HUBUNGAN ISTIMEWA,
THE ARM’S LENGTH PRINCIPLE,
COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS, TRANSFER
PRICING METHOD, AND EXTERNAL
DATABASE
Referensi :
 Transfer Pricing : Suatu Tinjauan Akuntansi,
Manajemen dan Pajak
 S-153/PJ.04/2010, tanggal 31 Maret 2010 Perihal :
Panduan Pemeriksaan Kewajaran Transaksi Afiliasi
Transfer Pricing ?
Harga yang diperhitungkan untuk keperluan
pengendalian manajemen atas transfer barang dan /
atau jasa atar pusat responsibilitas profit atau cost (
Tsurumi, 1984 )
What is Transfer Pricing
1. Determining transfer pricing in the absence of market forces makes it possible for MNE
to report incorrect amount of taxable income.
2. This has led to the rise of transfer pricing regulations which prevent MNE for setting
any arbitrary price between related parties.
Kapan Transfer Pricing mulai ?
HUBUNGAN ISTIMEWA
Pasal 18 ayat (4) (a) UU Pajak Penghasilan
Hubungan antara Wajib Pajak yang mempunyai penyertaan 25% atau
lebih pada pihak yang lain, atau hubungan antara Wajib Pajak yang
mempunyai penyertaan 25% atau lebih pada dua pihak atau lebih,
demikian pula hubungan antara dua pihak atau lebih yang disebut
terakhir.
Kepemilikan atau penyertaan modal.
Pasal 18 ayat (4) (a) UU Pajak Penghasilan
A Menguasai B
C Menguasai A dan B
C
A
A
B
B
C = Wajib Pajak atau
seseorang
HUBUNGAN ISTIMEWA
Pasal 18 ayat (4) (b) UU Pajak Penghasilan
Hubungan antara dua atau lebih Wajib Pajak yang berada di bawah
pemilikan atau penguasaan yang sama baik langsung maupun tidak
langsung.
Hubungan istimewa di antara Wajib Pajak dapat juga terjadi karena
penguasaan melalui manajemen atau penggunaan teknologi
walaupun tidak terdapat hubungan kepemilikan.
Hubungan istimewa dianggap ada apabila satu atau lebih
perusahaan berada di bawah penguasaan yang sama. Demikian juga
hubungan di antara beberapa perusahaan yang berada dalam
penguasaan yang sama tersebut.
Pasal 18 ayat (4) (b) UU Pajak Penghasilan
A
20%
B
Luar
Negeri
60%
C
Indonesia
A, B dan C merupakan pihak-pihak yang saling mempunyai hubungan istimewa,
meskipun kepemilikan saham A pada B hanya 20%.
Article 9 (1) Tax Treaty
 Paragraph 1 of Article 9 of the UN Model Tax Convention
provides specific definition of related parties, that is :
 an enterprise of a Contracting State participates
directly or indirectly in the management, control
or capital of an enterprise of the other Contracting
State, or
 the same persons participate directly or indirectly
in the management, control or capital of an
enterprise of a Contracting State and an enterprise
of the other Contracting State,
HUBUNGAN ISTIMEWA
Art. 9 OECD Model mengatur hubungan istimewa dalam
konteks Transfer Pricing sebagai berikut :
a. Perusahaan A di Negara A “berpatisipasi (participate) baik
secara langsung maupun tidak langsung dalam manajemen,
pengendalian atau kepemilikan modal” dari perusahaan B di
Negara B;
b. Pihak yang sama (bisa berbentuk orang pribadi maupun
perusahaan) ‘berpartisipasi (participate) baik secara langsung
maupun tidak langsung dalam manajemen, pengendalian atau
kepemilikan saham” dari perusahaan A di Negara A dan
perusahaan B di Negara B.
