J Sports Sci. 2005 Jun;23(6):573-82.
Related Articles, Links
Training and testing physical capacities for elite soccer players.
Hoff J.
Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
[email protected]
Elite soccer players spend a substantial amount of time trying to improve physical
capacities, including aerobic endurance and strength and the strength derivatives
of speed and power. The average oxygen uptake for international soccer teams
ranges from 55 to 68 ml.kg-1.min-1 and the half-squat maximal strength from 120
to 180 kg. These values are similar to those found in other team sports. Recently,
it has been shown that the heart's stroke volume is the element in the oxygen
chain that mainly limits aerobic endurance for athletes. These findings have given
rise to more intensive training interventions to secure high stroke volumes, which,
in turn, have proved positive in changing both maximal oxygen consumption and
soccer performance in terms of distance covered, contacts with the ball and
number of sprints in a game. The training employed has consisted of 4x4-min
"intervals" running uphill at 90-95% of maximal heart rate interspersed with 3
min jogging at 70% of maximal heart rate to facilitate removal of lactate.
Research has revealed that a soccer-specific training routine with the ball might
be as effective as plain running. Strength training to produce neural adaptations
has been effective in changing not only strength in terms of "one-repetition
maximum", but also sprinting velocity and jumping height, in elite soccer players
without any change in body mass. The same training has also improved running
economy and thus aerobic endurance performance. The training regimen used for
a European Champions League team was 4x4 repetitions of half-squats with the
emphasis on maximal mobilization of force in the concentric action.
Br J Sports Med. 2005 May;39(5):273-7.
Related Articles, Links
Physiological adaptations to soccer specific endurance training in
professional youth soccer players.
McMillan K, Helgerud J, Macdonald R, Hoff J.
Glasgow Celtic Football Club, Medical Department, 95 Kerrydale Street,
Glasgow G40 3RE, UK. [email protected]
BACKGROUND: Improved oxygen uptake improves soccer performance as
regards distance covered, involvements with the ball, and number of sprints.
Large improvements in oxygen uptake have been shown using interval running. A
similar physiological load arising from interval running could be obtained using
the soccer ball in training. OBJECTIVES: The main aim was to study
physiological adaptations to a 10 week high intensity aerobic interval training
program performed by professional youth soccer players, using a soccer specific
ball dribbling track. METHODS: Eleven youth soccer players with a mean (SD)
age of 16.9 (0.4) years performed high intensity aerobic interval training sessions
twice per week for 10 weeks in addition to normal soccer training. The specific
aerobic training consisted of four sets of 4 min work periods dribbling a soccer
ball around a specially designed track at 90-95% of maximal heart frequency,
with a 3 min recovery jog at 70% of maximal heart frequency between intervals.
RESULTS: Mean VO2max improved significantly from 63.4 (5.6) to 69.8 (6.6)
ml kg(-1) min(-1), or 183.3 (13.2) to 201.5 (16.2) ml kg(-0.75) min(-1) (p<0.001).
Squat jump and counter movement jump height increased significantly from 37.7
(6.2) to 40.3 (6.1) cm and 52.0 (4.0) to 53.4 (4.2) cm, respectively (p<0.05). No
significant changes in body mass, running economy, rate of force development, or
10 m sprint times occurred. CONCLUSION: Performing high intensity 4 min
intervals dribbling a soccer ball around a specially designed track together with
regular soccer training is effective for improving the VO2max of soccer players,
with no negative interference effects on strength, jumping ability, and sprinting
performance.
PMID: 15849290 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Br J Sports Med. 2004 Jun;38(3):285-8.
Related Articles, Links
Strong correlation of maximal squat strength with sprint
performance and vertical jump height in elite soccer players.
Wisloff U, Castagna C, Helgerud J, Jones R, Hoff J.
Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Trondheim, Norway.
[email protected]
BACKGROUND: A high level of strength is inherent in elite soccer play, but the
relation between maximal strength and sprint and jumping performance has not
been studied thoroughly. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether maximal strength
correlates with sprint and vertical jump height in elite male soccer players.
METHODS: Seventeen international male soccer players (mean (SD) age 25.8
(2.9) years, height 177.3 (4.1) cm, weight 76.5 (7.6) kg, and maximal oxygen
uptake 65.7 (4.3) ml/kg/min) were tested for maximal strength in half squats and
sprinting ability (0-30 m and 10 m shuttle run sprint) and vertical jumping height.
