨Y?{{Yuz
{t?z`}|?{YuY(T|
¦Y|
«uT{1{}¹|;v|;¨Y
§T{tM§«¶¹z ¹uw1 ;
L¦tJvwu¡e?o¿{Y¹½O¨t?
T~Oz`uYzTu¦Y\{}
Y
|?|;1t?Y¦¼Y¨4
T|?À|;CTuwO¨Y|;¨Yz v{Yt?Y;{Yuw
c|;v|;¨Y
c¦Y¨Y|otY
T|LzTz%~OY|m«¸tMz§zS
T|?Y
uwCT
tMu|;¹{tHµ«uvwv£c¦YuzT¨}zTzT¦
zT|L|;/¿{Y
T§t?
T Mt?
uw|;¨Yz|M{Y
µ
t?z |;Yz«{C¹{YuzYuw¨Y
uwzY|M|;rYvwMȦzT{Yt?vwv/
Luw«Ëz |;r|MT{Yr {Y
TM
»a¼|?
T¦Y
|¹¨YY¦}
TzSt?}¦Ñ{}`z
¨YT¨Y
T|?¢rtMTT
-«¶Y¦7|¹¨Y}¦Y
z tMY¦1Y|M|;Yv¡({}
£t?z uwµ|;}z u¡¨YCz¶|M/rtMTT
O£Y¨4¶tMvwzT|c{}tH¨Y
|?{Ye|;
z{YtM¶|?
tMTµ£9a«¬{Yro
ûÃuT{Y|;¨}T{Yuwz~OY|m«v¦Y;«¬z {t?vwvDY|?c{t ;t?C¨Y}¦Y
z tMY¦Yuw}o|?¢«{tMk~M}z§{}½O¨tM
T~Oz
£9|;¨YY¦
uYzTu¦Y§tY
|?|;(t?Y¦
}¨}T
T|;/9|;
tM®tv¥tM
T;
µz t?v?9|?«{tH~?Yz{Y%tM|;rzµ£|;¨}Y¦
uw}zTuw¦}7tJr|;v¨}vw? Î |;
¦YuwY¸T|Z|?¨Y
¹¨Y
TO²~OY|m«vw¦Y;7{Y
T¼t?
e|;¨Y
¹£t?z uw
aL9z|?
e|;
zc|;9
TtMuY£9a«¬ÑvwrCt?
(t?
Tuwvwz^º1Ð*ù?
t LutHuw|?t?vy ùµvwT
T|;rt?;Yu? ;ù
z T
T|;}%t?}¦ Où«¬tM~9¢ò®9{YzT{Y;
Tt 4u¡tMTuw|;Yt?vYt?}¦T{YvT
T|;rt?;}u¶e|;
z¬t?
Gþt?ruvwuwt?
|7¨Yze
|;r ;
L¦tJª49
TuY?JÏ|;
Vª}t?r}vw\T{Y¹;
t LutMu|;t?ve|;
¹uwz%
Tz |?YzTu£Yvw\e|?
tM
{-¤zµ;
t Lua¹t?Y¦{Ykr|Muw|?¹|?T{YkYv¥t?}ztM
T|;¨Y}¦²T{Y§z ¨Y/¢¿{YkvwT
T|;rt?;Yue|;
T
uwz{Yt?¨Yz `|?vwu;{C}uwYuw(T{Y`zT~C?-{Y§e|;
T|?¬t\rt?;Y«¬|;
~LuY|? Mt?
uw|;¨YzvT
Tut?v
t?Y}vwu¥tMYzkM»skuwzctMvwzT|
zT9|;Yz uw£Yv`e|;
£Yuw}¦YuwY¹T{YvwT
T|;Yz§t?Y¦7{}O¨YvwuuwYz uw¦Y`{}
tMT|;r t?Y¦À{}¹tM|?rzkuwYz uw¦Y\t(r|;vw¨Yv?²¿{Yz T
T|;}
e|;
T\|;9
TtMz£a«¶J½O¨t?
~LztMY¦
uwzk
TzT9|;Yz uw£Yve|;
k£YuY¦Yuw}²T{Yr¾uw}zTuw¦}t²Y
T|M|;1t?Y¦¸t²Y¨}T
T|;1t?Y¦¸tMvwzT|e|;
k£Yuw}¦YuwY{}
Y
|?|;(t?Y¦²{YkY¨4
T|?
uwYz uw¦YktO¨Yv¨Yzµ¿{}§«¬t?~¹e|;
?^£9uY«¬tM~9uwzY|?
TzT9|;Yz uw£Yv
e|;
£}uwY¦YuY¹t?C(t?
Tuwvwz /{Y|m«¬ ;
§u¡uz
TzT9|;YzTu£Yvw§e|;
®
t?uw
Tt?¦Yu|Ct?Tu ?¦Yt4zc~OY|m«
t?z /qa¦Yt;
»s§T¨Y
TYz§|;¨}c{YtM%uÑzS¨Y¦44uY(T{Y}{OLz uwz%|?GvwrCt?
7tM
uvzA«¬\tM1uw?Y|;
T{}
õ|??
t LutHuw|?t?v-e|;
Mµ¿2|z §T{Yuwzµ|;Y§t?(|;rt?
kT{Y%vw
|;z tMuce|?
T§£a«¶
a«¬|\Y
|?|;}z«u¡{¹{}k?
t LutHuw|?t?v^e|;
Tk£9a«¬(a«¬|Y
|?|?YzµtM
Tz ¿{Yk
TzT¨Yv¡uwz
Ttm 9Ï|;
m
Ð
ô pv?Ï|;
«{Y
T uwz¢{Y" !«T|;/¤z|;}z tMO§$÷ #&%'#(*)7Ðô + r -, ;r z ù{tMG|;C
|;vwz¢{Y®z
YM{
|?T{YG;
Ttm Lu¡tMTuw|;tMv;e|;
TG£a«¶`a«¬|£|L¦Yuwz uzT{Y¶Y
|?|?r\tMzTz÷=.Ð %/#.(0)§Ðmô 21 ;r\ù2tMY¦
7¶vwtM
Tvk{}uwz
tMTuw|uzªL
rv%zTrt?vwv¯Luwruwv¥tM
Tv
uz{YY
|?|?{Yt?
T;§3÷ 4%/5)\Ðô $Á 6¬Mz¨-ÙùV8
t?vv/|?{}
e|;
TztM(t?vzT|`£9czT{Y|m«oT|£cr¨Y{²v¥tM
T;
G{t?¹T{Yc;
t LutMu|;t?v9e|;
T?
¯4|oþt?
k«¶{t ;¹¦YuzT¨YzTz ¦À{}\vrCtM
¼t?
Suwvwz%t?}¦1{Ye|;
Tz§|;
tMTuwYo£a«¶
{}r tMzzTt?
tHOTuTuwz£Y¨}%«u{Ñ{Y{}vw¸|M½L¨Yt?C¨Yr {Y|;
Ñ|;Yt?¸;u¡ ;t
¨}Yu¦
¦YzT
uw}Tuw|;²|?DvwrCt?
S¹t?
Suwvwzt?}¦²T{Ye|;
Tzt?r|?Y`{YcvrCtM
¹tM
uvz 7¶|;Lq
zTu¦Y
ce|;
cª}t?rYvT{YvwT
T|;rt?;Yue|;
T£9a«¬Àa«¶|ovT
T|;}zk«{YÑT{Y¼t?z z§t?{
|?T{Y
ö¨YT|§{}uwze|;
T?}t?{tM
uvµ?z¶¦Y 9T¦e
T|?ruz¢|;
uw;ut?vY
Tt*° |;
S;¿{Yuz¶{tMz
£9¼¦YYuw¦7uÏDuw} k»a7½O¨t?C¨Yr {Y|;
?W|;YY
|m 4u¦Yzkt¦Yu¡õ-
TOª4Yv¥tMtMu|;|?{}
ztMrY{Y}|;rY|;/²³µ
T{Y¦Y: 9uw|?1t?~Mz§Yv¥t?£9t?¨Yz \{Ya«¶|(vwT
T|;Yzkª4{tMY;
tY« t?
SuvwMtMvwvw¦¸Y{Y|?T|;/«{YuvwYt?zTz uwYYt?
`tM{Z|M{Y
²÷þzTÏDuw}; CùVÑ¿{}¹Y{Y|?T|;
uwzt?t?£}vw|?¢t?
T
S4uY¹zT|?rt?r|;¨YC|M¬Y
?7t?}¦¼r|;rC¨}rÿe
|;rÿT{Y
z kvT
T|;
T|
{}kz |;Y¦²vwT
T|;/4{Y
T£C¹t?¨Yz uwY`{}uwz¦Y: 9uw|?/ û1t?vwv9{Y}{Y|?|?T{Yr¦YuwtM|;
¬|?
Ô ?ë @éêë*ç à*äæì=êë*áyÔkÖñ*Bâ AWéäD
é C}äæèH×Ý`Öë*èèÔ ÖþêyÖ¶êyñ @êµêñ*Ôkìsñ @Vé*èÔäé\êñHÔkåmäæáÔTìaêäæâé¹âÕêyñ*ÔcFÔ EÔTìaêáyâéMÖ
<>= ñ*
e-
e-
ÏDu;¨Y
T Gx 7¶v¥t?z zTut?vLYuw¨Y
¶|?T{YG¦Y:9u|;`|?^t®Yt?uw
|?^vT
T|;}z Lu¥t®vw
|;rt?;Yuwe|;
?
v
T|?r\t??YTuwe|;
T?p ;\{}|;¨Y;{u¢r¦Yu¥tHz¢v
T|?r\t??YTuwGe|;
?O{}®Y{Y|M|;uz v¡-uz
v
Tut?vvY¨4
tMvy
¿{L¨}zuÀ{Y¹vwt?Y;¨Yt?;|?µ½O¨t?CT¨Yr {}|;
S1«¬²t?J¦Yz
uw£9te|?
T¹£C1zT9u¡ LuwY{}
t?
Suvw;÷þzù§«{Yuw{Jr¦YuwtM\T{Y¹e|;
T?À»s`T¨Y
T}z|?¨}`{tH{YzS
T|?Ye|;
T¹uwz`r¦YuwtM¦¸£O
u;{C²¦Yuõ
C²t?
Tuwvwz¹~OY|m«tMz²?vw¨Y|;}z ¿{Yz 1tM
uvzt?
ÑtMvwvvw
uwtMvwvZY¨}
Tt?vy
¿{Y¼½O¨t?
T~Oz²uwYz uw¦Y7tJY
|?|; ÷tMY¦ÃY¨}T
T|;ù|;CuwO¨Y|?¨YzTv¡Äª4{t?};Ñ?vw¨Y|;}ztMY¦ÅuÄ{Yuz
Y
|4zTz~M{t?Y;uYT{Yu
®|;vw|;¨}
½O¨t?CT¨Yr O¨Yr%£
®òo{Y§|?{Y
®{tMY¦({}%«¶t?~e|;
T
uwzr¦Yu¥tH¦o£CoT{Y
Tt?
Suwvwz9¦YY|M¦£CI
HKJD H tMYM
¦ L§" HNJ1t?YM
¦ H t?
T
SI
OÐ`tMY¦
qШY}u|?¬v
Tu`{t?
;
Tz Tu ;v
«{}uwvwP LuzY¨4
tMvy÷e¿{Y¨YYu|?¶vw
uw`{tM
T;`uz
tM~?
T|\£9kT{Y%{Yt?
T;ktM
T
Tu¦o£OotzTuw};vwcY
|?|;-µ¿{O¨Y"z H J {t?z{t?
;%½L¨Yt?v2T|T{tM|?
tY
|?|;-4«{Yuvw* H {tMzG{t?
;®{YtMuwz¬½O¨t?v-uwrt?;Yu¡¨Y¦}®£Y¨}G|;Y9|;zTu¡®uzTu;\T|{tM¶|?
tY
T|?T|;/æù
7¶vwtM
Tv?«¬r¨Yz t?¦Y¦{Y`?vw¨Y|;}zQ
HKJR H t?}S
¦ L§At?z®«¬vvt?z{}`Y{Y|?T|;/-T|¹|;¨Y
vuwz
|?µvrCtM
ÀYt?
Tuwvz7ûÑz {t?vwv¬
Te
|
T{Yz ²t?z%{}¹r¦Yu¥tMT|;
%Yt?
Tuwvz¼¿{}|;
ut?v
t?tMvLzTuzz {Y|m«z®{tHe|;
µ ?
S(vwrCt?
tM
uvcT{Y
%r¨}z tMvwzT|£9t?Y|M{Y
vwrCt?
t?
SuvwMW~OY|m«¸t?z{Yt?CTuwt?
SuvwM-{YtMkt?
Tuwzª}t?vT{Yzt?rt?r|;¨YCc|?¬{t?
T?£Y¨4
«uT{J|;Y9|;zTu¡¹zTu;/À¿{O¨Yz`e|;
` ;
J½O¨t?
~¸t?Y¦¸{}²vw
|;¸«¶{t ?T{Y|;
TzT9|;Y¦YuY
t?CuÂqa½O¨t?
~Àt?}¦JT{Yt?CuÂqavw
|;Q÷þ~OY|m«t?z{Y9|;zTu¡
|;^ùÑÏ|;
T¨YtMTv¡ÑT{Y;vw¨Y|?Yz{}
Y{Y|M|;tMY¦({}P L tM
uvzt?
Tk{Yuw
µ|*«7tMOTu¡qst?
TuwvwzY«{Y
t?*z H uwz{Y%t?Cu¡qst?
Suwvw
|?G HKJ(tMY¦\ Luwqs ?
zt}¿{O¨Yz¶«¬¦Y|}|?¶}¦T|%Vª}Yt?Y¦¹|;¨Y
¬vwuz ¢£C\uYv¨Y¦Yuw}%t?CTu¡qaYt?
Tuwvz
|?¬{Yr¦Yu¥tH|;
Yt?
Tuwvz³µ|m«¶ ;
§{Yuzz uvwv¦}|4z§Y|M§Vª4{t?¨YzS§T{YvuwzS|?tMvwvvwrCt?
t?
Suvwz T¶z uw¦YzkT{Yø¸t?Y¦Ñú(½O¨t?
~LzDvw
|;Yz§t?Y¦¼r¦Yu¥tMT|;
TzctMY¦¼T{Yu
kt?Cu¡qst?
Suwvwz
{}
T%t?
Tkt?vzT||?{}
vrCt?
St?
SuwvwzG«{Yuw{(t?