Pengertian Pengendalian
“pengendalian” manajemen baik secara langsung maupun tidak
langsung, dan pengendalian atas perusahaan melalui kepemilikan
saham” menurut David Grecian dalam kongres International Fiscal
Assosiation menyatakan bahwa yang dimaksud dengan pengendalian
antara lain adalah :
i. Mempunyai kewenangan untuk membuat keputusan yang terkait
dengan kebijakan keuangan dan operasi dari suatu perusahaan;
ii. Mempunyai pengaruh untuk menentukan besarnya harga yang
ditetapkan
Sedangkan yang dimaksud dengan berpartisipasi dalam suatu
manajemen adalah ikut terlibat dalam pembuatan keputusan atas
kegiatan operasi suatu perusahaan.
Adapun yang dimaksud dengan manajemen adalah bisa level direktur
maupun level manajer.
HUBUNGAN ISTIMEWA
Pasal 18 ayat (4) (c) UU Pajak Penghasilan
terdapat hubungan keluarga baik sedarah maupun semenda dalam
garis keturunan lurus dan/atau ke samping satu derajat.
Yang dimaksud dengan "hubungan keluarga sedarah dalam garis
keturunan lurus satu derajat" adalah ayah, ibu, dan anak, sedangkan
"hubungan keluarga sedarah dalam garis keturunan ke samping satu
derajat" adalah saudara. Yang dimaksud dengan "keluarga semenda
dalam garis keturunan lurus satu derajat" adalah mertua dan anak
tiri, sedangkan "hubungan keluarga semenda dalam garis keturunan
ke samping satu derajat" adalah ipar.
Comparison among Indonesia & OECD
Indonesia
Definition
of
Related
Parties
Controlled 25% or more
by
ownership
Controlled  direct or indirect control
by
over another taxpayer;
substantial  presence of control through
facts
management or technology
utilisation
 A family relationship either
through bloodline or
through marriage within
one degree of direct or
indirect lineage
Transactions subject
to the arm’s length
principle (ALP)
Is the ALP applied for
domestic transactions
OECD
 An enterprise of a
Contracting State
participates directly in the
management, control or
capital of enterprise of the
other Contracting State
 The same persons
participate directly or
indirectly in the
management, control, or
capital of an enterprise of a
Contracting State and an
enterprise of the other
Contracting State
Transaction between two
enterprises that are considered
to be related parties
Transaction between two
enterprises that are considered
to be related parties
YES
N/A
ARM’S LENGTH
PRINCIPLE
Arm’s Length
Principle
Pasal 18 ayat (3) UU PPh:
Direktur Jenderal Pajak berwenang untuk menentukan
kembali besarnya penghasilan dan pengurangan serta
menentukan utang sebagai modal untuk menghitung
besarnya Penghasilan Kena Pajak bagi Wajib Pajak yang
mempunyai hubungan istimewa dengan Wajib Pajak
lainnya sesuai dengan kewajaran dan kelaziman usaha
yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh hubungan istimewa.
ARM’S LENGTH PRINCIPLE
Penjelasan Pasal 18 ayat (3) UU PPh:
Maksud diadakannya ketentuan ini adalah untuk mencegah terjadinya
penghindaran pajak yang dapat terjadi karena adanya hubungan
istimewa. Apabila terdapat hubungan istimewa, kemungkinan dapat
terjadi penghasilan dilaporkan kurang dari semestinya ataupun
pembebanan biaya melebihi dari yang seharusnya. Dalam hal demikian,
Direktur Jenderal Pajak berwenang untuk menentukan kembali
besarnya penghasilan dan/atau biaya sesuai dengan keadaan
seandainya di antara para Wajib Pajak tersebut tidak terdapat
hubungan istimewa. Dalam menentukan kembali jumlah penghasilan
dan/atau biaya tersebut digunakan metode perbandingan harga
antara pihak yang independen (comparable uncontrolled price
method), metode harga penjualan kembali (resale price method),
metode biaya-plus (cost-plus method), atau metode lainnya seperti
metode pembagian laba (profit split method) dan metode laba bersih
transaksional (transactional net margin method).
