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METRO EAST EDUCATION DISTRICT
COMMON PAPERS
HISTORY PAPER 2
GRADE 12
JUNE 2016
ADDENDUM
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QUESTION 1: CIVIL RESISTANCE IN SOUTH AFRICA, 1970s to 1980s
WHAT WERE THE NATURE AND IDEALS OF THE BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS
MOVEMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA DURING THE 1970s?
SOURCE 1A
An extract: SASO and Biko express the nature of Black Consciousness
SASO declared itself to be a black organization working for the liberation of
blacks in South Africa at two levels – from the psychological oppression as
well as from political oppression and exploitation.
Black Consciousness is an attitude of the mind, a way of life ….
The black man must build up his own value systems; see himself as selfdefined and not defined by others.
Black Consciousness implies awareness by black people of the power they
wield as a group … and hence group cohesion and solidarity are important.
Biko writes in the same newsletter “ We blacks “ he wrote:
“ All in all the black man has become a shell, a shadow of a man, completely
defeated … a slave, an ox bearing the yoke of oppression
with sheepish timidity…….
The first thing therefore is to make the black man come to himself; to pump
back life into his empty shell; to infuse him with pride and dignity … This is
what we mean by an inward –looking process.
SASO Newsletter September, 1970
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SOURCE 1B
The following Source reflects the influence of Black Consciousness on the Soweto
Uprising
Steve Biko’s response to a report for evidence of support for Black
Consciousness.
.
The Soweto Uprising in 1976 proved to be an inspirational event for Biko
saw black assertiveness, pride and confidence come alive in the youth of
Soweto.
He
“In one word - Soweto. The boldness, dedication, sense of purpose, and
clarity of analysis of the situation – all of these were a direct result of BC ideas
among the young….For the power of the movement can indeed change the
habits of people. The change is not the result of force but of dedication and
moral persuasion
From A Marx. (1992) Lessons of Struggle: South African Internal Opposition,
1960-1990.
SOURCE 1C
This extract is taken from a speech by former President Nelson Mandela, delivered
during the Steve Biko Memorial Lecture held at the University of Cape Town in 2004
That intervention came at a time when the political pulse of our people had been
rendered faint by banning, imprisonment, exile, murder and banishment.
Repression had swept the country clear of all visible organizations of the people.
But it was also a time when the tide of Africa's valiant (brave) and her liberation,
lapping at our own borders was consolidating black pride across the world and firing
the determination of all those who were oppressed to take their destiny into their own
hands.
[From: httpiwww.anc.org.za/shw.php?id=2875. Accessed 28 March 2014]
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SOURCE 1D
The cartoon below by Zapiro pays tribute to Steve Biko, 1977.
.
Steve Biko – 25 years on – Apartheid killed him but not his ideas Published in
Sowetan on 12 Sep 2002
I Write What I Like by Steve Biko
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QUESTION 2:
THE COMING OF DEMOCRACY TO SOUTH AFRICA AND COMING TO
TERMS WITH THE PAST: THE TRC
HOW DID THE TRC CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS NATION BUILDING IN S.A?
SOURCE 2A
The Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act of 1995
Preamble to the Act
NO. 34 OF 1995: PROMOTION OF NATIONAL UNITY AND RECONCILIATION ACT, 1995.
To provide for the investigation and the establishment of as complete a picture as possible of
the nature, causes and extent of gross violations of human rights committed during the
period from 1 March 1960 to the cut-off date contemplated in the Constitution, within or
outside the Republic, emanating from the conflicts of the past, and the fate or whereabouts
of the victims of such violations; the granting of amnesty to persons who make full disclosure
of all the relevant facts relating to acts associated with a political objective committed in the
course of the conflicts of the past during the said period; affording victims an opportunity to
relate the violations they suffered; the taking of measures aimed at the granting of reparation
to, and the rehabilitation and the restoration of the human and civil dignity of, victims of
violations of human rights ……..
Taken from www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/1995-034.pdf, August 2015
SOURCE 2B
Statement by President Nelson Mandela on receiving the first five volumes of the
Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 29 October 1998.