RESULT: There was a strong correlation between maximal strength in half squats
and sprint performance and jumping height. CONCLUSIONS: Maximal strength
in half squats determines sprint performance and jumping height in high level
soccer players. High squat strength did not imply reduced maximal oxygen
consumption. Elite soccer players should focus on maximal strength training, with
emphasis on maximal mobilisation of concentric movements, which may improve
their sprinting and jumping performance.
PMID: 15155427 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Br J Sports Med. 2005 Jan;39(1):24-8.
Related Articles, Links
Endurance training and testing with the ball in young elite soccer players.
Chamari K, Hachana Y, Kaouech F, Jeddi R, Moussa-Chamari I, Wisloff U.
Unite de Recherche: Evaluation, Sport, Sante, National Centre of Medicine and Sciences
in Sport (CNMSS), El Menzah, Tunisia.
BACKGROUND: The aerobic capacity of soccer players substantially influences their
technical performance and tactical choices. Thus, the assessment of soccer players'
aerobic performance should be of interest for soccer coaches in order to evaluate and
improve their endurance training sessions. In this study, we present a new test to assess
aerobic performance in soccer by means of a specific dribbling track: the Hoff test. We
further determined whether improvement in maximal oxygen uptake was reflected in
increased distance covered in the Hoff test. METHODS: We tested 18 male soccer
players (14 years old) both in the laboratory and using the Hoff test before and after 8
weeks of soccer training. RESULTS: The distance covered in the Hoff test correlated
significantly with maximum oxygen uptake, and improved by 9.6% during the 8 week
training period, while maximum oxygen uptake and running economy improved by 12
and 10%, respectively. Backward multiple regression showed maximum oxygen uptake
to be the main explanatory variable for the distance covered in the Hoff test.
CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated a significant correlation between
laboratory testing of VO(2max) and performance in the Hoff test. Furthermore, training
induced improvements in VO(2max) were reflected in improved performance in the Hoff
test. We suggest that it should be a goal for active U-15 soccer players to cover more than
2100 metres in the Hoff test, as this requires a VO(2max) of above 200 ml/kg(0.75)/min,
which should serve as a minimum in modern soccer.
PMID: 15618335 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Sports Med. 2004;34(3):165-80.
Related Articles, Links
Endurance and strength training for soccer players: physiological
considerations.
Hoff J, Helgerud J.
Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Trondheim, Norway. [email protected]
Top soccer players do not necessarily have an extraordinary capacity in any of the
areas of physical performance. Soccer training is largely based on the game itself,
and a common recruitment pattern from player to coach and manager reinforces
this tradition. New developments in understanding adaptive processes to the
circulatory system and endurance performance as well as nerve and muscle
adaptations to training and performance have given rise to more effective training
interventions. Endurance interval training using an intensity at 90-95% of
maximal heart rate in 3- to 8-minute bouts have proved to be effective in the
development of endurance, and for performance improvements in soccer play.
Strength training using high loads, few repetitions and maximal mobilisation of
force in the concentric mode have proved to be effective in the development of
strength and related parameters. The new developments in physical training have
important implications for the success of soccer players. The challenge both for
coaches and players is to act upon the new developments and change existing
training practice.
Publication Types:
•
Review
PMID: 14987126 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
J Strength Cond Res. 2004 Aug;18(3):584-9.
Related Articles, Links
The effect of in-season, high-intensity interval training in soccer
players.
Dupont G, Akakpo K, Berthoin S.
Laboratory of Human Motor Studies, Faculty of Sports Science and Physical
Education, University of Lille 2, France.
The effects of in-season, high-intensity interval training on professional male
soccer players' running performances were investigated. Twenty-two subjects
participated in 2 consecutive training periods of 10 weeks. The first period was
considered a control period and was compared with a period where 2 highintensity interval training exercises were included in the usual training program.
Intermittent runs consisted of 12-15 runs lasting 15 seconds at 120% of maximal
aerobic speed alternated with 15 seconds of rest. Sprint repetitions consisted of
12-15 all-out 40-m runs alternated with 30 seconds of rest. Results from the highintensity interval training have shown that maximal aerobic speed was improved
(+8.1 +/- 3.1%; p < 0.001) and that the time of the 40-m sprint was decreased (3.5 +/- 1.5%; p < 0.001), whereas no change in either parameters were observed
during the control period. This study shows that improvements in physical
qualities can be made during the in-season period.
Publication Types:
•
•
Clinical Trial
Controlled Clinical Trial
PMID: 15320689 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Sports Med. 2005;35(6):501-36.
