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F1G0 H ,g
=
Z 8 G 6=U I E U A I B A $5:P )-5I A B A 5G E C I E U I5G 8 C ;=5I I; 2 A P 5:U B P ;=G A ; A GQS5:L IB7698 I B A C 5P
B A 5G E C I E U6=8 J + E P L A P A 8"I 6 I E ;@8 5 CAHCE I6 C IB A'JA Q 695:L I 1 A QS;=G A U LO; CE 8> IB E C CA U I E ;=8 A G; E JA 6 2 G EFA Q C 5:P P?6=G 3 ;9Q IB A G ;U ADJ 5G A ;9Q U ;=P 5I E 8:>
P 5I AAHC 5 CADJ E 8K+ B A2 6 CE U E JA 6 EFC I; C I 6=GI E IB 6 LF6=G> ACA I;9Q ;=I A 8"I E 6=L P 5I A 6 E G C 6=8 J
E I A G 6 I E A L 3 ADADJ ;=5II B; CA 6 E G C I B:6 IUD6988;=I 27A 6@U I5769LFL 3 P 5I A B A#CA I;=Q ;9I A 8"I E 69L P 5I A$AHCEFC
58 E ;=8K;9Q CA I ;9Q<69LFL 6 E G C ;9Q G; ; CE I E ;=8 C! 4 F #" C 5:U B?I B:6 IQS;=G C ;@P A 6=U I E ;=8
9 E 8 ; 4 E 8 ; 9 6=8 J
E 8 < >? 9 698 J CA $I % ;=Q 6=LOL 6 E G C&!A F #" C 5:U B%IB76 IQS;@G C ;@P A'! 4 F #"E 8( 698 J-C ;@P A 6@U I E ;@8 9 A E 8
@A >B 9 698 J 4 E 8 ; 9 B E C 69LFG A 6 J3 G A U LO5 JADC QSG;@P U ;=8 CE JA G 6 I E ;@8 ;=I A 8"I E 6=L P 5I AADC$!A F " B A G A
A 6=8 J 6=G A 8;9I E 8 IB A 6 JJ G A U ;=8 JE I E ;=8%698 J JA L A I A L E C I C ;=Q6=8 3?CE 8:>=L A 6@U I E ;=8 C A#C B769LFL CA A+27A LO; IB EFC I 5G 8 C ;=5II ; 27A 6=8 E P ;@GI 698"IL E P E I 6 I E ;@8 E 8 CA A G 6=L J ;=P?6 E 8 C ]
Goal state (6)
Key(2,2), At(0,0)
Drop_key(2,2)
At(2,2), At(0,0),
Have_key
(6)
s
TV`$x0hT1UXoa$]IW
Move(0,1,0,0)
Move(1,0,0,0)
Key(2,2), At(0,1)
(7)
Key(2,2), At(1,0)
(7)
og]IŠXTV]IcVc1`$UXY f]zsLTVyVq
E >@5G A [ ] CE P L A >@G E J G; 2 L A P 6=8 J I B A N:G C IL A A LW;=QG A >=G ADC CE ;@8 CA 69G U BK;@8 E I
!"#%$'&#()*$+-,./0"#,1$2,3$4!(56778,9:;,=<*(
(><?