TkY
T|L¦Y¨Y¦o£O|;zTruwc
TtmLz
Tt?¦Yuw|;t?Tu ;
ñ @à*àMÔ éHÖ2ÖëHå*å*ÔSUé EæíäæéHÖþêVÔ @å®âVÕ^ì=âéêäæéëHâëHWÖ EíY
× X éà*2á @ì=êäÙì=ÔFÔ @ìsñÔ=î*ìsñ @VéHèÔâVÕà*ñ*âêâéFì @VëHÖÔ RÖ @¶êäæé"í @VçGâë*éêAâVÕ
ÖëHå*åmÔ [é ZeëHç¶àL&Û @éHå§êñ*Ô\ì E]@ÖyÖäæFì @-Eà*äÙìaêyë*áÔGÔ ç¶Ô áèÔ ÖåmëHÔ¬êyâêñ*Ô ?ë @éêë*çÃàHáâmì=ÔTÖÖáyÔSà?FÔ @Vêäæé*è^ç @VéíêäæçGÔ Öã]ä @
ç @VéíÔSîmìsñ @Vé*èÔ Ö-âVÕYà*ñ*âêâéMÖS×
^
e
γ
e
e
e
DÏ u;¨Y
T_}xa`¨t?C¨}r Yuw¨Y
¹|?{Y¹¦}9u|;Z|?t7Yt?uw
|Mvw
|;Yz Lu¥t
vw
|;rt?;Yuw
e|;
?
Y¦ tLz9|;vvwuwz uw|;\|?D{}uw;{¹Y
?t?
SuwvwzY?¿{Yr¨YzS®tMvwzT|`£9kt?¦Y¦Y¦²T|T{Ycvwuz
ò¨}
µ¨Y
T
CvwuwzS|?Ot?uw}ztM£|;¨4cÐmô;ô`a49zµ|?vrCt?
S¹t?
Suvwz¿{O¨Yz{YkzTu¡¨tMTuw|;
«¬|;¨Yvw¦QY|?z r t?CãT
¹{t?ÄT{Y7¦t4z«{YËtMT|;rz«¶
T7{Y|;¨};{C²T|J£{}¼£Yt?zTu
|?Yz Tu¨}Cz|?rtMTT
¬¿{YkY
T|;9
Suzµ|?rtMTT
~OY|m«tM{YtMTuwr|;¨}vw¦²£kª4Yvwt?uwY¦
uwo
rz|?T{YY
|;
Tuwz|?t?£9|;¨}%Ðmô;ôa49z|MtM|?rz®¿{Y
Tuz®{Y|m«¬ ;
ct\¦Yu¡õ-
T}?º
¨YYvuw~M{YtMzT|?}tM|;rzmT{Y
¢uzAtzTuwrYvDrtM{Yr\tHuwt?v*{Y|;
T{tMAVª}}v¥t?uYz/{YY
|;9
Tuwz
|?2t?vv{YvwrCt?
SYt?
Tuwvz»a\þt?¶{}uwz¬T{Y|?
{t?zG£9zT|%zT¨Yz z e¨Yv/T{tM¶u¬{t?z¶|;r
|o£~OY|m«¸t?z{}²ýz t?Y¦t?
¦Àr|4¦Yvy¤/|MGvrCtM
tM
uvz¿{Yuwzkr|4¦YvyAuw7Y
uwYuwYv?
tM
£§¨YzT¦(|t?v¨YvwtMc{}%
TzT¨Yv¡®|Mt?C²ª4
TurO{tH«¬§«uzT{(T|\9
e|?
Tr uwC ?|;v Luw}
{}(vrCtM
¸tM
uvz·¯4|ÑþtM
T{Y²z tMY¦t?
¦·r|L¦Yv{t?z£óVªL
TrvJz ¨YzTzSe¨Yvu
ª4Yvwt?uw}uwYt?vr|?z t?vv/ª49
uwrCt?v-
Tz ¨YvTz
%
c
Èd % e¸$ Df
»aÑT{Yuwzcz Tuw|;Ñ»®z {t?vwvVª4Yv¥t?uÑz |;r|M¶{}£tMzTuwY
|;9
Tuwzk|M¶{}zSt?Y¦Yt?
T¦Ñr|L¦Yv¿{Y
£t?z uwcuw}Y¨}zu¹{YuzT{Y|?
t?
g ½O¨t?CT¨Yr r{t?Yuz
g z u¥tMv/{Y|;
¹|MD
v¥tHu Lu¡a;YtMY¦
g vwtm«z|?v
T|?r\t??YTuwzTr´t?Y¦¹{}uw
?Y
t?vuw±tHuw|?|z T
T|;Yt?}¦²«¬t?~e|?
Tz
¿{Y
Tcuwz¶tr\tMT{YrtMTuwtMv^e
Tt?r«¬|;
T~^Y~OY|m«²t?zGCtM¨Y;®T{Y|;
S;}T{tMuYv¨Y¦Yzt?vwv^{}zTT{Y
T
etH¨Y
zD»2z {t?vv4Y|M¦YzT
uw£9G{Y¬¦Yt?uwvzD|?T{Yuwz2e
t?r«¬|;
~k{}
TM»sT¨Y
TYzD|;¨}DT{tMT{Y
t?
b
h
rt?C\¦Yu¡õ-
TO¶|;}zTuwzSOGCt?¨Y;µ{Y|;
Tuz}|;Y®|?W«{Yuw{\¦Yz
Tu£zG{Yµ{Y|;
|?AvwrCt?
t?
Suvwz¿{Yuzt?
Tuw¨Yv¥t?
¬{Y|;
¹uz~OY|m«
t?z{}kzSt?}¦t?
T¦²r|4¦Yvy
ò}{Y{Y|;
uz«
u ¦Y|m«/Lu¢Y
T¦Yuwz{Yµ|;¨}T|;rµ|?/ ;
S\9|;z zTuw£}vwª49
TurC
uwC ?|;v Luw}²vwrOt?
(t?
Suwvwz²÷yò®¬|;¨}
TzTzT|?r`Vª}9
uwrCtMvuwYY¨4zc;|uw|¦Yu¦Y|;
«{tMkuz{Y
Tu;{C{}|;
S;æùZÏ|;
Vª}t?r}vw{}zSt?}¦t?
T¦¼r|4¦YvTvwvz¨YzcY
TuzTv¡(«{tH§~OuY¦
|?vwrOt?
t?
Tuwvwz«¬\{t ?\uw¼|;¨Y
«¬|;
Tv¦/ Î |?
T¦YuY²T|oT{Yuwzcr|4¦YvyW{}vwrCt?
t?
Suvwzuw|;¨Y
G«¬|;
vw¦þt?vwvuwC|`e|;¨Y
tM;|;
uwzx
ø BÁ r ø r ø ú :Á r ú r ú s :Á r s r s: t :Á r t r tu v :Á r v r v\ w -Á r w r wB
iNjlkQm4nUoqp
»aZ{Yuz`vwuwzS`«¶²
T|;?Yuw±T{Yþt?ruvwuwt?
§¨}ót?}¦¦Y|m«½L¨Yt?
T~Oz¶t?{|;ruwY7uJT{Y
T
|;vw|;¨}
Tz»s¨Y
Yz|;¨}{tHtMT¨Y
T%|;CtMuwYz®e|?¨Y
®r|;
TkaLz|?½O¨t?
T~Ozºo{t?
Tr W÷ sù
zS
tMY;®x÷ t*ùH|;\3÷ v ùAt?Y¦k£|MT|?r W÷ wùMt?{%|;ruwYucT{Y
T¶|;vw|;¨}
Tz2¿{YzT¬e|?¨Y
Wa49z|?
½O¨t?
~Ozt?
T}|?¨Yz ¨t?vwv¡e|;¨YY¦¹uYzTu¦Y®rtMTT
¬£Y¨}t?¹£®Y
T|L¦Y¨Y¦¹uw\{Yuw;{}vY
T;u
|;vwvuwzTu|;, t?r|;YY|?
Trt?vrtMTT
ò®¶T{YzTuª7½O¨t?
T~Oz{}¨}/{Yt?
Tr¾t?}¦¼T|;ѽO¨tM
T~Oz
t?
T
S 7¨YYu|?vwT
Tuw{tM
T;M¶«{Y
t?z{Y²¦Y|m«/zS
tMY;ot?Y¦Z£|? |;r ½O¨tM
T~Oz
t?
T
Sz
ykÐ \¨}Yu®|?vT
Tu%{t?
;?cÏ|;
µtM{¼½O¨tM
T~«¶`tMvwzT|\{t ;u¡ztMOTu¡qs½L¨Yt?
T~ -«¬
{t ?§Y|MvuwzS¦T{Yr z tM
tMTv{Y
?
i|{0}~RYRp
rB
r-U r-
»a{YuzvwuwzSG«¬§
|?;Yuw±{Ycvw
|;À÷ :ù YT{Y yzTu;|;²T|;uwz|
ruwY¦|;¨Y
zTv ;z
T{tMT{Y(vw
|;Ät?
Tu
z ykÐ
¨Y}u|Mc{t?
T?? y?Ë{Yt?
T;(½O¨t?vuw·rt?;Yu¡¨Y¦}o£Y¨4
|;}|;z uTuz uw;|c{tH¬t?
T
uw¦\£C`{YY
T|M|;/ ;º`~OY|m«¹t?z{YvT
T|;Y¨}
uwY|Y
º(uwzct\«¬tM~Lv¡uwCT
tMuY¹{t?
;vz zkYt?
Tuwv?k¿{Y
z \tM
T`zT|¹«¬t?~Ov¡uwC
t?uY{tH
tY¨}
uwY|7t?z zTuY{Y
|;¨Y;{¸{}²t?
T{J¦Y|4zzT|¼ª4
TuYuwY¼t?vr|;zSY|e|;
M¸¿{Y
tMuw
¶|MWt?
Suwvwzm$÷ ù{t ;Y
|;9
TuwzGzTuruv¥t?
DT|%{YtMG|?WT{YtMuw
®÷ ù¢t?vT{Y|;¨Y?{
T{Yr%¨Y|;ó$÷ ùuz§t²r-vw|? c{}t Luw
c{YtMc{YvT
T|;-¹¯4uruv¥t?
v¹{}tMuw
r-3÷ U
r-U ùc{Ytm ?
Y
|;9
Tuwzz uwruwv¥tM
¶|{tM|?µ÷ ùV^«u¡{²{Ykt?¨ot?
Tuwvw3÷ ù£9uY\ ;{Yt Luw
T{t?²tr¨Y|;-Ï^|?
¶tM{ov}T|;«¶cr-UtM
vwzT|`{Ytm ?ct?²t?CuÂqavw}|?«{Yu{«¬c{t ;cY|?GvwuwzS¦
{Y
TMÏ|;
Wª}t?rYvwMHT{Y¢t?CuÂqat?
SuvwD|?4T{Y¢vwT
T|;kuwzAtMvwvw¦{Y¢|?zTuT
T|;kt?}¦§¦YY|?T¦
£C¹{}kzSLr£|?v J
;vw¨}|;Yzx -Á r %%u%F + {Y|M|;/x 2 HKJDY H Y L
iN_mkR}MYpYRp
¿{YzTkt?
{}£C\Y|m«Qþt?ruwvwuwt?
r¦YuwtM|?
¬tM
uvz«{Yuw{¹{t ?£¦Yuwz ¨Yz zT¦²£9e|?
T?
Î zt?v
TtM¦}rCuw|?Y¦²{Y§vwuwzSµuwzµ|;rYvwc«uT{Y|;¨}µ{t LuwY|tM¦Y¦oT{Yt?CTu¡qaYt?
Tuwvz
z t?
TtMv?
i|$YpP"m4nU$$}
¿{Yuz¶uzT{Y®r|;zS¶r%LzS
uw|;¨}z¬tM
uvµuT{Y®zSt?}¦t?
T¦\r|L¦YvDµYvwu~?µ ?
|?T{Y
¬t?
Sq
Tuwv¶u%{YvuwzS«{Yu{{t?z£9Vª4
TuwrCt?vwv¡c|;£YzT
?¦/O{YG³uw?;zDtM
uv¶{t?zDY ?
£9(zT
u²t?Cª4
TurO¦YzTYu¡czT ;
Tt?vtMTTr}z !µ ;
T{YvzTz®uzVª}uz TY§uz
Y
¦YuT¦£C{Y§z tMY¦t?
¦
r|L¦Yvy9t?Y¦oY« ª49
uwrCz®t?
T§£uwY¦Yz uw;Y¦(|vw|L|;~
e|;
GT{YuwztM
uv?
#
b1
t1
W+
e+
νe
ÏDuw;¨}
T"Yx Î (t?vvw|m«¬¦¹Y
|4zTzµuw¹T{Ycz tMY¦t?
¦or|4¦}vy
¿{Yz tMY¦t?
¦¼r|L¦YvY|?c|;Yv¡
;u¡ ;z¨YzktvwuwzS|?¬vrCt?
S
tM
uvz£Y¨4kt?vwz |{Y`vuwz
?| Y
T|LzTz zT{tMt?|L¨Y
`uwC ?|;v Luw}
{YzT²t?
Tuwvwz¸Ï|;
`ª}t?rYv¹uw¸|;
¦Y
`|7Vª}}v¥t?u
{}¹vwT
T|;rt?;Yue|;
£9a«¬vw
|;Yz`¨Yz uwY
T{Y¹Y
T|LzTz`¦YzT
Tuw£9¦Ju¸ÏDuw};}u¡uz
Yz zt?
S%T|®~OY|m«¸{tHt?§vT
T|;§t?§ru2tµY{Y|?T|;/D¿{}uwzAe|;vwv|*«zWe
|;rË{Y¢rtM{Yr\tHuwt?v
e
tMrǦ|;
~\{YtMvwuzG£9{}uwY¦¹{}kzSt?}¦t?
T¦r|4¦}vyD¿{Yczt?rr\tH{Yr\tMTuwt?v9e
Tt?r«¬|;
T~\t?vwz |
vwvz®¨Yz®T{tM®uuo{}uwz®¦}u¥t?;
Tt?rü«¬`
T}v¥t?§{}vT
T|;(£O(t?
vw
|;
Y¨}
uwY|{Y
{Yuz
uwzY|M\tMót?vvw|m«¬¦JY
T|LzTzuwJ{YzSt?Y¦Yt?
T¦r|L¦YWv ¶{YY(t¼}¨}T
Tuw}|¼t?YY|MVª4{t?Y;(t
Y{Y|M|;(«u¡{ot?Y|?T{Y
t?
SuwvwMÏDuw} z {Y|m«zt?Y|?T{Y
ª}t?rYvwc|?tY
|4zTzµ{tH®t?
|L¨}
uwZ{Y²z t?Y¦tM
T¦ór|L¦Yvó¿{Yuz¦YzT
Tuw£9z{}(¦YtZ|?t7|;Z½O¨t?
T~Å÷ v Á ù`uC|Ñt?óvw
|;
Y¨}
uwY|¼÷
ù/t9|;z u
|;¸÷ J ù®t?}¦7t\£|MT|?rÿ½O¨tM
T~¸$÷ w Á ù»a
þt?{}z t?Y¦t?