Related Articles, Links
Physiology of soccer: an update.
Stolen T, Chamari K, Castagna C, Wisloff U.
Human Movement Science Section, Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology
Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Soccer is the most popular sport in the world and is performed by men and women,
children and adults with different levels of expertise. Soccer performance depends upon a
myriad of factors such as technical/biomechanical, tactical, mental and physiological
areas. One of the reasons that soccer is so popular worldwide is that players may not need
to have an extraordinary capacity within any of these performance areas, but possess a
reasonable level within all areas. However, there are trends towards more systematic
training and selection influencing the anthropometric profiles of players who compete at
the highest level. As with other activities, soccer is not a science, but science may help
improve performance. Efforts to improve soccer performance often focus on technique
and tactics at the expense of physical fitness.During a 90-minute game, elite-level players
run about 10 km at an average intensity close to the anaerobic threshold (80-90% of
maximal heart rate). Within this endurance context, numerous explosive bursts of activity
are required, including jumping, kicking, tackling, turning, sprinting, changing pace, and
sustaining forceful contractions to maintain balance and control of the ball against
defensive pressure. The best teams continue to increase their physical capacities, whilst
the less well ranked have similar values as reported 30 years ago. Whether this is a result
of fewer assessments and training resources, selling the best players, and/or knowledge of
how to perform effective exercise training regimens in less well ranked teams, is not
known. As there do exist teams from lower divisions with as high aerobic capacity as
professional teams, the latter factor probably plays an important role. This article
provides an update on the physiology of soccer players and referees, and relevant
physiological tests. It also gives examples of effective strength- and endurance-training
programmes to improve on-field performance. The cited literature has been accumulated
by computer searching of relevant databases and a review of the authors' extensive files.
From a total of 9893 papers covering topics discussed in this article, 843 were selected
for closer scrutiny, excluding studies where information was redundant, insufficient or
the experimental design was inadequate. In this article, 181 were selected and discussed.
The information may have important implications for the safety and success of soccer
players and hopefully it should be understood and acted upon by coaches and individual
soccer players.
Publication Types:
•
Review
PMID: 15974635 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Br J Sports Med. 2002 Jun;36(3):218-21.
Related Articles, Links
Soccer specific aerobic endurance training.
Hoff J, Wisloff U, Engen LC, Kemi OJ, Helgerud J.
Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, N-7489 Trondheim, Norway.
[email protected]
BACKGROUND: In professional soccer, a significant amount of training time is
used to improve players' aerobic capacity. However, it is not known whether
soccer specific training fulfils the criterion of effective endurance training to
improve maximal oxygen uptake, namely an exercise intensity of 90-95% of
maximal heart rate in periods of three to eight minutes. OBJECTIVE: To
determine whether ball dribbling and small group play are appropriate activities
for interval training, and whether heart rate in soccer specific training is a valid
measure of actual work intensity. METHODS: Six well trained first division
soccer players took part in the study. To test whether soccer specific training was
effective interval training, players ran in a specially designed dribbling track, as
well as participating in small group play (five a side). Laboratory tests were
carried out to establish the relation between heart rate and oxygen uptake while
running on a treadmill. Corresponding measurements were made on the soccer
field using a portable system for measuring oxygen uptake. RESULTS: Exercise
intensity during small group play was 91.3% of maximal heart rate or 84.5% of
maximal oxygen uptake. Corresponding values using a dribbling track were
93.5% and 91.7%. No higher heart rate was observed during soccer training.
CONCLUSIONS: Soccer specific exercise using ball dribbling or small group
play may be performed as aerobic interval training. Heart rate monitoring during
soccer specific exercise is a valid indicator of actual exercise intensity.
Publication Types:
•
Clinical Trial
PMID: 12055120 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
J Sports Sci. 2005 Jun;23(6):601-18.
Related Articles, Links
Testing soccer players.
Svensson M, Drust B.
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores
University, UK.
To cope with the physiological demands of soccer, players must be competent
across several fitness components. The use of fitness tests in the laboratory and
field assist in examining soccer players' capabilities for performance both at the
amateur and elite levels. Laboratory tests provide a useful indication of players'
general fitness. Accurate test results can be obtained with the use of a thorough
methodology and reliable equipment. Laboratory tests are used sparingly during
the season because of the time-consuming nature of the tests. Instead, tests are
generally carried out at the start and end of the pre-season period to evaluate the
effectiveness of specific training interventions. Field tests provide results that are
specific to the sport and are therefore more valid than laboratory tests. The
reduced cost, use of minimal equipment and the ease with which tests can be
conducted make them more convenient for extensive use throughout the season.