7$'&@$<AB,1
6 ; ; 7 5 5 9 687:9
DC 5 CAHJ 2$3 B E L AC B:; 8'I; 2 A ; A GQS5L E 8 J ;=P?6 E 8 C B A G A I B AC 5 2 >=;"69L C
B A 69G A G A L 6 I E A L 3+E 8 JA A 8 JA 8"I C 5:U B'6 C LO;@> E C I E U C 6=8 J >=G E A G J ;=P?6 E 8 C I BG 6 C B ADC 2 6 J L 3+E 8 G ; 2 L A P C B A G A
IB A G A'EFC G E U B E 8"I A G 6=U I E ;@8 27A I ADA 8T6=U I E ;=8 C 698 J-C 5 2 >@;@69L CADR 5 A 8:U E 8> A U E N U 69LFL 3 B A 8T6 C 5 2 >@;@69LWIB:69I
U 6=8 2 A 6=U B EFA ADJTA 69G L 3 2 5II B:6 I P 5 C I 2 A?JA L A I ADJ P 5:U B LF69I A G B A 8 ;=IB A G C 5 2 >=;@6=L C 69G A 6@U B EFA AHJ IB A
C 5P B A 5:G E C I E U E C 5:8:6 2 L A I;%G A U ;=>@8 E A I B E C+E 8"I A G 6@U I E ;=8 <; E LFLO5 C I G 69I A IB E C U ;=8 CE JA G#6 CE P L A G ; 2 L A P
QSG ;=P IB A >@G E J?J ;@P 6 E 8 C B; 8 E 8K E >=5G A [ ] & E A 8 6 >=G EFJ B AE 8 E I E 69L C I 6 I AEFCJA 8:;9I AHJ 2$3 I ;
G ; ; CE I E ;@8 C 6 I \ \ 698 J A 3 \ ] 6=8 J I B A >=;"69L C I 6 I A EFC#JA 8;9I ADJ 2$3 [ C 5 2 >=;"69L C 69I \ \ 6=8 J A 3 [ [ A A N:>=5:G A [ ] ;=I E U A IB A-C 5 2 >=;"69L E 8"I A G 6=U I E ;@8 B A G A XB A 8 A 3 [ [ E C N:G C I 6=U B EOA ADJ 6 I \ \ EFC
8;%LO;@8> A GI G5 A B A G A 69G A IB:G ADA ; C CEF2 L A 6@U I E ;@8 C IB A G; 2 ;=I+P ; AHC QSG ;=P ;@8 A C R 5:69G A I ;%6=8 6 J 6=U A 8"I
C R 5769G A IB A G ; 2 ;9I E U C 5 6 A 3 E QIB A G AE CC 5:U B%
6 A 3?E 8 IB A#C R 5:69G A I B A G; 2 ;=IU 5GG A 8"I L 3 G ADCEFJADC 6=8 J
IB A G ; 2 ;9I J G ; C IB A AD3 69IIB A U 5G G A 8"I C R 5769G A +8 A ; 2 E ;=5 CC ;@LO5I E ;@8 EFC B A G ; 2 ;9I>@; ADC QSG ;=P \ \ I; \ ] E U C 5 IB A AD3 6 I \ ] P ; AHC I ; [ [ J G ; C IB A A 3 I B A G A 6=8 J N78:69LFL 3 P ; ADC+2 6=U I ;
\ \ B E CEFCE 8KQ 6@U IIB A ; I E P?69L/]D\ 6@U I E ;@8 LF6=8 A B76 A G 58 ;=5:G EFC E P L A P A 8"I 6 I E ;=8 ;9Q L 6988 A G?;=8 IB EFC G ; 2 L A P 698 J 8; C ;=LF5I E ;=8 6 C QS;=58 J 69Q I A G-]%B;@5G > A 8 A G 69I E 8> P ;@G A IB:6=8 \=\ \@\=\
8; JAHC A U LO5 JE 8>KIB; CA G 58 ADJ*2$3 I B A P 5I A U ;@P 5I 69I E ;=8 B A ;=G E > E 8:69L+ G E II A 8 E 86=L C ;
G 58 C ;=5I;9QP A P ;@G 3 [ \=)T1 ;=8 IB EFC G; 2 L A P I E CA 6 C3 I ; CA A B:; 0>@; AHC G ;=8> E G C I;9Q6=LOL 6@U U ;=G JE 8:> I; I B A P 5I A U ;=P 5I 6 I E ;@8
G ;U ADJ 5G A JADC U G EF27AHJ 6 2 ; A A 6=G A 6 2 L A I ; JA I A U IIB:69I B A 8*IB A G; 2 ;=I E C 6 I6 C R 5769G A E I U 6=88;9I 2 A