¦r|L¦YvY|M
|;Yv¡vvwz¬¨Yz¶«{Yu{¹Y
T|LzTzTzt?¹|L¨Y
4£Y¨}u¡GtMvwzT|%;u ?z¶¨}zGY
TuzTrtM{Yr\tHuwt?vYe|;
r¨Yv¥t
e|;
ctMvw¨}v¥tMTuwY\T{YY
T|;£Yt?£Yvwuvwu¡ao|M¶|L¨Y
t?}|?t?Cz ¨Y{ÀY
|4z z\¿{}zTY
¦Yuu|;Yzkt?
{}(|;rt?
T¦¹«u{Vª}9
uwrCtMvW¦tMtT|TzSµT{Ycr|L¦Yvy
u¡ ;{}z ¨YzTz¶|?-T{YzSt?}¦t?
T¦r|L¦YvyC|;Yµruw;{Cvwu~?|k|?Yv¨Y¦Y{tM«¬}|*«Ã{Ytm ?
t|;rYvwc¨YY¦Y
TzSt?Y¦}uwY|MD{}§vwrCt?
|;Yz TuT¨YCz|?rtMTT
¶¿{Yuz{Y|m«¬ ?
uwzY|M
¨Y?o¿{Y
¹t?
\zT ;
t?v¬
TtMzT|;Yz§«{OÑz t?Y¦tM
T¦¸r|4¦Yvt?Y}|?£9T{Y\|;r}vwTT{Y|?
¼|?
vrCtM
¹tM
uvzȢzT{Yt?vwvW
Luw«te«Í|?T{Yz §{}
TM
ÏDuw
z t?}¦·e|;
Tr|;zS{YzSt?}¦t?
T¦Ãr|4¦}v¦Y|Lz¹}|?¹ª4Yvwt?uw·T{Y|;
uw;u·|?k|;Y|?k{}
uwr9|;
t?CGe|;
Tz{YtM«¶k|;£Yz
S ;kuwtMT¨Y
TMt?rv{}k?
t LutHuw|?t?v^e|;
T?»aoYt?
Tuw¨}v¥t?
{}vuwzS|?¬t?
Tuwvwz®Y
T¦Yuw¦¼£C
{}zSt?}¦t?
T¦7r|4¦}v¦Y|Lz}|?k|;CtMuw7t?CtM
uv%{tH
r¦YuwtMzk?
t LutHuw|?t?vDe|;
M\¿{Yõ%|?¬{Yuzc|;ruzTz uw|;7|?¶|;¨Y
zTuwzcY|?kz 1uw¼t?C7|?
{}\ª49
uwrCz§uwC ;|;v¡ LuwYovwrCt?
S7t?
TuwvwzkzTuYMt?z§|;£Yz
?¦JtM
Tvwu
cuw7{}uwz§t?
Tuwv?
{}%;
Ttm Lu¡tMTuw|;tMv-e|;
T§£9a«¬
aǦ|\vwrCt?
St?
TuwvwzµuwzVª4T
Trv²zTrt?vwv-|;rt?
¦oT|
{}²|M{Y
e|?
Tz ! ;
{}vwzTz\t¼|;r}vwT\{}|;
SJr¨Yz tM|?¨YCe|;
` ;
J9|;zTz uw£YvuwC
õ§T{tMcVª}uz Tzku7tM¨}
T?¿{O¨Yz§t{Y|;
T{tMk¦Y|LzcY|?c}
T|m Luw¦Yt?7ª4Yvwt?tMTuw|;|M¶{}
;
Ttm Lu¡tMTuw|;tMve|;
ct?}Y|?£9§t`|;r}vwT{Y|;
|MDtH¨Y
?
(
e
graviton
e
graviton
e
e
ÏDu;¨Y
h x Î ²uw}YYuT|;C
uw£Y¨4uw|?|`{Yc;
Tt 4u¡tMTuw|;Yt?v-z tM
uwY|?2a«¬|vw
|;Yz
»a1|;
¦Y
k|
tMYY
TuwtM{Y;
Ttm Lu¡aÑ|M¶{}uwzkY
T|;£}vwr²2vwk¨Yzk
TzS%t?~?z |L~7|?G«{tH%uz
~OY|m«7t?£9|;¨}µ;
t Lua?ò¨Y
¨Y
TO{Y|;
Tut?vW¨Y}¦Y
z tMY¦Yuw}|?DT{Yk;
t LutMu|;t?v-e|?
Tcuz
£t?z ¦À|?¼T{Y²ý;Y
Tt?v{Y|;
7|?¶
Tv¥tMTu Lua9¤¡º¼t¹{Y|;
«
uTT¼¦Y|m«1£CÑpuwYzSu1tMvwr|;z
t{O¨YY¦Y
¦¸;t?
Tzt?;|}¼¿{}uwz%T{Y|;
SÀ{tMz`£JY|?
Tr|;¨YzTv¡1z ¨Yz z e¨Yvuw¸Vª4Yv¥t?uYuw}
t?vv´q
ezc
Tv¥tMT¦(T|¹;
t Lua?%µ}e|;
S¨YtHv¡oT{Yuwz{Y|;
(uwz®£Yt?zT¦Ñ|;
T{Y`Y
uwYuwYvz®|Mv¥tMzTzTut?v
r{t?}uwzkt?}¦¼}|?k|?¢½L¨Yt?C¨Yr r{tMYuwz¯4uY`|?T{Y
e|;
zkutMT¨Y
T`e|;vvw|m«{Y
¨Yvwz
|?½O¨t?CT¨Yr r{Yt?Yuwz-t?CoT{Y|;
SoT{tMtMTTr}zµ|\Vª4Yv¥t?u
;
Ttm Lu¡a(tMz«¬vwvt?zµ{Y|M{Y
e|;
z®|?tMT¨Y
T§r¨YzS®
tM®;
t Lua²tM|?
T¦YuY\|{Y§
T¨Yvz|?½O¨t?C¨}r r{tMYuwz³µY
{}G;}
tMv4{}|;
S|?^
v¥tHu Lu¡a;H¦Yz YuTG£uwY®zT|z ¨YzTzSe¨YvyOt?YY|?£¶T{Y¶Yt?v4zS|;
StM£|;¨4
;
Ttm Lu¡a;»aþt?{}
t?z |;T{tM{Yuz¢T{Y|?
{t?z£9zT|kzT¨YzTz e¨}v-zT|kþt?
uwz{YtMe|;
;
t Lua
{}¦Yuõ
Y£a«¶¹{}Y
T¦Yuwu|;Yz¶|M2t%vwt?zTz uwtMv-t?}¦{Y½O¨tMOT¨Yr T{Y|?
uwz¶VªL
Trv
uCt?Y¦¼tMYY|?c£9`|;£Yz
?¦Ñuw7t?C|?T{Y¨Y
TCkª49
uwrCz²÷eûÑ`zt
{YtMc½O¨t?C¨Yr
õzµuwC ;|?v LuwY;
Tt 4u¡a¹t?
cªL
rvzTrt?vwvÙù
¿{L¨}z®{YkY
|;£Yvwr tMµ{YuzzSt?;kzTrzT|\£9§|
TzSYY¦t½O¨tMOT¨Yr {Y|;
²|?;
t Lua
t?Y¦{Y·|;r%£YuwY{}uwz«u¡{Z{Yoz tMY¦t?
¦·r|L¦YvT|Àt?
Tu¡ ;otM¹t¼|;rYvw{Y|;
Z|?t?vwv
vrCtM
tM
uvzt?}¦7e|?
Tzc|;
tMTuwY¹£9a«¬1{}r² Î {Y`
z kzTu;{C{Y`}
T|;£Yvr
¦Y|LzµY|?zTr ¨YYz ¨Y
Tr|;¨YCtM£YvwM Î T
µt?vvy}«¬%Y|?
Trt?vwv¡\|;£4t?uot½O¨t?C¨}r T{Y|?
£C¹
TzS
«
Tu¡uY¦Y|m«
tv¥tMzTzTut?v{Y|;
²t?}¦²T{Y(t?YYv¡4uYt¦Y}ukzTµ|?
¨YvwzT|T¨Y
T²uuC|t
½O¨t?C¨}r T{Y|?
;ûÃ{Ct?/¤ ¢T{Yµzt?r{YuY§£9¦Y|;Y«uT{T{Y;}
tMv^T{Y|?
|?
Tv¥tMTu Lua& ¡
»s/|?YY
T|L¦Yz|c¦Y|c{Yuz|;Y¦Y|Lz¢;z |;rµY|?¨Y
t??uwYc
TzT¨Yv¡z¢tM
z »atM
u¨Yvwt?
|;}
Y¦}z¶{tHGvwu~?µ|?{}
¬e|?
Tz4;
t Luauwz¬t?vzT|%r¦}u¥tMT¦\£C\t§Y«Q~LuY¦|?/vwrCt?
SYt?
Tuwv?
¿{Yuzt?
Tuwvw{tMzG£²;u ?¹{}t?r;
t LuT|;/£ ¢Wu~?{}¦Yu¥t??
t?r uwÏuwY¤ |;Y«uvwv-{Ytm ?
t
¦Yuwt?;
tMr"«{Y
aǦ|7v
T|?Yzª4{tMY;t
;
Ttm Lu¡|;/D
T}
Tz CuY{Y÷euC1tMr|;¨}O|?ù
¦Y: 9uw|?o|?D|;Y|?2{}kvw
|;Yz¦Y¨Yc|;
Tt 4u¡tMTuw|;Yt?v9e|?
Tc|?2{}k|M{Y
µvw
|;/
¯4|þt?
?
S{YuYÑz rz`|£9¹Y
|4¦}uwY¼t?z¦YzTuw
¦/À³|m«¶ ;
|;}¹zT|L|;J
T¨YYzuOT|7t
Y
|;£YvwrÅ«u¡{{YuzWt?Y}
T|Ct?{-D¿2|µ¨}Y¦Y
z t?Y¦c{Y|;
uw;u|?L{Yuz/¦Y¦u ¥¨Yva®|;}zTuw¦}
/{}¢}
T|Lz z
5
Tz {}|*«Ju¸ÏDuw} h uwC ;|;v¡ LuwYor¨YvTuwYv;
t LuT|;Àª4{tMY;z Î zu1{Yt?z ¹|?{}z t?Y¦t?
¦
r|4¦Yvy-T{Y
t?
T`}
Tuwz `r\tMT{YrtMTuwtMv
¨Yvwze|;
|?rY¨4uw}{Y`Y
|;£t?£}uwvwu¡aot?r}vwuT¨Y¦Yk|?
{}uwzY
|4zTzu{Y½O¨t?CT¨Yrü;Y
Tt?v-{}|;
S|?2
Tv¥tMTu Lua?DûÃ{Y²|?Yct?YYvuwz¶{Y|?zTc
T¨Yvz¶T|
tMvw¨}v¥tMT{YuzY
T|;£Yt?£Yuwvua\t?rYvwu¡¨Y¦YM4|?YY¦Yz{tH{Yc
TzT¨Yv¡µuwzuw4YuaY §
¿{Yuwzuzvwt?
Tv¡¹t`Y|;}zT}zTuwt?v2t?YzS«¶
§¢»aotM¨Yt?vWY
tMu«¬§~OY|m«ËT{tMT{YuwzY
|;£t?£}uwvwu¡a
r¨YzS®£9kªL
rv\uwC¹z uwY§}|Vª}9
uwrC{t?z;zT(T{Ycõ|?D;
t LutMu|;t?v9e|;
T
£9a«¬(vwrCt?
S¹t?
Suwvwz¿{O¨Yzµ{Y
Tcr¨YzS£9zT|?r{YuY`«
T|;Y«uT{¹{YuzG{Y|;
?
»aÑ|;
¦Y
c|ot?Y}
Tu¥tMT{Y|m«z T
Tuw}²T{Y|;
S7 ?C¨tMvwv
Tz |;v ?zk{Yuzk}
T|;£Yvr²Wuc«uwvv£9
¨Yz e¨YvDT|uwC ?z TuwCtHu
tvwu¡TTvwr|;
T§¦Yt?uwvA{Y%|;
Tu;uw²|?{}uwz®}
T|;£Yvr²© ¨¢|;¨
«¬|;¨Yv¦
Y|?Tuw
{YtMuwt%¦Yu¥tM;
t?r vuw~?µ{Y®|;Yz {Y|m«²u¹ÏDuY h {Y
Tct?
%ýuwC
t?uw|? ;
Tuwz¤}«{}
TT{Y
T
÷þ|?
r|;
mùvuwYzrÏ|;
VªYtMrYvuwÏDuY h T{Y
µt?
TGe|;¨}
zT¨Y{uwC
t?u|; ;
uz¿{YzT
t?
cT{Yc|?uwCzG«{Y
TczT|?r{YuY{t?Y9Yzû1ctMo
Ct?
¦¹{YzTk|;uCzt?z{}£t?zTuc ;Cz
«{Yu{r\tM~?¶¨}%{Y¬|;rYv¢Y
|4zTzpt?{z ¨Y{` ?CtM~?zDYv¥t?¶tHt?u ;%9|;uwCuw§zTt?
tMct;u ?(Tuwr?t?Y¦uw(|;
T¦Y
T|t?v¨YvwtMk{Y§|?t?v}
T|;£tM£Yuwvuat?rYvu¨}¦Y§|M{Y}
T|Lz z
«¬r¨YzSuwCT;
TtM|m ;
§{Yvw|LtMTuw|;7|?t?{À ?CuwÑzTtMtMz§«¬vwv¬t?z§uwÑTuwr?»sk¨Y
Yz
|;¨}{tH®{}%uwCT;
Tt?Y¦/t?v¨YvwtM¦(¨Yz uwY{Y
¨Yvwz®|?½L¨Yt?C¨Yrÿ{Y|;
?-¦Yu¡ ;
;z`÷þ£9|?rz
uw4YuTmù2«{}r|?
T¶T{t?`a«¶|c|;
Dr|;
GzT¨}{vwrCt?
§ ?Czt?~MYv¥tMtMT{YGzTt?r 9|;uO
uwz t?§tMT{Yczt?ruwr?D¿{YuwzuT¨Y
T²tM¨YzTzµT{YcuwC;
t?v|¦Yu ?
;c|4t?z uw|;tMvwv?
»a1t?C7t?zT{YtMv|;¨}|;r|M¬T{Yuwzc|?rYvuwtM¦ÑtMt?vLz uwzuwzT{tM{}zSt?Y¦Yt?
T¦ÑY
T|Mq
¦Y¨Y
o{YtM{t?z£9zT¨YzTz e¨}vuJe|?
Tr¨YvwtMuYt7½O¨t?C¨Yr T{Y|?
¸|?z T
T|;}Y¬«¬t?~JtMY¦
v
T|?r\t??YTuwe|?