Although data from laboratory and field tests provide a good indication of general
and soccer-specific fitness, individual test results cannot be used to predict
performance in match-play conclusively because of the complex nature of
performance in competition. Fitness tests in conjunction with physiological data
should be used for monitoring changes in players' fitness and for guiding their
training prescription.
Publication Types:
•
Review
PMID: 16195009 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2002 Nov;88(1-2):50-60. Epub 2002 Aug 15. Related Articles, Links
Muscular adaptations in response to three different resistance-training
regimens: specificity of repetition maximum training zones.
Campos GE, Luecke TJ, Wendeln HK, Toma K, Hagerman FC, Murray TF, Ragg
KE, Ratamess NA, Kraemer WJ, Staron RS.
Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University,
Irvine Hall, rm 430, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
Thirty-two untrained men [mean (SD) age 22.5 (5.8) years, height 178.3 (7.2) cm, body
mass 77.8 (11.9) kg] participated in an 8-week progressive resistance-training program to
investigate the "strength-endurance continuum". Subjects were divided into four groups:
a low repetition group (Low Rep, n = 9) performing 3-5 repetitions maximum (RM) for
four sets of each exercise with 3 min rest between sets and exercises, an intermediate
repetition group (Int Rep, n = 11) performing 9-11 RM for three sets with 2 min rest, a
high repetition group (High Rep, n = 7) performing 20-28 RM for two sets with 1 min
rest, and a non-exercising control group (Con, n = 5). Three exercises (leg press, squat,
and knee extension) were performed 2 days/week for the first 4 weeks and 3 days/week
for the final 4 weeks. Maximal strength [one repetition maximum, 1RM), local muscular
endurance (maximal number of repetitions performed with 60% of 1RM), and various
cardiorespiratory parameters (e.g., maximum oxygen consumption, pulmonary
ventilation, maximal aerobic power, time to exhaustion) were assessed at the beginning
and end of the study. In addition, pre- and post-training muscle biopsy samples were
analyzed for fiber-type composition, cross-sectional area, myosin heavy chain (MHC)
content, and capillarization. Maximal strength improved significantly more for the Low
Rep group compared to the other training groups, and the maximal number of repetitions
at 60% 1RM improved the most for the High Rep group. In addition, maximal aerobic
power and time to exhaustion significantly increased at the end of the study for only the
High Rep group. All three major fiber types (types I, IIA, and IIB) hypertrophied for the
Low Rep and Int Rep groups, whereas no significant increases were demonstrated for
either the High Rep or Con groups. However, the percentage of type IIB fibers decreased,
with a concomitant increase in IIAB fibers for all three resistance-trained groups. These
fiber-type conversions were supported by a significant decrease in MHCIIb accompanied
by a significant increase in MHCIIa. No significant changes in fiber-type composition
were found in the control samples. Although all three training regimens resulted in
similar fiber-type transformations (IIB to IIA), the low to intermediate repetition
resistance-training programs induced a greater hypertrophic effect compared to the high
repetition regimen. The High Rep group, however, appeared better adapted for
submaximal, prolonged contractions, with significant increases after training in aerobic
power and time to exhaustion. Thus, low and intermediate RM training appears to induce
similar muscular adaptations, at least after short-term training in previously untrained
subjects. Overall, however, these data demonstrate that both physical performance and
the associated physiological adaptations are linked to the intensity and number of
repetitions performed, and thus lend support to the "strength-endurance continuum".
PMID: 12436270 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003 Apr;35(4):697-705.
Related Articles, Links
The yo-yo intermittent recovery test: physiological response,
reliability, and validity.
Krustrup P, Mohr M, Amstrup T, Rysgaard T, Johansen J, Steensberg A,
Pedersen PK, Bangsbo J.
Institute of Exercise and Sport Sciences, August Krogh Institute, Department of
Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
PURPOSE: To examine the physiological response and reproducibility of the YoYo intermittent recovery test and its application to elite soccer. METHODS: Heart
rate was measured, and metabolites were determined in blood and muscle biopsies
obtained before, during, and after the Yo-Yo test in 17 males. Physiological
measurements were also performed during a Yo-Yo retest and an exhaustive
incremental treadmill test (ITT). Additionally, 37 male elite soccer players
performed two to four seasonal tests, and the results were related to physical
performance in matches. RESULTS: The test-retest CV for the Yo-Yo test was
4.9%. Peak heart rate was similar in ITT and Yo-Yo test (189 +/- 2 vs 187 +/- 2
bpm), whereas peak blood lactate was higher (P < 0.05) in the Yo-Yo test. During
the Yo-Yo test, muscle lactate increased eightfold (P < 0.05) and muscle creatine
phosphate (CP) and glycogen decreased (P < 0.05) by 51% and 23%, respectively.