“… and for our generation to know that when we finally go to rest forever, our children will be
secure in the knowledge that two simple words will reign: Never Again!
Today we receive a report whose creation has itself been a part of what has brought us to where
we are.
It represents toil of nurturing the tender fields of peace and reconciliation and the plodding labour of
opening the bowels of the earth to reveal its raw elements that can build and destroy.
The report we receive today - and which is to be completed when the Amnesty process has run its
course - cannot but help signal the end of one season and the beginning of another.
And so as we observe this stage of the TRC process, we should pay tribute to the 20,000 men and
women who re-lived their pain and loss in order to share it with us; the hundreds who dared to open
the wounds of guilt so as to exorcise it from the nation's body politic; indeed the millions who make
up the South African people and who made it happen so that we could indeed become a South
African nation.
(from the website, speeches of Nelson Mandela www.nelsonmandela.gov.za.)
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SOURCE 2C: Cartoon by Zapiro referring to the establishment of a Truth Commission in 1995.
SOURCE 2D: A report from SABC News about reactions to the death of Dirk
Coetzee, the apartheid assassin responsible for numerous killings.
Dullar Omar and the haunted house published in the “Sowetan” on 23 May 1995
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SOURCE 2D
A report from SABC News about reactions to the death of Dirk Coetzee, the apartheid
assassin responsible for numerous killings.
The date of the report is 8 March 2013
Grieving relatives of the victims of apartheid assassin Dirk Coetzee who died last night
believe that he should never have been granted amnesty from prosecution by the Truth and
Reconciliation Commission (TRC).
Coetzee was the commander of the Vlakplaas base in the 1980s where the killing of antiapartheid activists were planned and carried out. Coetzee died as a result of kidney failure.
Charity Kondile, the mother of a child she never got to bury says her hopes of finding the
truth about how her son Sizwe died, were dashed by the TRC.
A feared squad of death - consisting of Eugene de Kock and Joe Mamasela among others assassinated Sizwe and a string of anti-apartheid activists. Coetzee's admission earned him
the TRC amnesty in 1997. Yet, he never revealed the site where they buried Kondile's body.
With Coetzee now dead, Kondile's family feel he has taken important secrets to his grave.
The Kondile family's spokesperson, Vusi Pikoli says, "I fail to understand why the TRC
granted him amnesty when he did not disclose where Sizwe was killed because one of the
requirements was that there had to be full disclosure. Now Sizwe’s family remains at a loss.
He has died without revealing everything."
(From SABC News SABC.CO.ZA)
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QUESTION 3: GLOBALISATION: A NEW WORLD ORDER
HOW WILL THE BRICS COUNTRIES CONTRIBUTE TOWARDS THE ECONOMY OF THE
EMERGING COUNTRIES?
SOURCE 3A
South African Government Viewpoint on BRICS ((Brazil, Russia, India, China, South
Africa)
Note: GDP: Total amount of goods and services produced within a country for a year
South Africa hosted the fifth BRICS Summit from 26 to 27 March 2013 at the Durban
International Convention Centre (ICC). This completed the first cycle of BRICS summits. The
country participated for the first time in the third BRICS Leaders’ Summit from 14 to 15 April
2011 in Beijing, China.
The changing global environment has seen a greater political and economic role for the
BRICS and other emerging powers. By 2020, the BRICS countries are expected to
contribute nearly half of all global gross domestic product (GDP) growth.
BRICS is a powerful bloc of emerging economies which recorded a combined GDP of R18
trillion late in December 2010. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 2010,
BRICS will account for 61% of global growth in three years’ time.
South Africa and other BRICS member states will continue existing collaboration in various
international organisations and formations such as the UN, the Group of 20 (G20) and the
IBSA (India, Brazil, and South Africa) Dialogue Forum. South Africa also views the NonAligned Movement and the Group of 77 as important for South-South interaction, especially
within the framework of the UN.
South Africa can benefit from the concrete projects of BRICS in areas such as agriculture,
science, statistics, development, finance institutions, security and justice. BRICS agriculture
ministers have agreed to cooperate in agricultural technology development and exchange.