Tz¦Y|Y|?G«¬|;
~e|;
G?
t Lua;}t?Y¦¹e|;
¶T{Yuwz¶
TtMzT|;¹u¡uwzG}|?tMz \T|`uwY|;
Sq
9|;
tMTc;
t Lua\uwC|`{}kzSt?}¦t?
T¦²r|4¦Yvy
T¶z uw¦YzcT{YY
T|?£Yvwr |?¬uwY|;
T9|;
TtMuY¹;
t Lua?/{YzSt?Y¦Yt?
T¦¼r|L¦YvzT¨}õ
zke
|;r |M{Y
|?Y}¨tMv¬tMY¦¼T{Y}uwtMvY
T|;£}vwrzûÃ{}uwvw%ucuwzT
T¨Y`T{tM{}zSt?}¦t?
T¦¼r|4¦YvyW|;}`e|;
Sq
r¨YvwtM¦/9t?
}
T¦}uwµ{}%
TzT¨Yv¡z|Mr|?z ª4
TurOTz®uO ?|;v LuYvwrOt?
²tM
uvz^{}
e|;
r¨Yv¥tHuw|?1|?T{Y{Y|;
1uTzTv¡
T½L¨}uw
Tzt
vw|?%|?uw}Y¨}e
|;r#Vª4
TuwrCTzÑÏ^|?
%ª}t?rYv
{}
Tt?
Tr\t?C¼|?YzTuz C`Ct?¨Y?{}|;
uwz|? TÀvwt?£vwv¦¼£OÑzT ;
t?v¬|;CuO¨Y|;¨YzYt?
t?rq
Tzt?Y¦ÀzSt?Y¦Yt?
T¦¸r|4¦}v|;
TzT9|;Y¦YzT|(|;Y\|?G{}zTT{Y|?
Tuwz§«u¡{ÀtozT9u¡{Y|?uw|?
{}o Mt?vw¨}z|?{}zTot?
Tt?r
TzĿ{}
TouwzY|1Vª4Yv¥t?YtMu|;¸«u{}uwJ{Y²{Y|;
t?z|¼«{O
{}uwz¢t?
Tuw¨Yv¥t?
CtM¨Y;{Y|;
«uT{T{Yuwz¢t?
Suw¨Yv¥tM
¢{}|;uw®|?WYt?
t?rT
z¬z {Y|;¨Yv¦\¦YzT
uw£9®|;¨}
¨YYu¡ ;
TzTMcϨY
T{Y
r|;
§T{Y%{Y|?uw%|?t?
Tt?r
Tzµ«{Yuw{¦YzT
Tuw£9z{YzSt?}¦t?
T¦(r|L¦Yvt?
Y|?;Y
Tu?-£}¨}
T½O¨Yuw
z ;
oY%T¨YYuw}Y¿{Yuzuwz Luw¦YCe
T|;r T{Yþt?{tH®{}%{Y|;
{t?zµzT|?rcªLT
Trv¡zTrt?vwv-¦YuwrYz uw|;}vwz zO¨Yr£9
Tzvwu~?{}§
TtMu||M;
Ttm Lu¡tMTuw|;tMv/t?Y¦²vVq
|;rt?;Yuw§e|;
T£a«¶¼a«¶|²vrCt?
S(Yt?
TuwvzÏ|;
t¹;Y
uw`{Y|?uw`|M¬Yt?
t?rT
z
{}uwz¶
TtMu|k«¬|;¨Yv¦\£9®|?/|;
T¦Y
¶|;}?ÏDut?vwv¡
Cª49
TurCz¶z {Y|m«Ã{tM¬Y|?Gt?vwv}
T¦}uwTuw|;}z
|?GT{Yz tMY¦t?
¦1r|4¦Yvt?
T|?rYvTv
|;
T»aÑt?
Suw¨Yv¥tM
2t?|;
T¦}uwY|{Yz t?Y¦t?
¦
r|4¦Yv/{YcY¨}
uwY|?ztM
Tc±
T|r\t?z zt?
TuwvwzY£Y¨}µ
Cª49
uwrCzzT{}|*«Í{tMµY¨}
uwY|?z
t?¨t?vv¸{Ytm ?t¼TuwCJ£Y¨}Yu¡r\tMzTzÿ{Yuz
½O¨Yu
Tz\tÑz r\t?vvr|L¦Yu¡tMTuw|;J|?{YoCt?¨Y?
ªF«äæçG'ä E]@VáAåmäæãÔ áèÔSéHìSÔ Ö @-EÙÖâ¶âmì ì=ë*áWäæé®êñ*Ô¢Öþxê @éHUå @áyåµç¶âmåmFÔ EÛMï*ëmê2Fì @Vé®ïMÔáyÔSçGâãÔ åï©í @GàHáâmì=ÔTåmë*áyÔðéHBâ AW¬é @Ö
áyÔSé*âá^ç @-Eæ/ä F@êyäâéO× = ñ*äÙÖAàHáâmì=ÔTåmë*áyÔåmâÔ ÖAéHâVQê A-âáyðÕÂâáèÔSéHÔS2á @-E;êñHÔSâáyíµâÕ}áy>Ô E]@êyäãäêeíÖäéMì=ÔêñHÔ¢åmäæãÔSáyèÔ éHì=ÔTqÖ @VáyÔ
çGâáyÔÖþÔ ãÔSáyÔ×
®
ÏDu;¨Y
¯#}x°u£Y
tMTuwY`vw|;z ¦ot?Y¦|;9²z T
Tuw};z
{}|;
S¹{tM¦}zT
Tu£zµT{Ycz tMY¦t?
¦or|4¦}vy
¿{Yz t?
TzT|;rµ|?/{}®
Tt?zT|?Yz¬«{C«¶£vwuw ;µ{tM¢{}®z t?Y¦tM
T¦r|4¦}v^uwz¢Y|?¢{Yµt?v
z T|;
?»aT{Y
Tz |?AT{YuwztM
uv«¬zT{t?vvT
\T|`zT{Y|m«ÍzS
TuY{}|;
S¹tM r}TzG|t?¦Y¦}
Tz z
zT|?rc|?2{YzTkuwz zT¨Yz
¿{Y`£tMzTuw§uw¦Ytu(z T
TuY\{}|;
S(uz½O¨Yu¡z uwrYvwMµ»s®ztLz{tH®{}vrCt?
S²|;YzSu¡¨YOTz
|?¶r\tM
ct?
TY|?k9|;uwCcvwu~?`|;£O° Tz¹÷et?
Tuwvwzù®£Y¨}k|;Y¦YurYzTu|;t?v|;£L° z¿{Yz \|;}
¦YurYzTu|;t?v|;£L° Tzt?vzT|(~OY|m«Jt?zk{Ye¨YY¦tMrOt?v®÷þ|;
kvrCt?
S}ùkz T
TuY;z{t ;\ ?
S
zT9u¹}
T|;9
Suwz%«{Yu{¸¦YT
Truw}\{Y ?tM
Tuw|?¨Yz%r|4¦}zu1«{Yuw{ÀT{Y¹z T
TuY
tMÀ 4u£Y
tH?
³|m«¬ ?
®T|{}§Y
z C¦t²ª49
uwrCt?vuwzSzG{}zT§z T
Tuw};z®tMYt?
t?zt?
Tuwvwzz uwYkT{Yu
zTu±uwz%zTrt?vwv¬|;rt?
¦À|T{Y¹¦YuwzSt?}¹zTt?vwT{tMt?J£¹Y
|;£9¦J£CÀ{Yr|;z |m«¬
e¨}v
ruw
|;zT|;9ztm Mt?uv¥t?£}vw®T|4¦t? 1 »a(tM
u¨Yvwt?
}¦Yuõ
C Lu£Y
tMTuw|;Yt?v/z tMz®|?te¨Y}¦t?rCt?v
z T
TuYt?}t?
¬T|%¨Yz¶t?z¶¦Yu¡õ-
TO¶vrCt?
S¹ýæYt?
Tuwvz¤° ¨}z tMz¬{}®¦Yu¡õ-
TC¶r|L¦Yz¢|?/ Lu£Y
tHq
u|;(|Mtz uwY;v§r%¨YzTut?vAz T
TuY\t?
Y
|4¦Y¨}%¦}uõ
TC{t?
r|?Yuwzµ|M¢tY|?T?µ¿{O¨Yzuwoz T
Tuw}
{}|;
SuYz Tt?¦|?W{t Luw}%¦Yu¡õ-
TC¢aLz¶|?WvwrOt?
Yt?
Tuwvz«¬{t ;|;YµzTuw};vwaL|?
vrCtM
z T
TuY%tMz¢T{Y£Yt?zTu|;Yz TuT¨YC¬|?/rtMTT
ÏDuw} #kz {Y|m«zGzT|?r|?/T{Y 4u£Y
tHuw|?t?v
z tMz¶|?/z
uwY?z Î z¶uwz 4u¦YC¬e
T|;r T{Yuwz;¨Y
?Lz T
Tuw};z¬t?\|;rua«¬|% Mt?
TuTuwz?ºv|;zT¦
z T
TuY;z«{Yuw{o{t ;%}|\£9|;¨YY¦tM
²t?Y¦o|;9²z
uwY?zµ«{Yu{({t ?§a«¬|\}¦
|?uwCze|;
ruY`uTz
a«¬|\£9|;¨YY¦tM
Tuwz
² = ñ*Ô-çGâÖþê}à?Bâ AÔ áþÕÂë EçGäÙì=áyâÖyì=âà?Ô ¤Ö @Bã @V/ä E/@Uï EÔ9êâmUå @£
í @VáyÔ9äæé¦Õ @ìaê}êñ*Ô-à @áþêyäæ>ì EÔ @ì ì=>Ô EæÔS2á @êyâásÖS× X é¢êñ*ÔTÖþÔ-^ç @ìsñ*äæé*ÔTÖ
A-
Ô @ìSì=FÔ EÔ xá @VêÔà @VáêäÙ\ì EæÔ Ö2ê[â @ãFÔ EâmìSäêeí\ì EæâÖÔêyâêyñ @êâVYÕ EæäæèñêDÖâêyñ @êDêñ*Ô íc>ì @ááyíãÔSáyíñ*äèñcÔSéHÔSáyè*í @VéHåcêñ*Ô é
ì=â E'EæäÙåmÔDêñ*Ô ³
ç AWäêyñâêñ*Ô á/à @VáêäÙ\ì EæÔ Ö × = ñHäæÖ/à*áyâmì=ÔTÖÖñ @Öêyñ*Ô>ì @Và @Vï*/ä EäêeíGâVÕ ´ÂäæéHåmäæáÔTìaWê EæUí µà*áâï*äæé*èêyñ*ÔÖeêyáëHì=êë*áyÔDâVÕ
ç^@êêÔSá2êâ @ãÔSáyíµÖ¶ç @:E'E}ÖFì @-EæÔ× = ñ*ÔçGäéHäç¬ë*çóå*äæÖþxê @éHì=Ôêyñ @êFì @Véï?ÔáyÔ Ö:â EæãÔ åïíêyñ*Ô¢ì=ëHááyÔSéRê @ì ì=FÔ EÔ xá @VêâásÖ-äæÖ
@Vï?âë*êFÚ ·¸ 3Ò ¹ ì=ç×
±
Ðmô
ÏDu;¨Y
T*(4x Î Y
T|LzTzµ¦Yz
Tu£Yuw}t`tMuw
|?z T
Tuw};zzTtMTT
TuYe
T|;r t?{o|?{Y
¯4uwY§½O¨tMOT¨Yrÿr{t?Yuzt?Y¦
z u¥tMvAT{Y|?
²|?
v¥tHu Lu¡a¹t?
ka«¬||?T{Y%£Yt?zTu§uYY¨}Tz
uwZ{Y²z t?Y¦tM
T¦·r|4¦}vy¬t?Y¦ózTuw}²z
uwY¼{Y|;
Zr¨}z uwYvw¨Y¦Y¹T{Y(zSt?Y¦Yt?
T¦r|L¦Yvu¡u
uwz§|
¦YzT
Tuw£9|;¨}
¨YYu¡ ;
zTM¢u¡%uz%tH¨Y
Tt?v¬T|
T½L¨}uw
T{tM%z T
Tuw}({Y|;
1t?vzT|
zT9z`{}
Y
uwYuwYvz|?2½O¨t?C¨}r r{t?Yuzt?Y¦z u¥tMv-{Y|;
|?D
vwtMu¡ 4u¡a;D³|m«¶ ;
®|;YYY¦Yz{tH
e|;
c Mt?
Tu|;¨Yzc{}Yuwt?v¬
t?z |;Yzu¡kuwzkY|?§t?zSÑT|(
TzT9{YzTY
TuYuYvwz¹»a1þt?%T{Y|?Yv
«¶tm«¶®t?¹
zT9{YzT}
Tuw}uw}vwz¢uwz¬£C\e|;
r¨Yv¥tHuw}kzS
uwY%T{Y|?
Y|?GuT{Y¨Yz ¨t?vT{Y
T
¦YurYzTu|;t?v¬zTt?£Y¨}uwJt{CL|?T{YTuwt?vGYuY¹¦Yuwr}zTuw|?t?v¶z t??» º´Ï¨Y
S{Y
Tr|;
T¹uÀ{Yuz
YuY§¦}uwrYz uw|;tMv/zTtMk|;Ykt?²e|;
Tr¨}v¥tMTct?vT|;;T{Y
G} ;%¦}uõ
TCaL9z®|Mz T
TuY`{Y|;
?
º~OY|m«\t?z¢T{Yµ¿¢L9®»O¿¢L9®» » Î C¿49®» \» T®Lp + )¬p + {}
T|?Tuwt?Y¦\¯YòW÷ ù{}
T|?Tuwµz T
Tuw}
{}|;
uwz¿{Yz §Y ?§zS
TuY`{Y|;
Tuz¦Yu¡õ-
Ge
T|;r t?{o|?{Y
uw¹{YaL9§|?2 Luw£Y
TtMu|;Yz¶«{}uw{
{}%z T
TuY\9
Se|;
Trz Î z®t
zT¨}vµ{Yo{Ytm ?¦Yu¡õ-
TC 4u£Y
tHuw|?t?vWz tMz^«{Yuw{(uwzµ
T 9YT¦
uw¹T{YczT9T
T¨Yr |MDvwrCt?
ýt?
Suvwz¤}T{tMt?{(|?2{}zTc{}|;
uwz}
T|L¦Y¨YM
³®t LuwY7YuY¹zTtM¦Yuwr}zTuw|?Yz`uwYzSt?¦J|?T{Y
TzTrz|7£9tzT
uw|;¨}z}
T|;£Yvr²1ûÑ
zT{Yt?vwv
TT¨Y
T¹T|{YuzuwzTz ¨YzT{}|;
Tv\t?Y¦¹zT{}|*«Å{tHG{YuzGuwþtMuzGY|?t% ?
