Finals Flash Cards
1
•Cycles occur because the Earth is not
heated equally and because there is a
fixed amount of matter – this is due to
what law?
•The law of Conservation
2
•What is the source of energy for the
water cycle?
•The Sun
3
•The change of liquid water to vapor (gas)
is called ____________________.
(energy is absorbed/released)
•Evaporation
•Energy absorbed
4
•The change of vapor (gas) to liquid water
is called ____________________.
(energy is absorbed/released)
•Condensation
•Energy Released
5
•Water moving into the atmosphere from
plants is called (plant sweat)
•Transpiration
6
•Water that is stored underground is
called
•Aquifers/Ground water
7
•The percentage of a material’s volume
that is pore space is
_____________________.
•Porosity
8
•The rate at which a liquid passes
through the pore spaces of a rock is
________________________
•Permeability
9
•Water flowing over the surface is called
_________________________.
•Runoff
10
•Which of the above is the source for
most of our drinking water?
_________________________
•Ground Water
11
•Glaciers erode _____________ shaped
valleys, while streams erode
________________ shaped valleys.
•Glaciers- U shaped
•Rivers – V shaped
12
•Define erosion:
•The breaking down and carrying
of loose particles (dust, dirt,
pebbles, stones, etc.)
13
•Define meander:
•Turns or curves in a river
14
•Which of the following refills our supply
of surface and groundwater?
evaporation, precipitation, transpiration
•Precipitation
15
•Through it out!
16
•A river’s velocity is (higher/lower) at its
mouth and higher/lower near its head.
Slow water carries (large/small) particles
due to its lack of energy. The
(smaller/larger) particles will be carried
farther downstream.
•Mouth- Low
•Head- High
•Slow- small particles
•Smaller will be carried farther
17
•On the inside of a meander water is
moving faster/slower causing
_________________ (erosion or
deposition). On the outside of a
meander water is moving faster/slower
causing _________________.
•Inside- slower, deposition
•Outside- faster, erosion
18
•On today’s earth, what is eroding the
greatest amount of sediment and is
responsible for sculpting the majority of
Earth’s landforms?
•Running Water
19
•Elements combine with other elements
to create __________________.
•Minerals or Compounds
20
•An ion has more/less ______ than it
does protons, which gives it a
negative/positive charge.
•Electrons
21
•What are the two most common
elements in the earth’s crust?
________ and __________
•Oxygen and Silicon
22
•An isotope is radioactive because it is an
unstable amount of _________?
•Neutrons
23
•Two or more minerals combine to make
___________________.
•Rocks
24
•List the requirements for something to
be classified as a mineral:
•Inorganic
•Naturally occurring
•Crystal Structure
•Chemical Composition
•Solid
25
•What does it mean that coral, coal, and
pearls are not minerals because they are
organic?
•To be a mineral it has to be
inorganic
26
•What is the hardest and softest mineral
on Moh’s scale of hardness?
______________ _______________
•Softest- Talc
•Hardest- Diamond
27
•Mineral luster is classified as
___________________ luster or
_________________________ luster.
•Metallic
•Non-metallic
28
•Define mineral luster:
•Light reflection off of the
mineral
29
•Define mineral cleavage:
•When minerals break and have
smooth flat edges.
30
•Define mineral fracture:
•When minerals break and have
random edges- not smooth.
31
•Define streak:
•True color of a mineral
32
•Define crystal shape
•Shape of a mineral do to its
internal arrangement of atoms
33
•What two process convert sediment into
sedimentary rock ?
•__________ and ___________
•Compacting and Cementing
34
•What is the formula for calculating
density?
•Density = Mass/Volume
35
•How many different elements make up
the mineral talc? Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
•Mg, Si, O, H
•4
36
•How many total atoms are in talc?
Mg3Si4O10(OH)2
•Mg- 3, Si- 4, O- 12, H- 2
•21
37
•List the three types of rocks:
•Igneous, Sedimentary,
Metamorphic
38
•Each element has a unique arrangement
of ______, ___________, and
_________.
•Protons, Electrons, Neutrons
39
•Where do intrusive rocks form?
Extrusive?
•Intrusive- cools slowly inside
•Extrusive- cools quickly outside
40
•Explain what type of rock obsidian is.
•Extrusive- cools so quickly, no
crystals form! Super smooth
edges. (glassy)
41
•Define mechanical weathering:
•Physically breaking down
something.
42
•Define chemical weathering
•Chemically breaking down
something, changes its
composition.
43
•Chemical weathering occurs most
rapidly in ___________, _________
climates.
•Wet and hot (maritime tropical)
44
•What two processes convert
sedimentary and igneous rocks into
metamorphic rocks?
• ___________ and __________
•Heat and Pressure
45
•Fossils, the remains of living things, are
found in ______________________
rocks.
•Sedimentary
46
•_________________________ is the
length of time for half (50%) of the
radioactive isotope (parent) to decay to
a stable element (daughter).
•Half Life
47
•Good index fossils have a (wide, narrow)
geographic distribution and a (wide,
narrow) geologic age. They are used to
correlate rock sequences over an area
and to determine (absolute, relative)
age of a rock layer.
•Wide geographic
•Narrow geologic age
•Relative age
48
•Explain why index fossils determine this
type of age and not the other type.
•They determine relative age
because they are not exact, they
give a time range.
49
•The geologic time scale is a record of the
______________ forms and
______________________ events in
Earth’s history.
•Life forms
•Plate Tectonic (geologic) events
50
•Fill in the boxes to indicate the
radioactive decay of uranium-236 to lead.
Label/draw half-lives 1-4
Half Lifes:
• Original
• 1st
• 2nd
• 3rd
51
•Define renewable resource and
nonrenewable resource. List examples
of each.
•Renewable- resources that can be
made again easily- Food, Trees,
Wind
•Non-renewable- resources that
take millions of years to make. Oil,
Gas,
52
•Is a sedimentary rock that has a fossil in
it is considered a clastic, organic, or
chemical sedimentary rock?
•Organic
53
•What two processes convert
sedimentary and metamorphic rock into
igneous rock?
•__________ and ____________
•Melting and Cooling
54
•What two process convert metamorphic
and igneous rock into sediment?
•__________ and ___________
•Weathering and Erosion
55
•An __________ is a substance that
cannot be separated into simpler
substances by a chemical process.
•element
56
•The atomic number of an element
equals the number of _______ or
_________ in an atom.
•Protons/ Electrons
57
•The amount of matter that makes up
Earth is relatively ___________.
•Constant
EXTRA, EXTRA!
• Determine the half-life for the element in the graph _____________
Which layer is the oldest?
Which layer is the youngest?
Which is younger – H (fault) or C? What law
did you use to determine this?
What is A, is it older or younger than J? What
law did you use to determine this?
• Match the following features to the river stage by drawing a line to
connect them.
• a. oxbow lakes, looping meanders
A. young
• b. rapids, waterfalls, V shaped canyons
B. mature
• c. floodplains start to develop, meanders
C. old