E 8%6=8%6 J 6=U A 8"I CR 5:6=G A 15I C P 5I A U ;=P 5I 6 I E ;=8 U 6=88;=I JA I A U IIB A I 3 A ;9QP 5I A I B:6 I C 6 3C
IB76 II B A G ; 2 ;9IUD698 6=L C ;'8;=I 27A+E 8 698 3 ;=IB A G C R 5769G A 6 C A LFL 27A U 6=5 CA IB A G A+EFC 8; CE 8>@L A 6=U I E ;@8 IB:69IU 6=8
L 6=U A 6 G ; 2 ;9IQSG ;=P 6 C R 5:69G A I ;?698;=IB A G CR 5:6=G A 8;9I6 J 6=U A 8"II; B A G A#E IU 5G G A 8"IL 3 G AHCE JAHC EC E 8 JC 5 Q 6 I 6=LOL 3 P E C >=5 E JE 8>-IB A
; L A I C CA A B:; I B EFC L E P E I 6 I E ;@8 ;9Q ! 6 ; ; 7 5 5 9<687:9
]
CA 96 G U B & E A 8 IB A C 5 2 >=;"69L C 69I \ \ AD3 [ [ IB A CA 69G U B A 8> E 8 A B:6 C I BG ADA ;9I A 8"I E 69L6@U I E ;@8 C ; A G
B E U B E I U 6=8 G A >=G ADC C IB A >=;"69L C I 69I A CADA E >=5G A [ ] 2 ;T;9QI B ADCA P ; A QSG;@P \ ] #;@G ] \ I ;
\ \ $> E A I B A#C 5 2 >=;@6=L 69I \ \ 6=8 J I B A IB E G J J G ; E 8> AD3 6 I [ [ B E U BKG ADR 5 E G AHC I B A G A U ;@8 JE I E ;=8
6 I [ [ "> E ADC I B A+C 5 2 >@;@6=L AD3 [ [ Q ADE I B A G;9Q I B A P ; A 6=U I E ;@8 C E CCA L A U I AHJ IB A 8 6 Q I A GIB A G A >=G ADC CE ;=8
IB A G; 2 ;=I ;=5:L J%2 A 6 I A E IB A G \ ] ;=G ] \ 698 J IB:69I ;=5L JKE 8:U G A 6 CA I B A B A 5G E C I E U 6=LO5 A2 A UD695 CA IB A
U ; C I;9Q6 I \ ] ;=G6 I ] \ E C ] >@G A 6 I A G I B:698 IB A U ; C I;=Q6 I \ \ Q A E U I B A#J G; E 8> 6=U I E ;@8 IB A 8
6 Q I A GG A >=G ADC CE ;@8 A B:6 A 6 C I 6 I A IB76 IB:6 C2 ;9IB%6 I \ \ I B A G A >=G ADC CAHJ N:G C I C 5 2 >=;@6=L 6=8 J 69I [ [ IB A
G A U ;=8 JE I E ;=8 ;9Q J G; A 3 6 I [ [ +6=U I E ;@8 XB E L A A UD698 CADA I B:6 I I B EFC#E C 698 E 87U ;=8 CE C I A 8"I C I 6 I A IB A
P 5I A U ;=P 5I 6 I E ;@8 A P LF; 3=AHJ 2"3 J ; AHC 8;=I JA I A U IIB E C 6 C+A L 6 E 8 AHJ 6 2 ; A )-;=G A ; A G IB A
B A 5G E C I E U 6=LO5 A QS;=G I B E C E 8 69L E J C I 6 I A/E C 6@U I5769LFL 3C P?69LFL A G<U ;=P 69G ADJ I;IB A ;=IB A G I ; C I 69I AHC U ;@GG ADC ;@8 JE 8>
I; G A >@G AHCCE ;@8K; A GIB A P ; A 6@U I E ;=8 C B E C U ;@P L A I A L 3 P E C >@5 E JADC I B A L 6988 A G E 8"I ; G;@8> 6 IB C QSG ;=P
B E U B E I8 A A GG A U ; A G C + 69L C ; Q 6 E L C ;=G ;=G CA 8 C I B A A GQS;@GP?6=8:U A QS;=G CE P E L 69GG A 6 C ;=8 C E 8 IB A I G 6 A L P 3C I A G 3 >=G EFJ 2 LF;U C ;=G L J 698 J%A E >=B"I 5 L A'J ;=P?6 E 8 C d