S¹zT
Tuw|?¨YzY
T|?£Yvwro
³|m«¬ ?
vw\¨Yzvwtm ?
t?z uw¦Y²{Yuz}
T|;£Yvr e|;
tÑr|;rCtMY¦·¦YuzT¨}zTzz |;ro|?T{Y(;|L|L¦
{}uwY;z`«{Yu{ózS
TuY7{Y|;
JY
|m 4u¦Yz·ÏDu
TzS|Mt?vv|;Y¹Y¦}zT{tM|;Y|?®T{Y 4u£Y
tHuw|?t?v
z tMzc|?¢z
uwY{Y|;
({t ;Y
T|?
uzu¦YCTuwtMv|T{tM|M¢t?
t Lu|?/^º²T{Y`r¦Yu¥tH|;
µ|?
;
Ttm Lu¡tMTuw|;tMve|;
T?²Ï¨Y
T{Y
r|;
|;YYY¦Yz§T{tM%z
uwY{}|;
SÑt?vw¨Yv¥tHuw|?Yzc¦Y|(Y|M%z ¨}õ-
e
T|?rt?Cuw4YuTuwz/|?}T{YaL«¬¬Y|;¨}OT
A«{Yuwv
S4uY|¦Yu
Tv¡½O¨t?Cu±;Y
Tt?v;{Y|;
|?D
TvwtMu¡ Lua;¿{O¨Yz®zS
TuY{}|;
SY
T|m Luw¦Yz¨Yz«u{²t`Yu¡½O¨t?C¨}rü{Y|;
¹|MD;
Tt 4u¡aY§
»suz`uwYzS
¨YTu ;|T
ÀT|ѨY}¦Y
z tMY¦«{CJ{YY
|;£t?£}uwvwu¡aÀtMrYvuT¨Y¦Yz`t?vw¨Yv¥tH¦Ju
z T
TuY²T{Y|?
¼t?
YYuT?Ï|;
T{Yuwz«¬Y¦¼|²vw|L|;~
tMcT{YY;¨Y
T¼ (¹¦Yz
Tu£Yuw}²T{Y}
T|Lz z
|?z tM
uwY|?a«¬|z T
TuY;z© ¢Wuw~M%uo{}§t?zT|M|?uwC®Yt?
Tuwv{Y|;
Tuz^{}
T%t?
T§¦YYYuT
rtM{Yr\tHuwt?vD
¨Yvwze|;
tMvw¨}v¥tMTuwY\T{YY
T|?£t?£Yuvwuaot?rYvu¨}¦Y%|?¢{}uwzY
|4zTz¿{Y9|;uO
Ô @GÖ @Vé @å*åmäêäæâé @:E4åmäæçGÔSéHÖäæâé @éHåcåmÔTÖìSáäæïMÔ¢êñ*äÙ;Ö @RÖ @êÔ ékåmäæç¶Ô éHÖäâé @-EYÖþà @ì=>Ô ¿êyäçGÔ×
½\¾ Ô¢âVÕ êyÔSé%ì=âëHéê2êäæ綶
Ö @VáêäÙ\ì EæÔ AÔÖñ @-E/ECâUé EæíìSâë*éê/êñHÔéëHç¢ï?ÔSáWâVÕÖà @ìSÔå*äçGÔSéMÖþäæâéHÖ ×
À ëmêAäæéêyñ*äÙQ
Ð;Ð
R
ÏDu;¨Y
¯5}x Î a«¶|¦Yuwr}zTuw|?t?v-z t?c«u¡{ot`|;rt?|L|;
T¦YutMT?
|7Y|Muz%{tHuwÀ{}uwz¦Yuwt?;
Tt?r {Y
Tt?
¹Y||?uwCz%«{}
Tz uY¹ ;Cz(÷þvwu~?z Yvwu¡uuwY
|?t7z uwY?vw¹z T
TuY7uwC|¼t7t?uw
`|M®zS
TuY;zùt?~?Yvwt?
G{Y¦Yuwt?;
Tt?r uz`|;rYvwvÀz r|L|?T{
?
SL«{}
TM Î zt§
zT¨}v¶T{Y®¦}u ;
T;Yzuw{Y|;uC¶tM
uvµT{Y|;
uwz;º«{Yuw{t?
TuzT«{}
a«¬|²|?
®r|;
T§zT¨Y{7 ?Czt?~?`Yvwt?%tM®T{YzTt?r%|;uCtM{YzTt?r%urMºotM
T`t?£}zTCcu
z T
TuY`{Y|;
?¢¿{}uwzuwzGT{YcuwC¨Yu¡u¡ ;
Tt?zT|?²«{Cz T
TuYt?r}vwuT¨Y¦Yzt?
TYYuT?
Î T{Yuwzµ|?uwC«¶§r¨Yz rCu|;²T{tMµ{Y§;
t LuT|;²uwzµ|;Yv|;Y%|MD{}%rt?C¹ 4u£Y
tHuw|?t?v
z tMz|?9t?`vwrCt?
§z T
Tuw}Y»aþtMT{YGv¥t«z|M^½L¨Yt?C¨Yr r{t?YuzDTvwvzD¨Yz{tMt®zTuY;vw
vrCtM
zS
TuY{t?zcuw4YuTO¨Yr£9
c|?¢ Luw£Y
TtMu|;t?vz tHz¯LuwY`t?{ÑzT¨Y{¼ 4u£Y
tHuw|?t?v
z tM§£{t ;zct?ztt?
Tuw¨Yv¥t?
aL9%|?vwrOt?
²tM
uv?^z T
Tuw}{}|;
Soz rzµ|\|;Ct?u
uw4YuTaLzD|?4vrCt?
St?
Suvwz2¿{YuwzW«¬|;¨Yv¦k£9¢uwc|;CT
t?¦YuTuw|;«u¡{c«{tMA«¶¢|;£Yz
S ;
uw¹YtM¨Y
Ǧ
Tku¶Y|?e|;
¶T{Yþt?{tMGr|;zS|?2{YzTcvrCtM
t?
Tuwvwz¶uw¹z T
TuY{Y|;
¨}
T|;¨}®|£9% ;
({Yt O;At?}¦Y|?|;£}zT
S Mt?£Yvw§uw
}
Tz Ckª49
TurCz¿{O¨YzT{Y
`uwzY|
uwrr¦YuwtM|?& 9uw£9a«¬J«{YtMzS
TuY(T{Y|;
S¼Y
T¦Yuwz`t?}¦1«{tM«¬|;£}zT
S ;¹uÀt?¨t?v
ª49
uwrCzòkT{Y|?T{Y
A{t?}¦cT{Yz ¶tM¦Y¦YuTuw|;Yt?v?{Yt LvwrCt?
St?
SuwvwzWt?
T¢t?£}zT|;v¨}v
z zTOTu¥t?vWe|;
?TTuwY`}uctMYz «¬
zu²zS
uwY`{}|;
S;
¢A¨YzY|m«ü
T¨Y
ZT|¼T{Yuwz zT¨Y²t?£9|;¨}`T{Y¦YuwrYz uw|;J|?zTYt?VqsurM 7¶|;Yz uwz TYJ|?
z T
TuYÀ{Y|;
ó¦Yrt?Y¦}z{tM\«¶t?Äe|;
Tr¨}v¥tMT²T{Y
{Y|;
ó|;Yv¡óu ® zTtM7¦Yuwr}zTuw|?Yz
³|m« t?óz
uwYÑ{Y|;
£(
Tv Mt?Ce|;
¦YzT
uw£YuY¸tMT¨Y
TM«{Yuw{Äz rz\T|À{t ;|;}vÁ
zTYt?¼¦Yuwr}zTuw|? ¡ ¿{YÑt?YzS«¶
o|¸T{Yuwz½O¨YzSu|;Åuz¹Y
T|m Luw¦}¦Í£CQt?Ã|;v¦Ãuw¦YtZ~OY|m«ËtMz
|?rtMu¡tHuw|?/¿{}uwzkuw¦Yt«¶t?zkYuw|;}
¦Ñ£OÃ
Âct?v¨Y±tt?Yz
¦ Âvwu7¦Y¨Y
TuY{Y
TzS%{Yt?v¬|?
{}a«¬CTuwT{óC¨Y
SZt?Y¦puwYzSuJ{YuwrzTv{t?¦Z£9tM
tM¦£CÀT{Yuwz`u¦Yt4Àû1¹z {t?vwv
uwvvw¨YzS
TtMT{Y£Yt?zTuu¦Yt£C1t²zTurYv`ª}t?rYvwuw7«{Yu{Ñ«¬\£9;u¼«u¡{Àt¹«¬|;
Tv¦Ñ«uT{¼a«¬|
zTYt?¦YuwrYz uw|;}zkuYz Tt?¦¼|?¶YuwYzTYt?¦YuwrYz uw|;}zû1t?~MT{Ya«¶|
z t?|4|;
¦YuwYtMz
|\¦Yz
Tu£§{Yz ¨Y
þtM|?t\LvwuY¦Y
®|?
Tt?¦Yuw¨}¬z ÄÊuwYzSt?¦
|?¢t?(uw}}ukYvwt?YtMz®zT{}|*«7u
ÏDuY 5} Î vwvW|;£L° Tz`÷þuYv¨Y¦YuYvwuw?{OùGuw{Yuz«¬|;
vw¦(t?(r|m ;k|;Yv¡²t?vw|;}T{YkzT¨Y
Sþt?§|?{}
LvuwY¦Y
¿{O¨Yzu¡D«¬%r|m ;tMvw|;Y{}k ?
Tuwt?v¦}uw
TTuw|;²uw{Yk;¨Y
?^{YtM T
t ?vwvuwY
Ð
ÏDuw?¨Y
T ® x Î a«¬|¦}uwrYz uw|;tMv-zTYt?c«uT{ot`z r\t?vv/|?rtM|L|;
¦YuwtH?
%t
t?uw¦YuwzSt?}`÷ ÅQÆ «{}
T Æ uwz{Y
t?¦Yu¨Yz¢|?/{}LvwuY¦Y
ù«¶zT{t?vv9T
t ;
Tz ®{Yµ«{Y|;v
u
T¨Yre
TY|M/{Y®uw
v®t?}¦\|?r£t?~|§T{Y|;
uw;ut?vY9|;uO¢«{Y
T®«¬z t?
T¦/ûÑt?vwv
{}uwzct|?rtM¦Y
uw|?/§»a|;C
Tt?z §t?|;£O° ct?
Ttm ?vtMvw|;Y{Y`{Y|?
Tuw±|;Ct?v¦Yuw
uw|?
«uT{Y|;¨}¬ ?
¬
TT¨Y
T}uwYk|kuz|;
uw;ut?vY9|;z uu|;t?Y¦«¶t?vvY{YuzT{Y®}|;4qa|;rt?¢¦Yu
Tu|;/
7¶vwtM
Tvu Æ uwz ;
²v¥tM
T;÷ev¥t?
;
GT{t?oT{Yk
t?Y?§|?{Ykr|;z µ9|*«¬
Se¨YvWvwz |;9mùG{}
{}ca«¬|¦YuwrYz uw|;Yt?vz t?c«uvwv-t?Y9t?
GT|£9uw4YuTuw£9|?{¹¦}uw
TTuw|;YztMY¦¹«¶«¬|;¨Yvw¦Y|M
~OY|m«ÍT{tMG|?Y|?W{}¦Yuw
uw|?YzGuwz¬|;rt?»s Æ uwz¢«u{}uw\T{Y® Luwz uw£Yv®
tMY;?L{Y¹{Y®a«¬|
¦YurYzTu|;t?v^
tMT¨Y
Tz¶«uwvv^z tM
Gz uwYu}Yu¡µO¨Yr£9
G|?/uwrt?;z¢|?Wt?{¹|;£L° z tM
tMT¦
£Ct?¹uOT
S ?tMv/|? ÅQÆ zTuYvuw;{C¬e
T|;r t?C|;£O° µt?
TtM{otM¹|;£YzT
?
µuwrt?C7÷euw}}u
O¨Yr£9
`|?ùk«¶t4zºÑ¦Yu
Tv¡;
Tt ;vvwuY(|;}²t?
T|?¨YY¦À{}¹uw
¨Yre
Y?
Ttm ?vvwuw}(a«uw
t?
|;¨YY¦\T{Y®uw
¨Yre
Y®T?¿{Yuz¶rtzTr zS
Tt?Y;µe
T|;r |;¨Y
¢9|;uwC¬|?/ Luw«Ã£Y¨}¶«uvwvY|M
tM%t?vwvz r z T
t?};e
|;r"{}\9|;uwC§|?¶ Luw« |?GT{Ya«¬|
¦YurYzTu|;t?v9|;}vwvwu LuYuw7{Yuz
«¬|;
Tv¦oz uwYcT{Y¹«¬|;¨Yv¦(tMv«¶tmLzµzTkT{Yu
GǦ|;
vw¦{YuzG«Gt?¶ T¶¨}µY|m«Í|;Yz uw¦Y
µT{Yct?z k«{}
7¶vwtM
Tv§{Yuz«¶|;
vw¦vw|L|;~Oz|;Yµ¦YuwrYz uw|;Yt?vt?z ÆÈÇ ô4»a
Æ uz ?
Sz r\tMvwvy;t?zzT{Y|m«u\ÏDuY ® £
þt?µt?zvw|;}`t?z Æ uwzGz r\t?vvw
¬{Yt?{Y
z |;vw¨}Tuw|;¹|M2T{Yr|;z 9|m«¶
e¨YvWruw
T|;z |;9?L{Ya«¬|
¦YurYzTu|;t?v9|;}vw«uwvwv} ;
G~OY|m«Ä{tH¬T{Y{t ;t§{Yu¦Y¦Y¦Yuwr}zTuw|?uT{Yu
¢«¬|;
Tv¦/¿2|
{}rü{}c«¬|;
vw¦¹«uwvv/t?Y9tM
T|£c|;Yc¦YurYzTu|;t?v
¿{Yuwzuwvvw¨YzS
TtMz%{Y¹«¶tZt7¨}Yu ?
Tz ²«u¡{Zt7
St?uJL¨}r£
|?®z t?o¦YurYzTu|;Yz`t?
ýæt?Y9t?
|¹£9?¤At¨}Yu ?
Tz «u¡{7vwzTzO¨Yr£9
|M¶¦YurYzTu|;Yz%¿{Yuzuw¦Ytt?7£;Y
Tt?vwu±¦
|rt?~M{Y¹YuY¦YurYzTu|;t?v«¬|;
Tv¦¸|?µz
uwY
T{Y|?