No significant differences were observed in muscle CP, lactate, pH, or glycogen
between 90 and 100% of exhaustion time. During the precompetition period, elite
soccer players improved (P < 0.05) Yo-Yo test performance and maximum
oxygen uptake ([OV0312]O(2max)) by 25 +/- 6 and 7 +/- 1%, respectively. Highintensity running covered by the players during games was correlated to Yo-Yo
test performance (r = 0.71, P < 0.05) but not to [OV0312]O(2max) and ITT
performance. CONCLUSION: The test had a high reproducibility and sensitivity,
allowing for detailed analysis of the physical capacity of athletes in intermittent
sports. Specifically, the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test was a valid measure of
fitness performance in soccer. During the test, the aerobic loading approached
maximal values, and the anaerobic energy system was highly taxed. Additionally,
the study suggests that fatigue during intense intermittent short-term exercise was
unrelated to muscle CP, lactate, pH, and glycogen.
Publication Types:
•
Clinical Trial
PMID: 12673156 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 Feb;36(2):278-85.
Related Articles, Links
Physical fitness, injuries, and team performance in soccer.Arnason A,
Sigurdsson SB, Gudmundsson A, Holme I, Engebretsen L, Bahr R.
Department of Physiology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between physical fitness and team success in
soccer, and to test for differences in physical fitness between different player positions.
METHODS: Participants were 306 male soccer players from 17 teams in the two highest
divisions in Iceland. Just before the start of the 1999 soccer season, the following
variables were tested: height and weight, body composition, flexibility, leg extension
power, jump height, and peak O2 uptake. Injuries and player participation in matches and
training were recorded through the 4-month competitive season. Team average physical
fitness was compared with team success (final league standing) using a linear regression
model. Physical fitness was also compared between players in different playing positions.
RESULTS: A significant relationship was found between team average jump height
(countermovement jump and standing jump) and team success (P = 0.009 and P = 0.012,
respectively). The same trend was also found for leg extension power (P = 0.097), body
composition (% body fat, P = 0.07), and the total number of injury days per team (P =
0.09). Goalkeepers demonstrated different fitness characteristics from outfield players.
They were taller and heavier, more flexible in hip extension and knee flexion, and had
higher leg extension power and a lower peak O2 uptake. However, only minor
differences were observed between defenders, midfield players, and attackers.
CONCLUSION: Coaches and medical support teams should pay more attention to jump
and power training, as well as preventive measures and adequate rehabilitation of
previous injuries to increase team success.
PMID: 14767251 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2003 Jun;43(2):139-44.
Related Articles, Links
Soccer specific testing of maximal oxygen uptake.
Kemi OJ, Hoff J, Engen LC, Helgerud J, Wisloff U.
Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Medical
Technology Center, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim,
Norway.
AIM: Endurance capacity in soccer players is important. A soccer specific test for direct
measurement of maximal oxygen uptake does, however, not exist. The aim of this study
was to evaluate maximal oxygen uptake in a soccer specific field test, compared to
treadmill running. METHODS: Ten male soccer players (age 21.9+/-3.0 years, body
mass 73.3+/-9.5 kg, height 179.9+/-4.7 cm) participated in the study, and 5 endurance
trained men (age 24.9+/-1.8 years, body mass 81.5+/-3.7 kg, height 185.6+/-3.1 cm) took
part in a comparison of the portable and the stationary metabolic test systems. The soccer
players accomplished a treadmill test and a soccer specific field test containing dribbling,
repetitive jumping, accelerations, decelerations, turning and backwards running.
RESULTS: Maximal oxygen uptake was similar in field (5.0+/-0.5 L x min(-1)) and
laboratory (5.1+/-0.7 L x min(-1)) tests, as were maximal heart rate, maximal breathing
frequency, respiratory exchange ratio and oxygen pulse. Maximal ventilation was 5.4%
higher at maximal oxygen uptake during treadmill running. CONCLUSION: These
findings show that testing of maximal oxygen uptake during soccer specific testing gives
similar results as during treadmill running, and therefore serves as a valid test of maximal
oxygen uptake in soccer players.