%F%& " $ *+ a+ ":o$&%&
"
Z8TI B A G A E ;@5 C+CA U I E ;=8 A C B; ADJ I B A I 3 A ;=Q G ; 2 L A P C B A G A E >=8:;=G E 8>KIB A 8 A >@69I E A E 8@I A G 6=U I E ;=8
2 A I A A 8 C 5 2 >=;"69L CE 8*I B A B A 5G EFC I E U ;9Q I A 8*L A 6 J IB A CA 6=G U B E 8"I; G;@8> JE G A U I E ;=8 C +8TIB A ;=IB A G+B7698 J &G 6 B LF6=8 C LF6=88 E 8>>@G 6 B E IB E I C A 69LOIB ;=Q$P 5I A U ;=8 C IG 6 E 8"I C U ;=8"I 6 E 8 C P 5:U B#;9Q C 5:U B E 8QS;=G P?6 I E ;=8 698 J UD698 27A 5 CAHJ I ; U ;=P 5I A P ;=G AA A U I E A B A 5G E C I E U C &G 6 B L 6986=LO>@;=G E I BP ;@G C?2$3 U ;=8 A GI E 8> IB A LF6=88 E 8> G ; 2 L A P C A U E N7U 69I E ;=8 C E 8"I; 6
L 6988 E 8>K>=G 6 B E >@5G A [ [ C B; C 69GI;9Q IB A L 6988 E 8>?>@G 6 B-U ;@8 C I G57U I AHJ QS;=GI B A >@G E J G ; 2 L A P
C B; 8 E 8 E >=5G A [ ] C E LFLO5 C IG 6 I ADJ B A G A 6 LF6=88 E 8>T>=G 6 B E C 6=8 ;@G JA G ADJ >=G 6 BU ;@8 CEFC I E 8>-;9QI ;
69LOI A G876 I E 8> C IG 5:U I 5G ADC U 6=LOL ADJ G; ; CE I E ;=8 L EFC I C 698 J 6=U I E ;@8 L E C I C AC I 6=GI E IB I B AE 8 E I E 6=L C I 69I A 6 C
IB A A G;=IB#L A A L G ; ; CE I E ;=8 L EFC I & E A 8'6 #L A A L LF6=88 E 8>>@G 6 B IB A A I A 8 CE ;=8 ;=QIB AC IG 5:U I5G A I;+L A A L
0] E 8 =;@L ADCE 8"I G; J 5:U E 8:> 6=LOL 6@U I E ;@8 C
B; CA G A U ;@8 JE I E ;=8 C 69G A G AHCA 8"I E 8 IB A %L A A L G ; ; CE I E ;=8
L EFC I Z8 6 JJE I E ;=8 I ;*I B A 6@U I E ;=8 C > E A 8 E 8 IB A%J ;@P?6 E 8 P ; JA L A U ;@8 CE JA G 6 CA I ;9Q J 5P P 3 8;$; 6=U I E ;=8 C ;@8 A QS;@G A 6=U B U ;@8 JE I E ;=8 E 8 IB A L A A L G ; ; CE I E ;@8 L EFC I IB A U ;=8 JE I E ;@8 2 A U ;@P ADC 2 ;9IB IB A
CE 8>@L A G A U ;=8 JE I E ;@8 698 JKA A U I;9QIB A 8:;"; +87U A IB A 6@U I E ;=8 C 69G A+E 8"IG ; J 5:U AHJ IB A G; ; CE I E ;=8 L E C I69I
L A A L -] E C U ;@8 C IG 5:U I ADJ 6 C 5 C II B A 58 E ;=8 ;9Q7IB AA A U I C ;=Q 6=LOL$I B AE 8"I G; J 5:U ADJ 6=U I E ;@8 C LF6=88 E 8> >=G 6 B
P?6 E 8"I 6 E 8 C IB A JA A 8 JA 8:U 3 L E 8 C2 A I A A 8 IB A 6@U I E ;@8 C 69IL A A L ]698 J IB ADE G G A U ;=8 JE I E ;=8 CE 8 L A A L L ] G ; ; CE I E ;@8KL EFC I G ; ; CE I E ;@8 L E C I698 J I B A E G A MA U I CE 8 L A A 0
0
0
0
]
Prop list
Level 0
At(0,0)
Action list
Level 0
Prop list
Level 1
Action list
Level 1
At(0,0)
noop
x
Prop list
Level 2
…...