Àv|4|?~¼vuw~M{}
T¹¦}uwrYz uw|;tMv¢«¬|;
Tv¦
uwZ«{Yuw{«¶ovwu ?? Î vwv«¶oY¦·|ѦY|1uzT|ÑtM~?(z u¡ªZ|?®{YoYuwY²zTYt?o¦Yuw
Tuw|;}zT|1£9
zTrt?vvyY¦YzT
Tuw£}uwY\t|;rYt?zTtM ÉÀ¬ûÃ{Y(T{YkzTuw±§|M£  uwzz &¨ ¥uwCv²z r\t?vvy}T{YkzTt?
«uwvvAt?Y9t?
|£Ê ¦}uwrYz uw|;tMvy¶¿{}%rt?uw¦Yu¡õ-
T}§«u¡{²{Yca«¶|\¦YuwrYz uw|;Yt?v/ª}t?rYv
{YtM«¶7¦YuzT¨}zTzT¦Íuz{tM¹«{}uwvw
T{Y
7uwz¹|;Yv¡ó|?Y7|;Y7¦Yuwr}zTuw|?t?v®z t?ó÷et?rv¡ó{}
u
Tvwmù{YtMt?À£9¨YzT¦Àe|;
kr\t?~OuY(|;}\¦Yu
Tu|;1|;rYt?{}
Tt?
Tr|;
9|;z zTuw£}uwvwu¡uz
uwÄ{}uw;{Y
¦YurYzTu|;Yz Î Äur9|;
St?Cv¥t?z z¹|?kzTuª·¦YurYzTu|;t?vµzTYt?z«{}uw{Qt?
T¨}zTe¨}v
e|;
|?rtMu¡tHuw|?Ä|?zS
TuYJ{Y|;
Qt?
{Y¼zT|Zt?vvw|
¦ 7GtMv¥t?£YuÂxq ¨¬t?¨Äz t?z´¿{Y
Àt?
rt?C¦Yu¡õ-
TCz u¡ª`¦}uwrYz uw|;tM4v 7Gt?vwt?£YuÂxq ¨¬t?¨z t?zLt?}¦T{YG{}|;
S{tH¦Yz
uw£9z{YGT{Y
T
¦YurYzTu|;t?v9«¶|;
vw¦²tM T
|?rtMu¡tHuw|?¦Y9}¦Yz|?T{Y{Y|;uc|?A{}k|;rt?z t?Ê ÉÀ
t?z«¬vwvAtMz«{}uw{²|?T{YY ;kz T
TuY`{Y|;
TuzG«¬§zSt?
Sµe
|;r´uYuwY¦}uwrYz uw|;Yz
ò TóT{Y(T{Y
T
¦Yuwr}zTuw|?t?v{Y|;
Ze|;¨Y}¦·{Yuz«¶tm|?rz\ ;
·vw|;z oT|À¦Yz
uw£YuY
{}²«¬|;
Tv¦«¬oz (t?
T|;¨}Y¦ó¨Yz·»aóYt?
Tuw¨}v¥t?
«{Y«¬(VªYtMruY¹{Y Luw£Y
TtMu|;t?vGzStMTz|?
{}¹z
uwYu¸zT¨Y{t
zTYt?M¬Y|M`|;Yv¡1¦Y|
«¬¹Y¦¸{}¹;
t LuT|;/£Y¨4`«¶|? TÀY¦ÄýCt?¨Y?
£9|;zT|;}z¤¡Wºo{}~OuY¦Ñ|M¶tM
uvz®«{Yu{Ñr¦}u¥tMT`z
|;YYW«¬t?~7tMY¦7vwT
T|;rt?;Yu%e|;
Tz
¯4|;r|?T{Y
G Luw£}
tMTuw|;tMv-z tMz{t ;kY
T|;9
SuzzTuruv¥t?
T|T{Y|;z k|M Mt?
uw|;¨Yz¶½L¨Yt?
T~Oz^v}T|;Yz
Ð
³ u;;zµt?
Suwvw?¿{O¨Yz®z
uwY{}|;
S{t?zT{Yk|?TCuwt?vW|?¦}zT
Tu£YuwYt¨}Yu¦oT{Y|;
S|?
vrCtM
¹tM
uvzt?Y¦²t?vv-{}ce|?
Tz|;
tMTuwY`£9a«¬({}r²
û1«¶|?¨Yvw¦vwuw~MµT|§r}{t?zTu±{Y
µT{tM¬uw\zS
uwYc{Y|;
«¬®¨Yz ®½O¨t?CT¨Yr r{t?YuzGtMY¦
zT9u¥t?v{Y|;
|?2
Tv¥tMTu Luat?zG£Yt?zTuuwY}¨}z Y£Y¨}GT{Y;Y
Tt?v-{}|;
S|?A
v¥tHu Lu¡a\tMY¦¹Ct?¨Y?
{}|;
uwz¶|;r|;¨}G|?Az T
Tuw}%{Y|;
?¿{L¨}zz
uwY§{Y|;
\uw¹t%z Yz cY
T|m Luw¦Yzt?¹Vª}}v¥t?tHuw|?
|?«{C(T{Ye|;
Tz|?
tMTuwYu
|;¨Y
®¨YYu ?
zTt?
¦Yz
uw£9¦£C
;Y
Tt?vDT{Y|;
S(|M¬
vwtMu¡ 4u¡a
t?Y¦²Ct?¨};{Y|;
Tuz
òµ|;¨Y
Tz t?vwv¢uwz%Y|?«¬vvGtMT{Yuwz%z tM;?ÑÏDuw
z %|?t?vwv«¬¹{t ;¹{Y\Y
T|;£}vwr¾{YtM` ?
{}|;¨Y;{«¶µ~OY|m«·|?rt?C`z T
Tuw}k|;rt?TutMu|;YzD«{}uw{|;rG ;
v|;zTGT|k¦}zT
Tu£YuwYc{}
«¬|;
Tv¦Ñ{YtMc«¶zTMD{}
TuwzcY|o~OY|m«À|;rt?u¡tMTuw|;T{tMk¦Yz
uw£9z%Vª}t?Tv{}«¬|;
Tv¦
{YtM¶«¬®z t?
|;¨YY¦¨Yz¿2
LuY%|§vw|L|;~%e|;
¬t§zS
uwY§|;rt?uYtMTuw|;{tH¶¦YzT
Tuw£9z¶ª}t?Tv
{}{}|;
ST{tM¶;|m ;
YzG|;¨}
¬Y}u ;
Tz uwz¬t?tMu¡ ;®t?
Tt§|?W
z t?
{¹uw«{Yuw{rt?C{Y|;
Tuz Tz
t?
kYt?
TuwutMTuwYY¯4|;Y¦/^|;Ycruw;{C«¬|;Y¦Y
µ«{YtMµuwz{Yc£tMzTuwcY
uwYuwYv®{YtMµ|;Yc¨YzTzµT|
¦Yuw¦}§«{Yu{
|?T{Y§Y ?%zS
TuYT{Y|?
TuwzuzµT{Y%
uw;{C{}|;
S²e|?
¦YzT
Tuw£}uwY|;¨Y
µ¨YYu ?
zT?µ»s
«¬t?
Tvw|L|;~OuwYe|;
¬tkT{Y|?
{tH¶¦YzT
Tuw£9z¶ ;
O{}uwY`u|;¨}
¶¨YYu¡ ;
TzTM4«¬|;¨Yv¦Y/¤ Gu¢£9®Yu
|7{t ?otz uwY;v\rtM{}rtMut?vv7|?YzTuz CT{Y|?
À
TtM{}
{Yt?¸Y ;|?YzTuz CT{Y|?
TuwBz ¡
ÏDut?vwv¡;/ ;Àu¢{Y
TuwzczT|?rY
uwYuwYv{tMcTvwvz¨Yzc«{Yuw{Ñ|?¶T{Y`Y ;z
uwY{}|;
uwz«¬
zT{}|;¨Yvw¦¨Yz ?;T{Y
tM
TGzSuwvv4rt?C¦}uõ
TC{Y|;uz|M9T{Y|?rtMz t?T{tM£Y
uwY?z¨Yz¦Y|m«
|
T{Y
T¦YurYzTu|; t?Y¦¸|?Y\ruw;{Ck«¶|?Y¦Y
«{YtM`Y
uwYuwYv¦Yu¦Yz|?À{Y{}|;uw\|?{}
|?rtM§zTt??»a¼þt?ku¡§uzc|;z zTu£YvwT|({t ;z T
TuYo|;rt?TutMu|;«{Y
T{YO¨Yr%£
|?µY|;Lqa|?rtM`¦Yu
Tu|;Àuz¦Yuõ
C`e
T|?r T{Y
TË GtMvwv¶u¡
½O¨Yuw
zT|{t ;²ú¼}|;4qa|;rt?
¦Yu
Tu|;Yzuwz`|Ñ{Y|4|?zTot?·t?}Y
T|;}
Tu¥tH|;rt?\z t?o|?¦YuwrYz uw|;Å÷ ® yÍúLùV·¿{O¨Yz\{}
½O¨YzSu|;¼t?
TuzTzt?z|«{C
|?¨Y
®«¬|;
Tv¦uwz®T{Y
T`¦YuwrYz uw|;Yt?v ¡¸û1z {t?vv
S(T|t?¦Y¦Y
zTzz |;r
|?{YzTcuwz zT¨YzuT{YcYªLµzTTuw|;/
!
È-lÍzc f
® Í%¢È Î#ÏD
¯4|þt?
¢«¶®{t ;¦YuzT¨}zTzT¦¹{Y
T|;v®Yvwtm?¦¹£C{Y® Lu£Y
tMTuw|;Yt?vz tMz|?2t%zTuY;vµe¨Y}¦t?rCt?v
z T
TuYY³|m«¬ ?
%T{Yz t?
Y|M§T{Y\|;}v9|;zTz uw£Yv|?£L° z%uÑzS
uwY²{Y|;
?²¯L
uwY{Y|;
|?Ot?uw}z§rt?C7|?{}
aLz%|?¶|;£L° zk«{Yuw{Ñt?Ñ£r\tM¦Y|?Gr|;
T`T{t?¼|;Y(÷þzT|?r`ur
uw4YuTO¨Yr£9
|?ù¬e¨YY¦t?rCt?vWz T
Tuw};zûÑczT{t?vv/tMvwv-T{Yz §|;£O° Tz|;r|;z uT|;£L° z
»a`|;C ;Cuw|?t?vYtMYY
T|;t?{`|®T{YGz T¨Y¦}%|?^vrCt?
S%|;YzSuT¨YCTz|?^rtMTT
MǦGrt?~Mt
vt?
¦Yuz TuwYuw|?£9a«¬vrCtM
t?}¦\|?r9|;zTu¡|;£O° TzÏ|;
ª}t?rYvuw{Yµz t?Y¦t?
¦
r|4¦YvLT{YG½O¨t?
~Ozt?
TGvwrOt?
ktM
uvz«{}uwvw¢{Y¶Y
T|?T|;`t?}¦%{Y¶Y¨}T
T|;tM
TG|;r9|;z u
t?
Suvwzrt?¦Y|?¢½O¨t?
~Oz¿{YzSt?Y¦Yt?
T¦7r|4¦YvTvwvz®¨Yz Mt?
uw|;¨YzY
T|?
uz|?¢½O¨t?
~Oz§tMY¦
|?T{Y
§vwrCt?
SÑYt?
Tuwvzkuw7{Y{Y|;
Y {}\Y
|;
Tuwz§|?Y
|?|?Yz}¨}T
T|;Yz%t?Y¦À|M{Y
|?r9|;zTu¡µ|;£L° z¶t?£9µ¦Y
u ;¦e
T|;r T{Y®}
T|;9
Suwz¶|?-{YzT®|;YzSuT¨YCYt?
TuwvzD¿{O¨Yz
vrCtM
¹tM
uvz*° |*¹tY
Luwvwt?;¦¹|;z uTuw|;¹uT{Yc¦Yz
uw}Tuw|;|?2{YT{Y|;
S;
¿{Y®uYuTu¥t?vLe|;
Tr¨}v¥tMTuw|;`|?-z T
Tuw}kT{Y|;
S«Gt?z¢£t?z ¦|?{}zTt?rµY
uwYuwYv?;«uT{T{Y
|;vw
|?-vwrCt?
S`t?
Suwvwz£uwYt?~?\|m ;
¬£C`{}µvwrOt?
z
uwY?zD¿{}µ Luw£}
tMTuw|;tMv}z tMz
Ì
Ðu
|?T{Y\vwrCt?
¼z T
TuYo«¬
\{Y\t?t?v|;;zk|?GT{YvrCtM
7t?
Suvwz
t?vv|?{Y
%|;£O° Tz
rt?¦Yµ|?/r|;
TT{t?|;YµvwrCt?
Sz
uwY?z¢«¬
®|?r9|;zTu¡|;£O° Tz¬«{Y|?zT®}
T|;9
Suwz|;¨Yv¦
uwY
uwYuwYv¶£9¦Y
u ;¦e
|;r T{YY
|;
Tuwz|MT{YvrCt?
S`z T
TuYY³µ|m«¶ ;
{}uwzYu¨}
T?
{YtM;u¡ ;zt\zT9u¥t?v2
T|;v§T|\{Y%vwrCt?
SoYt?
Tuwvz-;|?®r|L¦Yu¡¦o¦Y
t?rtMTuwtMvwvtM
®{}
¦YuzT|m ?
|?2¦Y¨t?vuaz LrrT
TuzGuz T
Tuw}{Y|;
?¿{Yuwzuz¶{YzS|;
ST|«{Yuw{¹«¬cY|m«ÅT¨Y
T/
ö¨Y
TuY{Yruw¦ ® ô}¤zu¡`«GtMz
t?vuwzT¦ZT{tMzT|?r¹urt7t?u
`|?®T{Y|?
Tuwz`«{Yuw{Qýæv|4|;~^¤
¦Yu¡õ-
TC2rtmt?T¨t?vv¦Yz
Tu£T{Yzt?rY{CLzTut?v;T{Y|;
S;»a§|?T{Y
/«¬|;
¦Yz*{YzTt?r}{OLz uwtMv
{}|;
SJr\tÀ{Ytm ?o¦}uõ
TC¦}zT
Tu}u|;Yzt?z¦Yu¡õ-
TC|?rtMu¡tHuw|?Yz|?¦Yuõ
Cz T
Tuw}
{}|;
uwz¿{Yuwz®z LrrT
?/
Tv¥tMTuwY{Y%a«¬|t?YYt?
TOTvo¦Yuõ
CT{Y|;
uwz-uz~OY|m«¼t?z®{}
¦Y¨tMvwua¼zS4rr
S;
¿{}uwztMruwztM¨Yt?vwv¡¼t(ruzTY|?r
Dz uwY|? T¸|;YY¦Yzr|;
{Yt?
a«¬|¦Yz
Tu}u|;Yz§|?{Yzt?r\}{OLz uwtMv¬{}|;
S;7òY|?{YzT¨Y
Y
TuzTuY(etH¨Y
z%|M¦Y¨t?vua
z Lrr
uwzkuwzc{YtM§tot?
