Third Level Evaluation: Pencil Example
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
MAKES ERASABLE
MARK
REMOVES
ERASABLE MARK
EMBODIMENT:
HOLDS POINT
PRODUCTION:
FEW PARTS
SIMPLE TO MAKE
ASSEMBLY:
EASY
OPERATION:
COMFORTABLE TO
USE
LOW USE FORCE
MAINTENANCE:
SHARPENABLE
SAFETY:
DOESN’T HARM
USER BY
BREAKING INTO
SMALL, HARMFUL
PARTS
NOT POISONOUS
TOTAL POINTS:
WEIGHT
(0-4)
C1
(RUB ON
- RUB
OFF)
C2
(PLACE
ON TAKE
OFF)
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
4
4
4
3
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
0
4
3
C3
(PLACE
ON - RUB
OFF)
Management & Planning Tools
(Helps Teamwork)
Affinity Diagram (1)
a
Interrelationship Digraph (2)
b
c
Tree Diagram (3)
d
abcde f gh
1
2
3
4
5
6
Prioritization Matrices (4)
Matrix Diagram (5)
Affinity Diagram
!
!
!
!
Purpose:
– Creative process (generate & organize ideas)
Start with:
– What is issue under discussion?
Then:
– Brainstorm ideas
Then:
– Gather ideas under affinity headings
Affinity Diagram (1)
Affinity Diagram Example
!
Reduce Data Entry Complexity (Selling, Leasing, Tracking Products)
Improved
Training
Improved
Hardware
Error
Prevention
Optical
Scanning
System
Problem
Solving
On-Line
System at
Customer Site
Voice
Activated
System
Automated
Entry
Friendly
Software
Improve
Paperwork
Inlet
Outlet
Standardize
completion Format
Menu
Driven
Display
Only
Critical
Info. On
Screen
Increase Size to
Increase Legibility
Improve
Prompts
Train Clerical Sales
and Customer Service
Personnel
Shorten 11-Digit
Product Code
Color Code Forms by
Product Group
Forms Contain Only
Non-Standard
Customer information
Interrelationship Digraph
!
!
!
!
Purpose:
– To show causality between items
Interrelationship Digraph (2)
– To identify drivers and bottlenecks
– Can be used to fill in roof of house of quality
First:
– Write down items to be discussed
Then:
– Draw arrows between items
– From " to indicates causality
Arrows
– Most out arrows " driver
– Most in arrows " bottleneck
Interrelationship Digraph Example
!
Repeated service calls on a machine
Lack of Knowledge of
Job by Subcontractor
Interviewer
Wrong
Person Sent
Repeat
Service
Calls
Lack of Good
People
Lack of Trades
Experience in
Management
Poor Matching
of People
Lack of Formal
Record of What
Final Job is
Lack of Clear Job
Expectations by
Subcontractor
Lack of Knowledge of
Matching People to
Job Requirements
Problematic
Customer
Unclear Customer
Expectations
Wrong
Tools
Lack of Info.
on Job
Advertising
Promises
Tree Diagram
(Not Function Tree)
!
!
!
!
Purpose:
– Show paths and tasks to accomplish
primary goal and its related sub-goals
First:
– List main what (goal)
Then:
– List “Hows” (means)
– These become goals (“Whats”) for next
level
Continue until you get to assignable tasks
Tree Diagram (3)
Tree Diagram Example
!
Reduce Data Entry Complexity
Clerical
Improved
Training
Reduce Data
Entry Complexity
Sales
Customer Service
Reps.
Error Prevention Training
Seq. Inspection Training
Problem Solving Training
Optical Scanning System
On-Line System at Customer
Site
Increase Monitor Size
Voice Actuated System
Improved
Hardware
Automated Entry
Friendly
Software
Input
Improve Prompt
Auto Check on Standard price
Database
Display Only Non-Standard
Information on Screen
Output
Increase Size for Legibility
Manual Entry
Form
Improve
Paperwork
Coding System
Standardized
Completion Format
Menu Driven
Forms Contain only NonStandard Information
Color Code Form by Product
Shorten Product Code
More Obvious Difference
Among product Groups Codes
Train Clerical, Sales and
Customer Service Personnel
Prioritization Matrix
!
b
c
d
Purpose:
– To prioritize items:
# Prioritization against themselves
# Prioritization against criteria
!
a
This allows you to focus limited resources
Prioritization Matrices (4)
Prioritization Matrix (Coffee Example)
A
B
C
D
Taste
A
X
-
+
+
Smell
B
+
X
+
+
Poisonous
C
-
-
X
+
Color
D
-
-
-
X
Temperature
E
-
-
+
+
5.6
!C1
0.8
!C2
15.2 20
!C3 !C4
E
!R1/
!C
!R2/
+ !
C
!R3/
!C
!R4/
!C
!R /
X ! 5
C
10.4 52
!C5 !C
+
%
0.2923
29.23
0.3846
38.46
0.1077
10.77
0.0154
1.54
0.2000
20.00
Total
+ = 5, - = 1/5
100.00
Matrix Diagram
!
Purpose:
– To show relations between two sets
– To show strength of relations
!
Basic types
– QFD
– Job responsibilities
abcde f gh
1
2
3
4
5
6
Matrix Diagram (5)
Matrix Diagram (Interview Example)
Job Responsibilities
Boss
Organizer
Staff person
Travel
D
"
"
Pick Date
O
"
D
Schedule
D
"
O
Benefits Discussion
"
O
D
Dinner
O
D
"
Follow-Up
"
O
" = Primary Responsibility, O = Secondary Responsibility
D = Needs To Know
Relationship of MP Tools to QFD
Characteristics
Requirements
(What)
Customer
Requirements
(How)
Product
Characteristics
(5)
Matrix
Diagram
Relationships
How Much
(4)
Prioritization
Matrices
Importance
Target Values
Importance Ratings
Competitive Assessment
(3)
Tree
Diagram
Requirements
Flow
Interrelationships
Prioritization
(1)
Affinity
Diagram
(2)
Interrelationship’s
Digraph
Use of M&P Tools for ME2110 Design Project
!
!
!
!
!
!
Affinity Diagram to Organize Ideas for Each Problem
(Improve Machine Repeatability,…)
Interrelationship Digraphs to Debug Machine
(Loss of Power, Premature Triggering,…)
Tree Diagrams to Assign Tasks
(Buy wood, Build frame, Program controller,…)
Prioritization Matrix to Create Task Timeline
Matrix Diagram to Ensure You are Addressing All Needs
Etc.
Summary
!
Management and planning tools allow you to:
– Plan more formally
– Organize information
– Deal with qualitative information
– Show relations between items and issues
Use Them!!!