ARM’S LENGTH PRINCIPLE
Penjelasan Pasal 18 ayat (3) UU PPh:
Demikian pula kemungkinan terdapat penyertaan modal secara
terselubung, dengan menyatakan penyertaan modal tersebut sebagai
utang maka Direktur Jenderal Pajak berwenang untuk menentukan
utang tersebut sebagai modal perusahaan. Penentuan tersebut dapat
dilakukan, misalnya melalui indikasi mengenai perbandingan antara
modal dan utang yang lazim terjadi di antara para pihak yang tidak
dipengaruhi oleh hubungan istimewa atau berdasar data atau indikasi
lainnya. Dengan demikian, bunga yang dibayarkan sehubungan dengan
utang
yang dianggap sebagai penyertaan modal itu tidak
diperbolehkan untuk dikurangkan, sedangkan bagi pemegang saham
yang menerima atau memperoleh bunga tersebut dianggap sebagai
dividen yang dikenai pajak.
ARM’S LENGTH PRINCIPLE
Pasal 2 PER-43/PJ/2010
 Ayat (1) dan (2) menyatakan bahwa transaksi yang dilakukan Wajib
Pajak dengan pihak-pihak yang mempunyai hubungan istimewa
yang dapat mengakibatkan pelaporan jumlah penghasilan dan
pengurangan untuk menghitung besarnya Penghasilan Kena Pajak
bagi Wajib Pajak tidak sesuai dengan Prinsip Kewajaran dan
Kelaziman Usaha (Arm’s Length Principle) meliputi antara lain :
a. penjualan, pengalihan, pembelian atau perolehan barang
berwujud maupun tidak berwujud;
b. sewa, royalti, atau imbalan lain yang timbul akibat penyediaan
atau pemanfaatan harta berwujud maupun tidak berwujud;
c. Penghasilan atau pengeluaran sehubungan dengan penyerahan
atau pemanfaatan jasa;
d. Penyerahan atau perolehan harta dalam bentuk instrumen
keuangan, dan penghasilan atau pengeluaran yang timbul akibat
penyerahan atau perolehan harta dalam bentuk instrumen
keuangan dimaksud.
ARM’S LENGTH PRINCIPLE
Pasal 3 PER-43/PJ/2010
 Ayat (1) menyatakan bahwa Wajib Pajak yang melakukan transaksi
sebagaimana dimaksud dalam Pasal 2 dengan pihak-pihak yang
mempunyai Hubungan Istimewa wajib menerapkan Prinsip
Kewajaran dan Kelaziman Usaha (Arm’s Length Principle).
Transaction within related parties based on Lamp. 3A SPT Badan
:
a. Penjualan/pembelian barang berwujud (bahan baku, barang jadi
barang dagangan;
b. Penjualan/pembelian barang modal, termasuk aktiva tetap;
c. Penyerahan/pemanfaatan barang tidak berwujud;
d. Peminjaman uang;
e. Penyerahan jasa;
f. Penyerahan/perolehan instrumen keuangan seperti saham dan
obligasi
g. Dan lain-lain
ARM’S LENGTH PRINCIPLE
Pasal 1 butir 6 PER-43/PJ/2010 menjelaskan:
Prinsip Kewajaran dan kelaziman Usaha (arm’s length
principle/ALP) merupakan prinsip yang mengatur bahwa apabila
kondisi dalam transaksi yang dilakukan antara pihak-pihak yang
mempunyai Hubungan istimewa sama atau sebanding dengan
kondisi dalam dalam transaksi yang dilakukan antara pihakpihak yang tidak mempunyai Hubungan Istimewa yang menjadi
pembanding, maka harga atau laba dalam transaksi yang
dilakukan antara pihak-pihak yang mempunyai Hubungan
Istimewa harus sama dengan atau berada dalam rentang harga
atau laba dalam transaksi yang dilakukan antara pihak-pihak
yang tidak mempunyai Hubungan Istimewa yang menjadi
pembanding.