PMID: 12853894 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
J Sports Sci. 2005 Jun;23(6):583-92.
Related Articles, Links
Physiological assessment of aerobic training in soccer.
Impellizzeri FM, Rampinini E, Marcora SM.
Human Performance Laboratory, S. S. MAPEI, Castellanza, Varese, Italy.
[email protected]
Physiological assessment of soccer training usually refers to the measurement of
anatomical, physiological, biochemical and functional changes specific to the sport
discipline (training outcome). The quality, quantity and organization of physical exercises
(training process) are, on the other hand, usually described by the external work imposed
by the coach on his or her athletes. In this review, we demonstrate that this approach is
not appropriate in soccer, as training is often based on group exercises. The physiological
stress (internal load) induced by such training often differs between individuals. Here, we
present some physiological laboratory-based tests and field tests used to evaluate training
outcomes in soccer, together with methods based on heart rate and perceived exertion to
quantify internal load imposed during training. The integrated physiological assessment
of both training outcome and process allows researchers: (1) to improve interpretation of
physical tests used to verify the effectiveness of training programmes; (2) to evaluate the
organization of the training load in order to design periodization strategies; (3) to identify
athletes who are poor responders; (4) to control the compliance of the training completed
to that planned by the coach; and (5) to modify the training process before the assessment
of its outcome, thus optimizing soccer performance.
Publication Types:
•
•
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 16195007 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2004 Mar;44(1):15-22.
Related Articles, Links
Development and validation of a sport-specific exercise protocol for elite
youth soccer players.
Thatcher R, Batterham AM.
School of Life Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston Upon Thames, UK.
[email protected]
AIM: The aims of the current study were, firstly, to quantify the motion characteristics of
professional youth soccer players and, secondly, to develop and validate a soccer-specific
exercise protocol (SSEP). METHODS: The motion characteristics of 12 first team
members and 12 scholars (under 19s), signed to an English Premiership club were
determined via motion analysis. Motion profiles from the analysis were then used to
develop a SSEP for a non-motorised treadmill. Validity of the protocol was checked with
6, healthy, male soccer players who completed the SSEP and, on a separate occasion, a
soccer match. Heart rates were recorded during both trials, in addition, capillary blood
and expired air samples were taken, and RPE recorded, during the SSEP. RESULTS:
Youth team players covered 10274+/-609 m, compared to 9741+/-882 m by the first team
players (t=1.72, p>0.05; 95% CI for the difference = -1174 m to 109 m). The trend for
greater mean distance covered by youth players could be attributed to the distances
covered while jogging and running. Mean heart rate response was 166+/-9 beatsxmin(-1)
during match play and 166+/-12 beatsxmin(-1) during the SSEP (t=0.164, p>0.05). Mean
.VO(2) during the SSEP was 70+/-3% of .VO(2max). Blood lactate concentration fell
from a mean value of 5.37+/-1.15 mmol x L(-1) during the first half to 4.74+/-1.25 mmol
x L(-1) during the 2(nd) half (t=2.52, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings of this study
suggest that the protocol developed induced a similar physiological load to soccer match
play and provides the opportunity to study the physiological demands of soccer.
Publication Types:
•
Validation Studies
PMID: 15181385 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
J Sports Sci. 2005 Jun;23(6):619-27.
Related Articles, Links
The use of recovery methods post-exercise.
Reilly T, Ekblom B.
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University,
Liverpool, UK. [email protected]
Competitive soccer engages many of the body's systems to a major extent. The
musculoskeletal, nervous, immune and metabolic systems are stressed to a point where
recovery strategies post-exercise become influential in preparing for the next match.
Intense activity at a 7-day training camp causes participants to experience lowered
concentrations of non-killer cells and T-helper cells. Two consecutive games in 24 h
produce disturbances in the testosterone-cortisol ratio. When competitive schedules are
congested, the recovery process should be optimized for performance capabilities to be
restored to normal as soon as possible. There is evidence that glycogen stores are reduced
near to depletion at the end of a soccer game and that a diet high in carbohydrates can aid
recovery. Water alone is not the best means of restoring body fluids, since carbohydrateelectrolyte drinks display better intestinal absorption and reduce urine output. Some relief
from muscle soreness may be achieved by means of a warm-down. Deep-water running
regimens can replace conventional physical training in the days after competition.