Suvw`«{Yu{1v|4|;~OzcvrCtM
7uw¼|;Y¦Yz
uw}Tuw|;¼r\t¼t?}t?
%tMz
|?r9|;zTu¡Gu`t¦Y¨tMv}¦YzT
uw}Tuw|;-D¿{O¨Yz«{YT{Y
t?u ;t?
Tuwvw¢uwzvwrCt?
§|;
|;r9|;z u
uwz®Y|?kt?uOT
TuYzTu%Y
|;
a(|?{Y`tM
uv?/£Y¨4¦Y9}¦Yzc|;«{Yuw{7t?
Su¨Yvwt?
¦}zT
Tu}u|;
«¬§¨Yz ke|?
G{Ycz T
TuY`{Y|;
¹¨}Y¦Y
zS¨Y¦}?
Î Y|?T{Y
®t?zT9|?¦Y¨t?vuauwz{YtMaLYut?vvT{Y%|;¨YYvuwY|?Yz t?C|?T{Y§T{Y|;
S;Yº{}
t?
Tt?r
/{tH¦}
TruwYz/{YzS
TY?T{§|?L Mt?
Tu|;¨Yz/e|;
z2|?
tMTuwY£9a«¬%{YvwrCt?
t?
Suvwz®º7uwzc
v¥tH¦7|{}|;¨YYvuwY|?Yz t?C|?¬{Y¦Y¨t?vT{Y|;
S7uwÑt²|;rYvwutMT¦«Gt?
ö¨Y%T|\{}uwz|;}%Y¦Yz{tM|? t\«¶t?~Ovo|;¨}Yvw¦
{Y|;
? y?t\T{Y|?
²«u{(zTrt?vwvA Mt?vw¨Y
|?A{}|;¨}YvwuY%|;Yz t?Cuwz¬
TvwtM¦¹£C\¦Y¨Yt?vwu¡aT|t§{}|;
S\«uT{v¥tM
T;µ ?tMvw¨Y|?W{Y®|;¨Y}vwuw}
|?Yz t?Cc¯4uY%uuwzµt?z uw
µ|¦}|t?v¨YvwtMu|;Yzuw
t{Y|;
e|;
zTrt?vwvW Mt?v¨Y§|M{Y§|;¨Y}vwuw}
|?Yz t?C|? T¼¦Y¨t?vua
vwtMzkT{Y
z ¨YvTz§|?Gto|;r}vw uwtM¦7t?v¨YvwtMu|;uw¼|;Y{Y|;
T|
{}k
z ¨YvTzµ|Mt`zTurYvtMvw¨}v¥tMTuw|;u¹{Yc¦Y¨tMv/{Y|;
?
»suwz£9z T|uwvwv¨Yz T
tMTT{YuwzG«u¡{zT|;rª}t?rYvzûÑ£9;u«u¡{²t?ª}t?rYv|?¦Y¨t?vua
uwC ?|;v Luw}T{Y|;
uwz«uT{
t?vvWYuw}§¦YurYzTu|;YzY|;Lqa|?rtMGûÑ%{Yt?¦(t?
Tvuw
uOT
T|L¦Y¨Y¦(Y ?
¦Yu¡õ-
TCµ|?YzTuz CzS
uwYT{Y|;
uwzuw¹YuY¦Yuwr}zTuw|?Yz»sT¨Y
TYz|?¨}{tH{YaL»¬z T
Tuw}
{}|;
S%tMY¦§T{Y^ УÑ$÷ ù/{Y
|?u¬zS
uwY{Y|;
§t?
¬¦}¨t?vC|t?{|M{Y
u§{}¬z Yz G¦Yz
uw£9¦
t?£9|m ;?¹¿{}Jýæv|4|?~9¤W¦}uõ
TC%£9t?¨YzT{YzT%|MvrCt?
St?
Suvwz2|;£}t?uwY¦¼e
|;r"{}
z tMzG|?WT{Y®vwrCt?
z T
TuYY4t?
T½L¨}u¦Yuõ
CGuT{Ya«¬|{Y|;
Tuz³|m«¬ ;
«{Y¹|;}
|?YzTu¦Y
zcT{Y%e¨YvvDz |?¢tM
uvzµºovwrCt?
(t?Y¦|;r9|;z uºouw
T{Y%a«¬|T{Y|?
TuwzW|;}
Y¦}zG{tM¶{Y®a«¬|zTzt?
uw¦YCuwt?vy¿{Y|?¨YYvwuY|;Yz t?C|?A{}{YT
|?uz T
Tuw}%{Y|;
¨}
TYz|?¨}|\£§½O¨t?v2|\T{YuwC ?
Tz `|?T{Y|?¨YYvwuY\|;YzSt?C|?T{Y%aL9»G{Y|;
?¿{O¨Yz
«{Y²T{Y{Y
|?uz T
TuYuwz¢«¶t?~Ov\|;¨Y}vw¦T{YaL®»¢zS
uwY`uz¶z T
T|;};v|;¨}Yvw¦t?Y¦ Luw
;
TzTt}
Î Y|?T{Y
kª}t?rYv|MG¦Y¨tMvwua(uwC ;|?v ;z%zS
TuY¹{Y|;
Tuzc«uT{¼Y ?\Y|?4qa|;rYt?kzTYt?¦Yu¡q
TTuw|;Yz¬ûÑkt?~?§t?C|;Yk|?{Ya«¬|\{Y
|?u§zS
uwY`{}|;
uwzt?Y¦tM~?ce|;¨Y
|?DT{YkzTt?
¦Yu
Tu|;Yz|¹£9`|?rtMWt?{7¦Yz
uw£YuY²tuw
v|?¢
tMuw7
t?¦}uw¨Yz¯4¨}{1te|;¨Y
®¦Yuwr4q
zTu|;t?vzTtMuwz~OY|m«Ñt?zct\e|;¨Y
T|;
T¨}zW¦YY|?¦7£T{Y`z Lr£9|;;v Ò 1 ò
T{Y`|?T{Y
z uw¦Y«¬
tM~?oaL9o» » Î zS
uwY7{Y|;
ZtMY¦órt?~?e|;¨Y
|?{Y²zTYt?o¦Yuw
Tuw|;}z|;rt?¬T{Yuwz`ur
é @Öeêyáâé*:è Eæícì=âë*Uà EæÔ å§êñ*Ô âáyíÛOçGâÖeêâÕ9êñHÔµåmë @:EäêäæÔ Öñ @ãÔ
¹>Ó ë*ÔGêâêyñ*Ôåm'ä ÔìSUë Eêeíkäæéå*âäæé*è>ì @-EÙì=ë E/@VêäæâéHÖäæP
é*âêAïMÔ ÔSéà*áyâãÔSéLÛïHëmêAñ @ãÔï?ÔSÔ éêyÔ ÖþêÔTåäæé^ç @Véíµåm'ä Õ?Ô áÔ éê A@ímÖS×
Ðh
IIB
IIA
I
M−theory
E8 X E8 heterotic
SO(32) heterotic
ÏDu;¨Y
Ðmô}x0{t?z zµ|?©qsT{Y|;
S;
¦YzT
uw£YuYt(r|;
\|?rYvuwtM¦¼e|;¨}
%¦YurYzTu|;t?vz t?¹~OY|m«Jt?zÖ¯}(»s§¨Y
Yz|;¨}§{tH
{}zTca«¬|Y ?k¦}uwrYz uw|;tMv-z T
TuY`{Y|;
Tuzµt?
Tc¦Y¨Yt?v-|tM{o|?T{Y
»aoz u¥tMv/t?z zt`t?
Tuw¨Yv¥t?
¶|;rt?uYtMTuw|;¹|?z T
TuY`{Y|;
¹rt£9c
TvwtM¦¹|uTzTv¡
£C·tѦY¨t?vuaJz Lrr
S;Q»aó{Yuz\t?zT(T{Y(¦}¨t?vwu¡aJz Lrr
J«uvwv
Tv¥tMToT{Y(vwrCt?
t?Y¦|;r9|;zTu¡¹t?
Suvwz`uwJ{YzTt?r¹T{Y|;
S;·¯4¨Y{T{Y|?
Tuwz\tM
T~OY|m«ótMvwvw¦JzTv¡¥qa¦Y¨Yt?vy
Ï|;
ª}t?rYvcaL9c»T\» TÃz
uwY`T{Y|;
S¹«uT{otMvwv/¦Yu
Tu|;YzY|?4qa|;rYt?uzt`z v¥qs¦Y¨t?v{Y|;
?
Î }|?{Y
®VªYtMrYv§uz®tMO|M{Yka«¶|\{YT
T|Muwkz T
TuYT{Y|?
Tuwz«u¡{²zTu¡ªo|;rYt?µ¦Yu
Tu|;Yz
tM{
¦Yz
uw£9¦(£Cotuw
v?¢»a(£9|?{{YzTk{Y|;
Tuz¦Y¨t?vuaaLYut?vv\
TvwtMz®tMovwrCt?
t?
SuvwT|t|;r|;z uTt?
Tuwvw?
zTuY Mt?
Tu|;¨Yz`~OY|m«ó¦Y¨Yt?vwu¡uwz£9a«¬ó¦Yuõ
C|;rt?uYtMTuw|;¸|?®¦Yuõ
Cz T
Tuw}
{}|;
uwzµ|;YktM(Y|m« t?
;¨Yc{tMt?vv/Y ;§z T
Tuw}T{Y|;
uwz®t?
§¦}uõ
TC«¶t4z|?¦YzT
Tuw£}uwYt
zTuY;vG{Y|;
?¿{Yuwz{}|;
S{t?z£;u ?{Yt?r©qsT{Y|?
;öuõ
TC|;rt?uYtMTuw|;Yz
|?W¦}uõ
TCGz T
TuYkT{Y|?
Tuwz¢«{}uw{¹t?
}|?¶
vwtM¦\£C¦Y¨t?vuat?
T|§£9®
Ct?
¦Y¦\t?z¶¦}uõ
TC
Y{tMzTz®|?©qy{Y|;
?^r¨Y{
u²T{Y§zTt?rc«¶t{tMµ«¶tM
9uwkt?}¦(z Tt?r tM
Tc|\£9c
TCt?
T¦}¦
t?z¦Yu¡õ-
TOGY{t?z z|?2tz uwY;vT{Y|;
S;Cº{Y®T{Y|?
|MW«GtMT
r|;vw¨Yvz/ × Î z {YrtMu÷tMY¦
r¨Y{²zTur}vwuY¦^ùYuw¨Y
|?A{YcY{Yt?zTzµ|M©¹qs{}|;
S{t?z£9oz {Y|m«ouÏDuw\Ðmô} Î 9|;uwCu
{}uwz¦Yu¥tM;
t?r
TY
TzTOTztY{t?z c|?©qy{Y|;
?^t?Y¦{YY ?§{}|;vwz
T}
Tz C®T{YY ;c«¬t?~Ov
|?¨YYvw¦z
uwY§{Y|;
TuzG{}
T|;¨Y?{«{Yuw{¹«¬r\t
|`?t% Luw«Í|M2T{Y¦Yu¡õ-
TO}{t?zTz|?
{}%{Y|;
?®»aY
uwYuwYvkt?C(9|;uwCt?(£% Lu«¬¦7t?z®t?t?Y}
T|;Y
u¥tMTý|?rtMu¡tHuw|?/¤|?
ØVÙ é*ÔAåm'ä Õ;ÔSáyÔSéHìSÔWïMÔS3ê AÔ ÔSé¶êñ*ÔTÖþÔ/3ê A-â>ì @ÖþÔTÖYäæÖYêyñ @Ú
ê AWñ*'ä EæÔ/ÕÂâYá AÛ@VêÔSáYêyñ*Ô/êñHáÔ ÔWà*ñ @ÖÔ Ö @áÔAÖþxê @Uï EæÔÕÂâá9åm'ä Õ?Ô áÔ éê
ãB@-Eæë*Ô ÖâVÕêyÔSçGà?ÔS2á @êëHáÔÛMà*áyÔ ÖyÖë*áÔÔSêyì×Û;åm'ä Õ?Ô áÔ éêì=âç¶à @ìaêy»ä Ü?>ì @êyäâéHÖAâÕ9Öeêyáäæé*èêyñ*ÔSâá"í @Váy0Ô @-E/EYÖe2ê @VUï EæÔà*ñ @ÖþÔTRÖ @Vê
SÔ áâ¶êyÔSçGàMÔ xá @Vêë*áyÔ×
Ð#
?t C|MW{Y®} ;z T
TuY%{}|;
uwz}£Y¨4vt?
vu/«¬|?YzTu¦Y
t§|;uCGYt?
G|;Y®|?W{Y«uwY¦Y|m«z
º
TY
TzTOTuwY{}|;
TzT9|;Y¦YuY`z T
Tuw}{Y|;
«u{\zTrt?vwv^ Mt?vw¨Y®|?A{Y|;¨YYvuwY%|;YzSt?C
º«¬{t ;t£TT
® Luw«Ê|?{}%9|;uwCµe
T|;r {YtM®«uY¦Y|m«cµY¦Y
z t?Y¦YuY«{tM®vwuwzu({}
uwCT
Tu|;
|?¢{}}{t?zT¦Yuwt?;
tMro
T}
Tz CuY(}{t?zTz§|M©qy{Y|;
(«{Yuw{¼t?}Y|?c£9 Lu«¬¦
t?z«¬t?~Ov|;¨Y}vw¦¹T{Y|;
uwze
|;r {Y Luw«|;uC|?tMO\|?2{YY ?kzS
uwY`{}|;
uwzYuwz|?Y|?
{}kr|;zS{t?vwvY?uwY`Y
|;£Yvr´e|;
GT{YcY
TzTO¦t¹zS
TuY`{Y|;
Tuz Tz
¿{L¨}zµT{YcY
T|;£}vwr |?|;Y}TuwY\©q¢{}|;
S|tMT¨Y
Tc
¦Y¨Yz|Yx
Ð;ör|;}z
TtMuY`{tHµT{Y
%uztY{tMzT%|M©qy{Y|;
¹T{tMµ¦Yz
uw£9z®Vª}t?Tv¹{}§tH¨Y
T{tM«¶c|;£}zT
S ;M
pDª4Yv¥tMuwYuY«{CtM¨}
Tcª4uwzSzuw¹T{YuwztM
u¨Yvwt?
GY{Yt?zT§t?Y¦Y|?µuotMO|?{Y
Y{t?z ?
T¶|?T{¹uwz zT¨Yzt?
T¨Y
T
Cv¡¨Y}¦Y
t?u¡ ;uO ?zSuw;tMu|;£Crt?C\
z t?