…...
noop
noop
At(0,0)
At(0,1)
x
At(1,1)
xx
x
x
x
Move(1,0,1,1)
noop
Pick_key(0,1)
x
noop
At(1,0)
x
Move(0,1,1,1)
xx
Move(0,0,1,0)
At(1,0)
Key(0,1)
noop
key(0,1)
x
At(0,1)
Move(0,0,0,1)
x
E >@5G A [ [ L 6988 E 8> &G 6 B QS;=GI B A
x
x
Have_key
x
~Key(0,1)
Key(0,1)
x
>=G EFJ G ; 2 L A P
B A U G E I E U 6=L 6 C CA I ;9Q IB A L 6988 E 8> >=G 6 B QS;=G%;=5G 5G ; CADC E C I B AA U EFA 8"I P 6=G E 8> 6=8 J
G ; 6=>@69I E ;=8X;9Q'P 5I A U ;@8 C I G 6 E 8"I C J 5:G E 8> I B A A 698 CE ;=8 B:6 CA B A G ; 6=>@6 I E ;@8 C I 69GI C 6 I L A A L
] E I BI B A 6@U I E ;@8 C I B:6 I-69G A C I 69I E U 69LFL 3 E 8"I A GQ A G E 8> E IB A 6@U B;9I B A G E A IB ADE G G A U ;=8 JE I E ;@8 C 6=8 J
AMA U I C 69G A E 8:U ;@8 CEFC I A 8@I 'L 6 2 A L ADJ P 5I A )-5I AADC 69G A IB A 8 G; 69>"6 I AHJ QSG;@P IB E C L A A LQS;=G 69G J 2$3
5 CE 8:> I ; CE P L A G ; 69>@69I E ;=8%G5:L AHC ; G ; ; CE I E ;@8 C 69IL A A L %69G A P 6=G ADJ P 5I A E Q/6=LOL6=U I E ;@8 C 69I
L A A L -I B:6 I C 5 ;=GI;@8 A G; ; CE I E ;=8 69G A 6 E G EFCA P 5I A E I B 6=LOL/6@U I E ;=8 C I B:6 I C 5 ;=GI#IB A?CA U ;@8 J
L ]T69G A P 5I A E Q#IB AD3 6=G A-C I 6 I E UD69LFL 3 E 8"I A GQ A G E 8>;@G E Q#;=8 A ;9Q
G ; ; CE I E ;@8 ; 6=U I E ;@8 C 69I L A A IB A G ; ; CE I E ;@8 C G A U ;@8 JE I E ;=8 C C 5 ;=GI E 8>TI B A N7G C I 6@U I E ;=8 E C P 5I 5:69LFL 3A U LO5 CE A E IB ;=8 A ;9QIB A
G ; ; CE I E ;@8 C#C 5 ;@GI E 8:> I B A CA U ;@8 J 6@U I E ;@8 E >=5:G A [ [ C B; C 6 6=GI ;9QIB A LF6=88 E 8> >=G 6 B*QS;=G#IB A
G ; 2 ;9I G ; 2 L A P C A U E N ADJ#E 8' E >@5G A [ ] B A U 5G ADJ L E 8 ADC E IB P?69G C JA 8;=I A I B A P 5I A G A L 6 I E ;=8 C B A
L 6988 E 8> >@G 6 B%UD698 27A'CA A 8-6 C 6 A 8:U ; JE 8:> \ E IB I B A P 5I A G; 69>"6 I E ;=8%U ;@GG ADC ;@8 JE 8>
I;'6QS;@GP ;9Q JE G A U I ADJ 69GI E 69L<] 6=8 J [ U ;=8 CE C I A 8:U 3'A 8QS;=G U A P A 8@I \ B A A 8:U ; JE 8>'UD698 27A+C ;@L ADJ
5 CE 8:> 698 3 6 L E U 6 2 L A C ;=L E 8:>TP A IB:; J:C 6 C A U E 69LU 6 CA ;=Q B E U B E C I B A &G 6 B L 698 C'2 6@U 6=G J
CA 69G U B G;U AHJ 5G A ;=G P?69LFL 3 &G 6 B L 698 6 II A P I C I ; A I G 6@U I 6 C ;=LF5I E ;=8QSG ;=P IB A L 6988 E 8>T>@G 6 B;9QL A 8>=IB ? 698 J E LFL A 6=8 J%E II;?L A A L ? ] ;=8L 3KE QIB:69I C ;@LO5I E ;=8 A IG 6=U I E ;=8 G ;$U ADC C Q 6 E L C &G 6 B L 698 69LF>=;@G E IBP