ARM’S LENGTH PRINCIPLE
Faktor
Penentu
Pembanding
Pertanyaan
Prinsip
Kewajaran
Transaksi
Independen
Apakah transaksi
independen sebanding
akan dinilai dengan harga
yang sama ?
Kelaziman
Usaha
Pandangan
ekonomis dari
sektor usaha
dimana Wajib
Pajak melakukan
transaksi afiliasi
Apakah kondisi dan PLI
transaksi afiliasi, secara
ekonomis merupakan
kondisi yang berlaku dan
sesuai dengan PLI sektor
usaha Wajib Pajak ?
COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS
Significance of the comparability analysis
and meaning of “comparable”
 generally based on a comparison of the conditions in a controlled
transaction with the conditions in transactions between
independent enterprises;
 in order for such comparisons to be useful, the economically relevant
characteristics of the situations being compared must be sufficiently
comparable;
 to be comparable means that none of the differences (if any)
between the situations being compared could materially affect the
condition being examined in the methodology (e.g. price or margin),
or that reasonably accurate adjustments can be made to eliminate
the effect of any such differences.
 in order to establish the degree of actual comparability and then
make appropriate adjustments to establish arm’s length conditions
(or a range thereof), it is necessary to compare attributes (five factors
of comparability) of the transactions or enterprises that would affect
conditions in arm’s length transactions.
End of sesion TP -1
COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS
Five factors determining comparability
The examination of the five comparability factors is by nature
two-fold, i.e. it includes an examination of the factors affecting
taxpayer’s controlled transactions and an examination of the
factors affecting uncontrolled transactions.
Both the nature of the controlled transaction and the transfer
pricing method adopted should be taken into account when
evaluating the relative importance of any missing piece of
information on possible comparables, which can vary on a caseby-case basis.
The five factors comparability are:
1. Characteristics of property or services
2. Functional analysis
3. Contractual terms
4. Economic circumstances
5. Business strategies
COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS
1. Characteristics of property or services
a. Transfer of tangible property; the characteristics that
may be important to consider are : the physical features of
the property, its quality and reliability, and the availability
and volume of supply.
b. The provision of services; the characteristics that may be
important to consider are : the nature and extent of the
services.
c. Intangibles property; the characteristics that may be
important to consider are : the form of transaction (e.g.
licensing or sale), the type of property (e.g. patent,
trademark, or know-how, the duration and degree of
protection, and the anticipated benefits from the use of
the property.
COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS
2. Functional analysis
Compensation usually will reflect the functions that each enterprise performs
(taking into account assets used and risks assumed). Therefore, in determining
whether controlled and uncontrolled transactions or entities are comparable, a
functional analysis is necessary.
Functional analysis seeks to identify and compare the economically significant
activities and responsibilities undertaken, assets used and risks assumed by the
parties to the transactions.
Function : design, manufacturing, assembling, R & D, servicing, purchasing,
distribution, marketing, advertising, transportation, financing and
management.
Assets used : plant and equipment, the use of valuable intangibles, financial
assets, ect. the nature of the assets used, such as the age, the market value,
location, property right protections available.
Risks assumed : market risk, such as input cost and output price fluctuations;
risks of loss associated with the investment in and use property, plant and
equipment; risks of the success or failure of investment in R & D; financial risks
such as those caused by currency exchange rate and interest rate variablility;
credit risks.ect.
COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS
3. Contractual terms
The contractual terms of a transaction generally define explicitly or
implicitly how the responsibilities, risks and benefits are to be
divided between the parties.
An analysis of contractual terms should be a part of the functional
analysis.
The terms of a transaction may also be found in correspondence /
communications between the parties other than a written contract.
Where no written terms exist, the contractual relationships of the
parties must be deduced from their conduct and the economic
principles that generally govern relationships between independent
enterprises.
COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS
4. Economic circumstances
Arm’s length prices may vary across different markets even for
transactions involving the same property or services; therefore, to
achieve comparability requires that markets in which the
independent and associated enterprises operate do not have
differences that have material effect on price or that appropriate
adjustments can be made.
The factors to be considered : geographic location; the size of the
markets; the extent of competition in the markets and the relative
competitive positions of the buyers and sellers; the availability (risk
thereof) of substitute goods and services; the levels of supply and
demand in the market as a whole and in particular regions, if
relevant; consumer purchasing power; the nature and extent of
government regulation of the market; costs of production including
the costs of land, labor, and capital; transport costs; the level of
market (e.g. retail or wholesale); the date and time of transactions.
COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS
5. Business strategies
Business strategies would take into account may aspects of an
enterprise such as innovation and new product development, degree
of diversification, risk aversion, assessment of political changes,
input or existing and planned labor laws, duration of arrangement,
and other factors bearing upon the daily conduct of business.
Market penetration schemes : taxpayer seeking to penetrate a
market or to increase its market share might temporarily charge a
price for its product that is lower than the price charged for otherwise
comparable products in the same market
COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS
Performing a comparability analysis
 The comparability analysis always aims at finding the most
reliable comparables;
 In order for process to be transparent, it is considered a good
practice for a taxpayers that uses comparables to support its
transfer pricing, or a tax administrations that uses comparables
to support a transfer pricing adjustment;
 To provide appropriate supporting information for the other
interested party to be able to assess the reliability of the
comparables used.
COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS
COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS
COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS
COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS
COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS
COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS
COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS
COMPARABILITY ANALYSIS
Typical process of comparability analysis
Step
Action
1
Determination of years to be covered
2
Broad-based analysis of the taxpayer’s circumstances
3
Understanding the controlled transaction(s) under examinations based in particular on
functional analysis, in order to choose the tested party, the most appropriate transfer
pricing method to the circumstances of the case, the financial indicator that will be
tested, and to identify the significant comparability factors that should be taken into
account.
4
Review of existing internal comparables, if any
5
Determination of available sources of information on external comparables where such
external comparables are needed taking into account their relative reliability
6
Selection of the most appropriate TPM and depending on the method, determination of
the relevant financial indicator.
7
Identification of potential comparables
8
Determination of and making comparability adjustment where appropriate
9
Interpretation and use of data collected, determination of the arm’s length remuneration
TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)
Methods of calculation of arm’s length price
Traditional
Methods
1. Comparable Uncontrolled Price (CUT) method
2. Resale Price (RP) method
3. Cost Plus (CP) method
Transactional
profit Methods
1. Profit Split (PS) methods (Contributions PS,
Residual PS, Comparable PS)
2. Transactional Net Margin methods
TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)
TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)
TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)
1. Comparable Uncontrolled Price
TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)
1. Comparable Uncontrolled Price
When using CUP, the comparable transaction and tested transaction
sales/purchase of inventory assets should be the same or similar in terms of
property, construction, functions ect and substantially the same in terms of
conditions.
Result
of
reviewing
comparable
transactions
1. The same type of product
2. The same market level
3. Substantially the same in volume; the
same terms of contract
4. The same business strategies
5. The same role and functions of P; no
intangible used
6. The same market conditions; no
government regulations.
Computing ALP applying CUP is appropriate
In the case there is a difference between the comparable and tested transactions, and
the difference is not properly adjusted for in the price, CUP should not be applied.
TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)
2. Resale Price
3. Cost Plus
TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)
2. Resale Price
A comparable transaction is a transaction where a third-party
purchases/sells the same or similar inventory assets in terms of property,
construction, functions etc, as the inventory assets traded in the tested
transaction, from/to other third-parties.
Result
of
reviewing
comparable
transactions
1. Deem to have similar inventory
2. The same market level
3. Substantially the same in volume; the
same terms of contract
4. The same business strategies
5. The same role and functions of P; no
intangible used
6. The same market conditions; no
government regulations.