Massage, cryotherapy and alternative therapies have not been shown to be consistently
effective. It is concluded that optimizing recovery post-exercise depends on a
combination of factors that incorporate a consideration of individual differences and
lifestyle factors. The procedures to facilitate recovery processes should start immediately
the game or training finishes. Match administrators and tournament planners should
consider the stressful consequences for players in periods of congested fixtures and
alleviate the physiological strain as far as possible by allowing 72 h between competitive
games. This frequency of competition is unlikely to be sustainable in the long term.
Publication Types:
•
•
Review
Review, Tutorial
PMID: 16195010 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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endurance of elite soccer players. In: Spinks W, Reilly T, Murphy A (eds.) Science and
Football IV, Sydney, 382.
Hoff J, Berdahl GO and Bråten S. (2001) Jumping height development and body weight
considerations in ski jumping. In: Science and Skiing II. Müller et al (eds.). Verlag Dr.
Kovacs, Hamburg. p.403-412
Strength training effects on endurance performance:
Hoff, J., Helgerud, J. and Wisløff, U. (1999) Maximal strength training improves work
economy in trained female cross-country skiers. Medicine and Science in Sports and
Exercise, 31(6) 870-877
Helgerud, J., Vik, J.T. and Hoff, J. (2001) The effect of maximal strength training on
endurance performance in upper body for highly trained male cross country skiers.
Corpus, Psyche & Societas, 8:1-2: 90-103.
Østerås, H., Helgerud, J. and Hoff, J. (1999) Effect on aerobic endurance performance
from muscular strength and power training. Corpus, Psyche & Societas, 6:1, 29- 44.
Hoff J, Wisløff U and Helgerud J. (2001) Endurance training into the next millenium;
Muscular strength training effects on aerobic endurance performance: A review. Invited
review. The American Journal Medicine and Sport, IV:I: 58-67.
Hoff J., Gran, A. and Helgerud J. (2002) Strength and power training improve aerobic
performance. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports (In press, June
2002)
Hoff J. Helgerud J (2002) Maximal strength training enhances running economy and
aerobic endurance performance. (Submitted to Science).
Cardiovaskular adaptations:
Helgerud J., Wisløff, U., Engen L. and Hoff, J. (2001) Aerobic endurance training
improves soccer performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33:11:19251931.
Hoff J, Svendsen LH, Helgerud J (2001) Lactate production and elimination in icehockey players during an elite series match. Corpus, Psyche & Societas, 8:1-2, 45.
Kemi OJ, Hoff J, Helgerud J and Wisløff U. (2002) Soccer specific testing of maximal
oxygen uptake. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness (In press).
Amundsen B.H., Wisløff U., Helgerud J., Hoff J. and Slørdahl S.A. (2002) Ultrasound
Doppler recorded blood flow to the arm during elbow flexion exercise – characteristics
and repeatability. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise (In press)
Hoff J, Wisløff U, Engen LC, Kemi OJ, Helgerud J (2002) Soccer specific aerobic
endurance training. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36:218-221.
Hoff J, Kemi OJ, Wisløff U, Slørdahl SA, Richardson RS and Helgerud J. (2002)
Maximal strength training effects on blood flow and pulmonary oxygen uptake during
continuous one-arm exercise. American Journal of Physiology.(Submitted)
Helgerud J, Rognmo Ø, Wisløff U, Slørdahl SA and Hoff J. (2002) Effects of endurance
training on muscle blood flow and metabolism studied in the isolated upper arm muscles.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, (Submitted)
Hoff J., Rognmo Ø. and Helgerud J. (2002) Aerobic demands in giant slalom. Journal of
Strength and Conditioning Research (Submitted)
Motor learning: Hoff, J. & Ingvaldsen, R., Weel, R. van der & Meer, A. van der, (1995),
Perceptual Control of Force in Slalom Skiing, in Studies in Perception and Action III,
Bardy,Bootsma,Guiard (eds.) 211-214, Lawrence Erlbaum Assc. and paper at 8th
Conference in Perception and Action, Marseille, France.
Hoff, J. (1995), Timing of forcing - a collective variable in the acquisition of a cyclical
action, Corpus, Psyche et Societas, 2 (2), 19-29.
Lysklett, O., Whiting, H.T.A. & Hoff, J. (1998) The role of a dynamic model – informer
or distractor? Corpus, Psyche et Societas 5(1):12-24
Salveson R, Whiting HTA, Hoff J (2001) Feedback about a collective variable – a
challenge to discovery learning: A review. Corpus, Psyche & Societas, 8:1-2: 56- 75.
