Algorithmics and Applications of Tree and Graph Searching Dennis Shasha Jason T. L. Wang Rosalba Giugno Courant Institute New York University Computer Science Dept. New Jersey Inst. Tech. Math & Computer Science University of Catania [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT ! #"$%&')(*,+-./' 0 1234%562- 0 34%,78 129-:$9;<-=+ 0 >3-:? - :$ 0 @ /A 0 + 0 +BC- BDE?1F ') 9; G 0 " HI3-?=JK 0 - ?BL G 0 + GMJC1F- 7ON:$!3 PQR 0 SG:$& 00 129 0 0 D 3-TU"$% V 0 K"$% 0 & GW"$%9W- B$(;+ 0 X W9 :$Y1F ,%Z993-- 0 -? O- [ / 0 '\ ! 0 -? ] 0 (G5%' 0 127X8 - 99;L+:$!%L(; 0 F3 0 12 G2993- 0 -? 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LH R= |d \ ? p{ p{H( L R r¢G 0 -z1F 0 0 #= +3-3X:$ 0 /- 7P ? 0 -W-? 0 0 =1F 0 - e(; 0 0 e:$ 0 -7E8 =? 0 Jz{9GH 0 3 1F 0 - W- 0 D+1 J 0 K? 0 UJ 0 D1F 0 F:? 0 -7b J|+ 0 - 2:?3-+G 0 0 U9 0 31F 0 - ^(,%M+1212- D 0 b 0 0 KK3- X(;+ Gz 0 -1F 0 PJ 0 L? 0p0 D1F 0 0 X1F- ' - W:$ 0 -L- 7b8 0 C.- !/9 0 W 0 0 &J| I- 0 #:3-+G 0 <Jr+ 0 00 - 0 12 -1P+1Á:3-+ j12 533D9;?-(3-e/9G -? 0 0 !7 8 {3-:$=J 0 0 = 0 G 0 H:?W 0 (; 9+ G 9 0 G 3d 0 0 BR7 ?B 0 0 DIP3-3 0 W:$ 0 -KJ :$M(; {1F 0 > -?+nh(G!7 4. c>CGCONCLUSIONS :$IJ|,+F9-1F-34%2AND =9 00 FUTURE ')1F 0 - zWORK (=3-?' 0 12zJ|MJ| 0 - 0 W Gf97#8 .3-?' 0 12M?+3E(;+5Jr=- 0 +99; 0 Jz*,+!? 0 0 0 %9;BRz?+3(;P+{zF99,zJ| à ')3-"$ 3- 0 12Vg sHij7&+ 0 +D ".- 0 -I3.- 3+¥ u 129H3-?:$ 0 0 129;2?Jr77<1F%& ')((*+')JV( %K/ G0 -{ Y"$"$%% 0 9{#HH!!'' V3-? 0 12D7 7+*' '.%.* *')( % X 0 0X0 %P 2(;C J 0 b"$% PH! V b3-"$I,??3-?7&# %PJ 0 3-? 0 122.1P( ?34%E9GH3-3-3-T(3- I3-3d3-z 3-37 Ï^:$3-9<- G/ 0 00 0 12FJ|F9G#?9 0 -1F3-34% 0 - Y3-3D9G 0 21F%5(;12 0 G <-= tB&(+ 0 0 - DÃu+ 0 9GH 0 ')!3=9G4C1F%F(; 0 ,23- 00 3-H!7 Ï^:$3-9>9 0 -3-34%Y12 - J|+3&- 0 F12+W? 0 # G9# 99/1F 0 e*+%@9,- 3-? 0 12 0 +99; 0 - / 0 1F 0 - 7 Ï^:$3-9V&Jr12! "KJ|p3- 0 -: 0 %^ 0 1F 0 -? ^J|S*,+! ? 0 K G=9UI 0 I-3H7 Ï^:$3-9MJr12 "=Jr 0 + H! 0 9G 00 -H:$%=- 0 C G.9Vg h?hBGqvB;q$s,Bpn}?}ij7 ^Ï :?3-/?-9(3-+9*,9;+! 0 2JrLg syiL1F- f I0 -U-f/ 0 9 - ')¥S-3{124' G3!/-( 3 ' 0 0 -92 A*,+-21F%5(;12# 0 '\ G 0 :$ G 0 '\ 0 X3 0 9L- P 0 K97 H" !z FÂK(;?.B K3 D-3.B !V 0 - D!(; 0 B.D+4%+ 0 GACKNOWLEDGMENTS N G > >N ;G Jr 0 4V 0 (+ 0 -? 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