{Y
z¢»¢z {t?vv-}¦{Yuz
tMvw~\£C¦YzT
Tuw£}uwYzT|?rz ¨YvwtMu¡ ;cuw¦Yt?z|;¹{Ycz |?Y¦(uzTzT¨}?
»s7{t?z
TOTv£9e|;¨YY¦{YtMÑ©qsT{Y|?
{tMz
St?urt?zSt?£}vwÀY{Yt?zTz ¿{YzT
rtMz tM£YvwoY{t?z zt?
t?t?v|;;|;¨}z|Ñ{Y
z ¨Y9
T|4|?vw¦Ä|?
\zT¨}
T{YtM¦Q}{t?zTz¹|?kr\tHT
7¶|;Yz uw¦Y
e|;
ª}t?rYvwT{YtMzTc|?Dtz ¨Y9
T|4|?vw¦¹«¶tM
4º«¶tM
µ£9v|m«ÅT{YcY|;
Trt?v9e
T±uY
9|;uwC Î zvw|;}t?zG{Y
Tcuwz¶Y|¦YuwzS¨Y
£t?YcT{Y«¶tM
Trt?uYzt?zGǦtM
£Y¨4µtz r\tMvwv-¦}uwz T¨Y
Sq
£t?}cuw²t?CYt?
|?2{}z Lz Trü«uwvv-rt?~?ct`z r\t?vv-
;u|;t?
T|?¨YY¦¹{tHt?
|;Y¦YYzTkuwCT|
{}kr|;
z t?£Yvw®uw®Y{t?z ?¿{Yuwzz r\tMvwv-
;u|;|?uw®«uwvv9T{Y²ª4tMY¦uwYz uw¦Y®T{Y«¶tM
tMY¦
?C¨Yt?vwv¡|?O ?
S{Y«{Y|?vw®«¶tM
GuwCT|uw?¢¯4uruv¥t?
v%T{Yrt?z t?£Yvw®Y{t?z z|?©qy{Y|;
{t ;c{}Y
T|;9
Sa{YtM|LtMzTuw|?t?vwv¡zT|;r
T;uw|;}zG|?2{Y¨Y}u ;
Tz §u{YuzGY{t?z cr\trt?~M
Tt?Yz uu|;uOT|`tr|;
TzSt?£}vwY{Yt?zTMt?Y¦T{YuwzG
;u|;\T{Y;
|*«zG«u¡{Tuwr?L|;C ;
TuwY`{}
zT¨}
T
T|?¨YY¦YuY
;u|;uwC|T{Ycr|?
Tz t?£Yvk}{t?zTM
¿{Y
®uwz{Y|m«¬ ?
tc
T¨}u¥tMv9¦}uõ
TYµ£9a«¬T{Y«¶ttkrt?z t?£YvwY{Yt?zT|?A©qy{Y|;
£9{t ;zt?}¦ot`rt?z t?£Yvw}{t?zTc|?t`Y|;
r\tMÛv 9¨Yu¦²£9{Ytm ?z¬¿{Ycrt?z t?£Yvw}{t?zTz|?©¹q
{}|;
S«{Yuw{t?
Tvw Mt?Ce|;
D|;¨Y
¦YuzT¨}zTzTu|;{t ;µt?t?¦Y¦}uu|;t?vLY
|;
a§{tMu¡9t?C`
T;uw|?
|?{Yµ¨YYu¡ ;
zTuwzuw{tH¬}{t?zTM4u¡¢ª4t?Y¦}z¶
tMYuw¦Yv¡`t?z¬tc|;Yz ½O¨YY|M-{}vwtm«z¢|?-;Y
t?v
{}|;
S|?¬
TvwtMu¡ Lua;k»a{YYuwt?v
Trz«¶zTtm({tMT{Yz Y{t?z zk{t ;|?zTuTu ?% Mt?vw¨Yz|?
{}|;z r|?vw|;;ut?vW|;YzSt?Cºot\|;Yz t?C{YtMpuw}z uwo{t?¦uwCT
T|L¦Y¨Y¦
uwCT|{}½O¨tMTuw|;}z
e|;
?Y
t?v
vwtMu¡ 4u¡aot?Y¦7v¥tMT
®t?£t?Y¦}|;Y¦¼¦Y¨YT|¹v¥t?~²|?¢ª49
uwrCt?vD Luw¦YYM + ò®
{}
tMT\|?Vª4t?Yz uw|;¸|?T{Y\¨}Yu ?
Tz ¹¦Y¨Y\T|({}uwz%|;zTr|;v|;;uwt?v|;Yz t?C
Tr¾¨Y
Yz|;¨4
|£9kr%¨Y{oþt?zS
T{t?{Yk
tHc|?ª4t?Yz uw|;o|?2{Yk£Y¨Y£Y£}vwz|?Dr|?
Tz t?£Yvk}{t?zTzµ«{}uw{
ruw;{Ce|;
r´uw}zTuw¦}{YzTkrt?zSt?£YvY{tMzTz
¢A`¨Yz`Y|m« |;r%£YuwY{YzT¹a«¶|þt?zt?£9|;¨}%{Yrt?z t?£YvY{t?z z|?®©qy{Y|;
?¬tMY¦
z T¨Y¦}({Y|m«{Y¨}Yu ?
Tz %«uwvvW ?|;v ?utMOo
T;uw|?(|?T{Y¨Y}u ;
Tz {t?Y9}z®|£9%u(z ¨Y{7t
rtMz tM£YvwY{Yt?zTk|?©qsT{Y|;
S;¬ÏDuw
z |?Dt?vvy}¦}¨Y|{Yc|?zTr|;vw|;?uwtMv|;Yz t?CT
rüzT¨Y{(t
T;uw|?\|?WT{Y®¨Y}u ;
Tz ®«uwvvª4t?Y¦ ?
S
tMYuw¦Yv¡; Î ¶{}®ztMrµuwruw¦Yuõ
CGtM
z¬|?W{}
Ö @GÖ¶ç @:E'E;ï*ë*ê/éHâé ¿ÞSÔ áâ¬ßã @:EëHÔDâÕOêñHÔì=âÖçG:â EæâèäæFì @-E
Ý ÓWÔTì=ÔSéêWÔ=îmà?ÔSáyäçGÔ éêsÖ-ñ @ãÔ2ÕÂâë*éHåµêñ @êWâë*á/ë*éHäãÔSásÖþÔDñ @
ì=âéHÖþxê @VéêT× = ñëH;Ö à^äæéHÖeêyÔSäæ¯é A@ÖAáyäæèñGê @Õ êyÔSá @-E/Eâá = ñ*Ô¬àHñ @ÖÔ Ö2âVYÕ ã"¿wêñ*Ô âáy[í AWñHäæìs¯ñ A-8Ô @áÔ¢å*äæÖyì=ëHÖyÖäé*èñ*ÔSáyÔñ @ãÔ
ç¢ëMìs¬ñ E]@VáyèÔ á/ßã @:EëHÔ Ö/âVÕ4êñ*ÔìSâÖçG:â EæâèäÙ>ì @:E?ìSâéHÖþxê @éê ×
ÐU(
phase 2
phase 1
Rapidly expanding
supercooled phase
phase 3
ÏDuw;¨}
TÐ;Ð?x¢¯LtMTc|?T{Yc¨YYu¡ ;
zT
¨YYu¡ ;
TzT%zTrt?vwvW
;u|;Yzµ|?r|;
Tkz t?£Yv§Y{Yt?zTz®«uwvv/e|;
Tlr 䵫{}uw{(«uvwv/{}(?
T|m«c|;C ;
uY
{}zT¨Y
T|;¨}Y¦Yuw}`
T?uw|;|?W{Y®¨YYu ?
zTuwCT|%{Y®r|;
®zSt?£Yv®Y{Yt?zTM¢»aþtMGuYzTu¦Y®¦}uõ
TC
£Y¨Y£}£Yvwz®«¶`rt²{t ;¦Yu¡õ-
TO®z t?£Yvw§Y{t?z z|?¬©¹qs{}|;
S;®»a7tY|;
Trt?qv 9¨Yu¦({}uwz®}
T|Lz z
«uwvvDzS|;7«{Y7{}«¶t?vvwz|?{}Vª4t?Y¦YuY²£Y¨Y£Y£Yv` ?C¨tMvwv
|;vvwuw¦}Ë Wt?}¦Ñ ;CT¨t?vwv¡
{}
CTuw
T[ 9¨Yuw¦«uvwv^£9|;C ?
T¦|T{Yr|;z ¶z tM£Yvw|M2t?vwv^{Y®Y{t?z z¢³µ|*«¬ ?
µuw\T{Y¨Y
T
C
zTu¡¨tHuw|?Ñ{}uwz%} ;
{t?}YzzTuY{Y¨YYu ?
zT¹t?zt²«{Y|;v\uz%ª4tMY¦Yuw}
t?}uw¦Yv¡7¦Y¨YT|
{}|;z r|;v|;;ut?v|;Yz t?C¿{O¨YzG{}Y
T|LzTz|;CuwO¨Yz åælçèué0èçê$ë¤ìP
L{Y®|;
Tu;uwtMv9¨}Yu ?
Tz
~?Yz¬|;ª4t?Y¦}uwYYLt?}¦r|;
t?Y¦r|;
£Y¨Y£Y£}vwz|?z t?£YvY{t?z ze|;
Tr u¦Yuõ
C
T;uw|;}z
|?^{}¨YYu ?
zT?p ?C¨tMvwv% ?
|;z zTu£Yvw¬Y{t?z µ|M©qsT{Y|;
Suz
Tt?vwu±¦%uwYz uw¦YG|?Y|;
r|;
T
£Y¨Y£}£Yvwz¢¿{Yuwzz u¨YtMu|;¹{t?z£9o¦Y}uwT¦²uw²ÏDuY-Ð;ÐM
»a²T{YuwzYuT¨Y
TMYY|zTuY;vw}{t?zTc|?©qy{Y|;
¹uzY
Te
¦²£OYtM¨Y
?¿{Yc«¬|;
Tv¦T{tM«¬
zTt?
T|?¨YY¦
¨Yzª4uwzSzu
t\Yt?
Tuw¨}v¥t?
Y{tMzTz uwrYv£9t?¨YzT§«¶{Yt?Y9(T|vwu¡ ;kuw(T{Yuwzµt?
S
|?2{Y«¬|;
vw¦/»s2«¬{t?¦vwu¡ ;¦¹ut?Y|?T{Y
Yt?
|M2T{Y«¬|;
Tv¦«¶«¬|;¨Yvw¦¹z kt¦Yu¡õ-
TCY{Yt?zTM
ò®A|;¨}
TzTMYuwr|?z G|MW{YY{t?z z|?©qy{Y|;
vuet?z¬«¬~OY|m«Å«¬|;¨Yv¦£9®uwr9|;zTz uw£Yv?Ot?Y¦¹z |
Y|;£9|L¦}«¬|;¨Yvw¦²£9{Y
Tc||;£Yz
?kT{Yz §}{t?zTz T¶¨}{YtMuwzt?}|?{Y
r\tM
§
Ô E]@ßAAÖâVÚÕ ?ë @éêyë*çÃçGÔ ìsñ @Vé*äÙìSÖà*áyÔ åmäÙìaêDêñ @Vêêñ*Ô áÔ AW'ä E/Eï?Ô
í à^ãÔSécäÕ9êyñ*ÔSáyÔ¶äæÖé*â®Ô=îêyÔSáyé @-EYåmäÙÖeêyë*áï @VéHìSÔÛ;êñH
ÖâçGÔäéêáyäæéHÖþäÙìåmäÙÖeêyë*áï @VéHìSÔäæéêyñ*Ôë*é*äæãÔ áyÖ¬Ô AWñ*äæìsñ>ì @ëHÖÔ ÖGÖþâçGÔ2á @VéHå*â¶ç EíìsñHâÖÔSéáyÔSèäâéHÖ¬êâ%ÕÂâáyçÊÖ¶ç @:E'E
ï*ë*ïHUï EÔTÖWâVÕYçGâáyÔÖe2ê @VUï EæÔà*ñ @ÖÔ Ö ×
Ð5
$ $ %
¿{Y
T`t?
?tM
Tuw|?¨Yz®tMzT9Tz®|?Dz T
Tuw}T{Y|;
S«{Yuw{o»G{t ;v µ|;¨}µ|?|;¨Y
¦Yuwz ¨Yz zTu|;/¿{YzT
uw}vw¨}¦Yz T
TuY({}|;
SÀt?Yt?vLzTuz%|?µ£Yvwt?~7{Y|;vC
|;C;¦Y¨tMvwua7£9a«¬zS
uwY(T{Y|?
¸tMY¦
Ct?¨};T{Y|;
S¼Mo©²1rt?u7e|L¨}z%uw¼{Yuz%tM
uv{Yt?z%£91|oª4Yv¥tMuw¼{Y|m« zS
uwY{Y|;
£Y
uwY;z¨}z¢vw|;z
|kpuw}z uw/¤z¦Y
t?r²³µ|*«¬ ?
¢«¶µt?
µzSuvwv}½O¨Yu¡Gþt?
e
|;r
t?vuw±uwY|?¨Y
t?v
;|CtMv¢|MGY¦YuY
t²|;rYv`T{Y|;
S¼|?vrCtM
¼|;}z u¡¨YCz%|Mr\tHT
¹»s§uwzk¨Y1T|o{}
Y
zTCt?}¦²T{Ye¨}¨Y
;}
tHuw|?²|MDzS
TuY`{Y|;
Tuz TzG|t?
T{Y{}|;
Se|;
Ǧt?
¦²T|*«¶t?
¦Yz
{}uwz;|Ct?v»s«uwvv-£9kt?o¨}Y{Yuwvvt?zT~£}¨}«¶|;
S{{Ycõ-|;
S
ï
î
É;µ
ð ÐñÊT®Y
ò«uw£t?{/ Î Y
Tz µ|;¨Y
Tz §uz
uwY`T{Y|;
S;Y7Gt?r%£Y
Tu¦Y;c}u 9
2÷ ô;ôËOùV
ð ñÖ7®4 °Y
ó?|;{}YzT|;-^öqa£Y
Tt?YzY7Gt?r£Y
uw¦Y?cYu¡ 4
2÷ ô?ô.Cù
ð ñÖó}
|;v{Yuw}zT~Ouy^¯O
TuY`{Y|;
?4 °|;vyÐ%tMY¦ Y 7Gt?r£Y
uw¦Y?cYu¡ 4
2÷SÐ ®Ë® 5Cù
ð Ëñ%©Ñ
T®
T/Y ó}^³k^¯4{C«¶t?
T±%t?Y¦²pYûÃuTT/¯4¨Y9
TzS
uwY¿{Y|;
? °|?vy-Ðkt?}¦ 7Gt?rq
£Y
Tu¦Y;cµYu 9
A÷GÐ ® 5(;ù
Ю
© Copyright 2026 Paperzz