South Africa remains committed to the consolidation of the African Agenda and will use its
BRICS membership to increase strategic cooperation among emerging market economies of
the South in support of this agenda.
Taken from the official S.A Government website, August 2015
http://www.gov.za/about-government/brics-brazil-russia-india-china-south-africa
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SOURCE 3B
Why is South Africa included in the BRICS?
BRAZIL, Russia, India, China and South Africa recently concluded the fifth annual meeting
of the countries known collectively as the BRICs. Or should that be the BRICS? The
confusion arises from the fact that South Africa has sneaked into the group, which claims to
represent the world’s emerging markets and act as a counterweight to the G8 and G20,
which are dominated by rich-world economies.
The BRIC countries were the constituent members of an acronym coined by Jim O’Neill,
then of Goldman Sachs, in 2001. Mr O’Neill was looking for a way to convey the fact that
much of the world’s economic growth would soon come from Brazil, Russia, India and China.
There was much debate about whether this grouping made sense: at the time Brazil’s
growth seemed too sluggish to warrant inclusion; now Russia looks like it doesn’t deserve to
be placed with the others. China has a much higher economic growth rate than the rest.
There was just one problem with the BRICs: no African countries were included. This was a
little embarrassing. Overlooking Africa suggested that the continent was an economic
irrelevance, good only for providing raw materials to the rest. It also cast doubt on the
group’s claim to speak for the emerging world.
And so, in 2010, the club of BRICs became the BRICS.
However, the BRICS group as a whole — Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa —
and many other emerging markets are all suffering from weaker growth in 2015
China’s stock markets are crashing, and there are worries over slower growth in its
economy. Brazil and Russia are already in downturn, and South Africa’s economy shrank by
1.3% in the most recent quarter.
http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/03/economist-explains-whysouth-africa-brics,
http://www.marketpulse.com/20150901/indias-growth-stalls-as-rest-of-brics-suffer-weakgrowth/
August 2015
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SOURCE 3C
STATISTIC 1
BRICS STATUS AS EMERGING ECONOMIES
https://www.bankersadda.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-brics-bank.html, August 2015
STATISTIC 2
The graph/chart shows the Gini Coefficient of BRICS countries (the Gini coefficient
measures the gap between rich and poor/income inequality – the bigger the value of the Gini
Coefficient the wider the gap between poor and rich).
This table was downloaded from the internet site on 18 August 2015
http://www.hsrc.ac.za/uploads/pageContent/5386/Income%20Equality%201.jpg
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SOURCE 3D
KV Kamath, the bank’s president:
The New Development Bank BRICS (NDB BRICS), BRICS bank is 'coming of age of
developing countries'
Kamath outlined differences in approach between the NDB and existing multilateral lending
banks like the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank.
It signifies the “coming of age of developing countries” and reflects a change in attitude of
multilateral development banks because the NDB will understand the “borrowers’
requirement and have dialogue with them” – as opposed to existing institutions. NDB has the
objective of looking at a wider geography. There is no competition. It is cooperation.”
“Thirdly, what we are aiming for is to do things at a pace. Which for a variety of reasons,
existing multilateral development banks are now not able to do. They take two, two-and-half
years for appraisal and lending. We want to aim at a six month-schedule,” Kamath said.
“The New Development Bank BRICS (NDB BRICS) is an alternative to the existing USdominated World Bank and International Monetary Fund. The Bank is set up to foster greater
financial and development cooperation among the five emerging markets. Together, the four
original BRIC countries comprise in 2014 more than 3 billion people or 41.4 percent of the
world’s population, cover more than a quarter of the world’s land area over three continents,
and account for more than 25 percent of global GDP. It will be headquartered in Shanghai,
China. Unlike the World Bank, which assigns votes based on capital share, in the New
Development Bank each participant country will be assigned one vote, and none of the
countries will have veto power.
http://ndbbrics.org/
http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/brics-bank-is-coming-of-age-of-developingcountries-kv-kamath/article1-1386147.aspx, August 2015