Image Processing
Theory, Algorithms, and Architectures
Maher A. Sid-Ahmed
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota
Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan
Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore
Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Contents
Preface
xiii
Chapter 1. Introduction to Image Processing
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1
Introduction
Background Preparation
Representation of Images
A Basic Image Processing System
Organization of the Book
1
1
2
4
9
Chapter 2. Two-Dimensional Systems
11
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
Introduction
Two-Dimensional Signals
Some Useful 2-D Sequences
Frequency Response of 2-D LSI Systems
Determining the Impulse Response from the Frequency Response
Chapter 3. Two-Dimensional Finite Impulse-Response (FIR) Filters
3.1 Introduction
3.2 The Z-Transform
3.3 Two-Dimensional FIR Filters
3.4 Software Implementation of 2-D FIR Filters
3.5 Displaying Images
Chapter 4. Image Enhancement
4.1 introduction
4.2 The Illumination-Reflectance Model
4.3 Homomorphic Filtering
4.4 Phase-Contrast Filtering
4.5 Histogram Modification
4.5.1 Contrast Manipulation
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Contents
4.5.2 Histogram Equalization
4.5.3 Histogram Modification
4.6 Median Filtering
References
Chapter 5. Edge Enhancement and Detection
5.1
5.2
5.3
Introduction
Edge Enhancement Through FIR Filters
Edge Extraction Through Spatial Approaches
5.3.1 The Roberts Operator
5.3.2 The Sobel Operator
5.3.3 Compass Gradient Masks
References
Chapter 6. T h e Discrete Fourier T r a n s f o r m
6.1
6.2
Introduction
One-Dimensional Fourier Transform
6.2.1 Inverse DFT
6.2.2 Some Properties of the DFT
6.3 Fast Fourier Transform Algorithms
6.3.1 Decimation-in-Time Algorithm
6.3.2 Decimation-in-Frequency Algorithm
6.3.3 FFT Pruning
6.4 Two-Dimensional FFT
6.4.1 Inverse 2-D DFT
6.4.2 Some Properties of the 2-D DFT
6.4.3 Average Value
6.4.4 Convolution and Correlation
6.5 Two-Dimensional FFT
6.5.1 Matrix Transposing from Secondary Memory
6.6 Displaying the FFT
6.7 Two-Dimensional Filtering Using the FFT
6.8 Vector-Radix Fast Fourier Transform
References
Chapter 7. Properties of Digital Images
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Introduction
The Importance of Phase
The Whittaker-Shannon Sampling Theorem
The Sampling Theorem When Applied to Images
Doubling Image Resolution
7.5.1 Doubling Using the Frequency Interpretation
of the Sampling Theorem
7.5.2 Doubling Using Spatial Interpolation
7.6 Wallis Statistical Differencing Filter
References
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Contents
ix
Chapter 8. Design of 2-D FIR Filters Using FFT and Window Functions
181
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Design of FIR Filters Using FFT
8.3 Window Functions
8.4 Doubling the Resolution of an Image
References
Chapter 9. Two-Dimensional Infinite Impulse-Response Filters
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The IIR Filter
9.3 Shanks' Method
9.4 Generating the Impulse Response
9.5 Designing the IIR Filter
9.6 The Iterative Approach
9.7 Filtering Images Using IIR Filters
9.8 Doubling Image Resolution Using IIR Filters
References
Chapter 10. Image Restoration
10.1
10.2
Introduction
PSFs for Different Forms of Blurs
10.2.1 Defocused Lens with Circular Aperture
10.2.2 Uniform Motion Blur
10.2.3 Long-Exposure Atmospheric Blur
10.3 Estimating the Extent of the Blur
10.4 TheOTF
10.5 A Procedure for Restoration
10.6 Restoration Through Local Operators
10.7 Restoration Using "Similar" Images
References
Chapter 11. Color Image Processing
11.1
11.2
Introduction
Color Fundamentals
11.2.1 Color Perception
11.2.2 Chromaticity Diagram
11.3 Color Images
11.4 Generating the Chromaticity Diagram for 15-Bit and 8-Bit Color Systems
11.5 Displaying Color Images on 15-Bit and 8-Bit Color Systems
11.6 The Luminance Signal
11.7 Filtering Color Images
11.7.1 Filtering the Three Primaries Separately
11.7.2 Filtering Only the Luminance Image
11.8 Selective Color-Tone Adjustment and Filtering
References
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x
Contents
Chapter 12. Artificial Neural Networks for Color Classification
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The Biological Network
12.3 The Perceptron
12.4 Collecting Data for Color Classification
12.5 Teaching by Minimizing the Total Error Function
12.5.1 Univariate Search Methods
12.5.2 Bracketing the Minimum
12.5.3 Multivariate Minimization Methods
12.6 A Multilayer Perceptron
12.7 The Learning Process
12.8 Learning by Clustering
12.9 The Autonomous Machine
References
Chapter 13. Image Data Compression
13.1
13.2
Introduction
Statistical Coding
13.2.1 The Contraction Process
13.2.2 The Expansion Process
13.2.3 Coding a Digital Image
13.2.4 Decoding
13.3 Run-Length Coding
13.4 Transform Coding
13.4.1 The Cosine Transform
13.4.2 Magnification and Minification of Images
13.5 Quantization
13.5.1 Uniform Quantization
13.5.2 Nonuniform Quantization
13.6 Quantizing the Coefficients of the FCT
References
Chapter 14. Two-Dimensional Processing of Television Signals
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
Introduction
The Basic Television System
Characteristics of Human Vision and Scanning Systems
14.3.1 Resolution
14.3.2 Field of Vision
14.3.3 Brightness Perception
>>
14.3.4 Aspect Ratio
14.3.5 Scanning at the Receiver
14.3.6 Persistence of Vision and Flicker
14.3.7 Interlaced Scanning
Color TV Signals
14.4.1 The Monochrome Signal
14.4.2 The Color Signal
The Comb Filter
Line Delays
Generating the R, G, and B Signals
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Contents
14.8 Two-Dimensional Signal Processing of TV Signals
14.9 Scanning Standards
14.10 The SECAM System
14.11 The PAL System
14.12 High-Definition Television
References
Chapter 15. Designing Two-Dimensional Analog Filters
xi
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15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Bilinear Transformation
15.3 Bilinear Transformation of Polynomials
15.4 Mapping a 2-D Digital Filter to a 2-D Analog Filter
15.5 Warping Effect of the Bilinear Transformation
15.6 Delay Equalization
References
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Chapter 16. Realization of Two-Dimensional Systems
for Real-Time Processing
535
16.1
16.2
Introduction
Serial Architectures for the Implementation of 2-D Digital Filters
16.2.1 Twos-Complement Number Representation
16.2.2 The Processing Unit
16.2.3 Concurrent Processing
16.3 Pipeline Processing
16.4 Systolic Realizations of FIR Filters
16.5 Systolic Realization of 2-D IIR Filters
16.6 Sample-and-Hold Implementation of IIR Filters
16.7 Implementation of 2-D Analog (Hybrid) Filters
16.8 Hardware Design
16.8.1 Analog 1-H Delay
16.8.2 Design of the Analog Processor Section
16.9 Real-Time Median Filtering
16.10 Doubling the Number of Raster Lines in TV Receivers in Real-Time EDTV
16.11 Future Television
16.12 Real-Time Image Transforms
References
Chapter 17. Three-Dimensional Filters
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Three-Dimensional (3-D) FIR Filters
17.3 IIR 3-D Filters
17.4 Hardware Realization
References
Index
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