Computing ALP applying RP is appropriate
In the case there is a difference between the comparable and tested transactions, in terms
of the functions of the seller, and the difference is not properly adjusted for in the gross
margin, the RP should be applied.
TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)
3. Cost Plus
A comparable transaction is a transaction where a third-party
manufactures/purchases the same or similar inventory assets in terms of
property, construction, functions etc, as the inventory assets traded in the
tested transaction, and resells them to other third-parties.
Result
of
reviewing
comparable
transactions
1. Deem to have similar inventory
2. The same market level
3. Substantially the same in volume; the
same terms of contract
4. The same business strategies
5. The same role and functions of P; no
intangible used
6. The same market conditions; no
government regulations.
Computing ALP applying CP is appropriate
In the case there is a difference between the comparable and tested transactions, in terms
of the seller’s functions, and the difference is not properly adjusted for in the mark-up, the
CP should be applied.
TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)
4. PS (Contribution PS Method)
TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)
5. TNMM
TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)
TNMM
Result of reviewing comparable transactions
1. (no mention on the similarity inventory)
2. No GP data available (or the cost of sales)
3. No comparable transactions for CUP/CP
method due to original technologies.
4. Cannot make adjustments needed for
difference affecting GP, no comparable
transactions for the RP method.
5. Comparable transactions available based on
the operating margin.
Computing ALP applying TNMM is appropriate
Prices tend be affected by differences in
products, margin of gross profit on sales
tends to be affected by differences in
accounting principle. On the other hand,
the operating margin is considered to be
less susceptible to the effect of such
differences.
TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)
TNMM
Result of reviewing comparable transactions
1. Licenses
original
technologies;
no
comparable transactions for CUP/CP,
2. Manufacturing and sales transactions;
impossible to apply the RP
3. Impossible to apply traditional method
4. Comparable transactions available based on
the operating margin.
Computing ALP applying TNMM is appropriate
Prices tend be affected by differences in
products, margin of gross profit on sales
tends to be affected by differences in
accounting principle. On the other
hand, the operating margin is
considered to be less susceptible to the
effect of such differences.
TRANSFER PRICING METHODS (TPM)
TPM Comparison
See this picture below :
A
A and B is comparable ?..............................(give your comment)
B
See this picture below :
C
C and D is comparable ?..............................(give your comment)
D
See this picture below :
E
E and F is comparable ?..............................(give your comment)
F
Memotret proses bisnis wajib Pajak
1. Characteristics
2. FAR analysis
3. Contractual terms
4. Economic
circumstances
5. Business strategies
Apakah “picture
WP” mewakili
potret bisnis wajib
pajak ???
Comparable pictures
Comparable picture A B C D
Picture WP
comparable picture A, B, C ,D
Identifikasi & kuantifikasi beda kondisi
Identifikasi & kuantifikasi beda kondisi
 General market conditions
 Competition
 Geographical structure
 High capital investment
 High safety standard
 Term od sales
 Interest rate
 AR turnover / AP turnover
 dll
See this picture below :
I
J
I and J are comparable but have a differences?
can you make an adjustment ?
Database of Benchmark Study
No Commercia
l Database
Type of Database
1
DataIndo
DIS-IBISWorld
Intiswakarsa Contains information business industrial report in Indonesia
2
BVD
OSIRIS
Contains information on approximately 45,000 listed and 17,000
major unlisted/delisted companies around the world
ORBIS
Contains comprehensive information on approximately 63
million companies around the world
ORIANA
Contains comprehensive information on approximately 7.9
million listed and unlisted companies across the Asia-Pacific
region.
AMANDEUS
Contains comprehensive information on approximately 14.8
million listed and unlisted companies across Europe.
3
BLOOMBERG, COMPUSTAT, LEXIS NECIS, REUTERS, BBW, ONE-SOURCE,
10Q WIZARDS, GOOGLE FINANCE, YAHOO FINANCE, BPS, BEI, ect.
EXAMPLE of a COMPARABLE SEARCH