Salveson R, Whiting HTA, Hoff J (2001) Feedback in the acquisition of skill – feedback
about what? Corpus, Psyche & Societas, 8:1-2: 76-89.
Lysklett, O., Whiting, H.T.A. & Hoff, J. (2001) Observational learning of motor skills. A
review. Corpus, Psyche & Societas, 8:1-2: 1-22.
Hoff, J., Haaland, E. (2002) Bilateral motor performance effects from training non
dominant foot in competitive soccer players. In: Spinks W, Reilly T, Murphy A (eds.)
Science and Football IV, Sydney, pp. 288-293.
Haaland, E., Hoff J.(2002) Non-dominant leg training improves the bilateral motor
performance of soccer players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sport (In
press).
Other research:
Hoff, J. (1994), Recruitment Strategies in Football. Research and Consequences for
Football Clubs(Rekrutteringsstrategier i fotball. Forskning og betydning for klubbarbeid),
Corpus, Psyche et Societas, 1 (1), 29-36
Helgerud, J. & Hoff, J., (1995), Creating a Fuss over Creatine. Corpus, Psyche et
Societas, 2(1) 95-104.
Hoff J, Hoff T, Almåsbakk B, Espnes G (2001) Testing state and trait anxiety in a sports
performance situation. Corpus, Psyche et Societas, 8:1-2: 45-55.
Miyahara, M., Hoff, J., Espnes, G. & Nishida, T. (1998) In: Hardman and Standeven
(Eds) Cultural Diversity and Congruence in Physical Education and Sport, Achievement
Motivation in Physical Education in Japan and Norway: a Lesson on Semantic
Differences, Chapter 14, 197-201.
Miyahara, M., Hoff, J., Espnes, G. & Nishida, T. (1999) The Norwegian version of the
’Achievement motivation in physical education test’: Development and factor analysis.
Corpus, Psyche et Societas, 6:1, 21-27
Potrac, P., Brewer, C., Jones, R., Armour, K. and Hoff, J. (2000) Toward an Holistic
Understanding of the Coaching Process. Quest 52, 186-199.
In preparation:
Hoff J and Jensen R. (2002) Relationship between eccentric pre-loading and concentric
force development in free weight squat training.
Hoff, J. and Berdal, G.O. (2002) Optimal Training for vertical jumping height. Journal of
Applied Physiology. (In preparation- presented at American College of Sports Medicine
Conference Baltimore, USA 2001).
Florholmen, G., Hoff, J., Reinertsen, R. and Helgerud, J. (2002) The effect of cold
ambient temperatures on aerobic endurance performance. In preparation.
Fredriksen, S.A., Helgerud, J., Reinertsen, R. and Hoff, J. (2002) The effect of cold
ambient temperature on force production in man. In preparation. Unimed.
Hoff, J, Samdal, ST, Helgerud J. (2002) Effects from maximal strength training on
running performance in elite runners. (In preparation)
Hoff, J., Bråten, S. and Almåsbakk, B. Force distribution and performance in skijumping. (In preparation)
Jones, R., Potrac, P. and Hoff J. Coaching Behaviour. Data collected in 1997 in England
and Norway.
Hoff, J. Development of aerobic capacity in alpine World-cup skiing. Data collected
1987 – 1992.
Helgerud J, Fjellheim D and Hoff J. Maximal oxygen uptake attained in running, cycling
and ice skating in elite hockey players. (In preparation).
Hoff J, Rygvik J, Østerås H and Helgerud J. Maximal strength training effects on
maximal and explosive muscle strength and walking economy in elderly people. (In
preparation – presented at Cardiac Rehabilitation Congress, Eur Society of Cardiology,
Leipzig 2002).
Slørdahl SA, Wang E, Hoff J,Helgerud J. Aerobic endurance training in patients with
intermittent claudication: Effects of high and low intensity training.
Projekts in progress:
Helgerud J, Rognmo Ø, Slørdahl SA and Hoff J. High vs low intensity aerobic endurance
training effects on angina pectoris.
Helgerud J, Rognmo Ø, Slørdahl SA and Hoff J. Additional O2 fraction breathing effects
on trainability in patients with angina pectoris.
Brown C, Hoff J, Haseler L, Richardson R. (2002) Phosphocreatin depletion and
regeneration during work with differences in oxygen availability measured by
P31MRSpectroscopy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. (abstract)