C P E 8*I A GP C ;9Q8$5P 27A G+;=Q C I A C <;%P?6 A IB A
U 6=8-IB$5 C >@5:69G 698"I ADA IB76 IIB A C ;@LO5I E ;=8 E I#N:8 JCE ; I E P 6=L E I 3 B;=L J-E 8-I A GP C ;9Q 8$5P 2 A G;9Q6@U I E ;@8 C 6 C I A U 698*B:6 A P 5L I E L A 6=U I E ;=8 C A 8 A AHJ I; C I 69GI
E IB 6 L 6988 E 8> >@G 6 B IB:69I EFC "6 [ G P ^P "C E C 6 L 6988 E 8>#>@G 6 B E 8 B E U B A A G 3
6 E G ;9Q8;=8 8;$; 6=U I E ;=8 C 69I I B ATC 6=P A L A A L69G A P?6=G ADJ P 5I A B AHCA 6 J:JE I E ;@8:69L6@U I E ;=8 P 5I A ADC
G ; 6=>@69I A I ;*> E A 6 JJE I E ;@8:69L G ; ; CE I E ;@8:69LP 5I A ADC L 6988 E 8> >=G 6 B EFC C 6 EFJ I; 664B B A 8
IB A G AE C 8;?U B:6=8> A#E 8KI B A 6=U I E ;=8 G; ; CE I E ;=8%698 J P 5I A L E C I C2 A I A A 8KI ;?U ;=8 CA U 5I E A L A A L C 16 CAHJ ;@8 IB A 6 2 ; A P 5I A U ;@P 5I 69I E ;=8 6=8 J G; 69>"6 I E ;@8?G5L ADC IB A QS;@LOLF; E 8:> G ; A GI EFADC U 6=8
0
0
7:9<;>=
6 5 9 = = 9 #=
]
2 A A 6 CE L 3 A G E N ADJ ] B A 8$5P 27A G?;9Q 6=U I E ;=8 C G ADR 5 E G AHJ I ; 6=U B EFA A 6 6 E G?;9Q G; ; CE I E ;=8 C EFC 8:; L ADC C I B:698 IB A
8$5P 2 A G ;9Q G ; ; CE I E ;=8 L A A L C I; 2 AKA 698 JADJ 58"I E LIB A I ; G; ; CE I E ;=8 C 2 ;=IB 6 A 69G 698 J 69G A 4 D5
;KL5 BN E 8%I B A L 6988 E 8>?>@G 6 B [ G ; ; CE I E ;=8 6 E G C IB76 IG A P?6 E 8KP 5I A 6 II B A L A A L B A G A I B A L 6988 E 8> >@G 6 BKL A A L C ; U 6=8
8 A A G 2 A 6=U B EOA ADJ C I 69GI E 8> QSG;@P E 8 E I E 6=L C I 6 I A B AKCA I';9Q6@U I E ;=8 C G ADCA 8"I E 8 I B A L A A L B A G A I B A L 698:8 E 8:>->=G 6 B L A A L C ; U ;=8"I 6 E 8 C 6=LOL
6=U I E ;=8 C I B:6 I6=G A 6 L E U 6 2 L A I ; C I 6 I ADC G A 6=U B76 2 L A QSG ;=P IB A E 8 E I E 69L C I 69I A B A I BG A A ; 2:CA G 69I E ;=8 C 6 2 ; A > E A 6 G;@5>=B E 8 JE U 69I E ;=8 6 C I ; B; I B A E 8QS;@GP?6 I E ;@8 E 8IB A
L 6988 E 8>K>=G 6 B-6 Q I A G E IL A A L C ; U 698 2 A 5 CADJ I ; >=5 EFJA C I 6 I A CA 69G U B LF6=88 A G C B A N:G C I; 2:CA G 69I E ;=8
C B; C IB:69I'IB A L A A L E 8QS;@GP?69I E ;=8 E 8 LF6=88 E 8>->=G 6 BU 6=8 27A 5 CAHJ I ; ADC I E P?6 I A I B A U ; C I';9Q6=U B EFA E 8>
6 CA I#;9Q G; ; CE I E ;=8 C 5GIB A GP ;@G A I B A CA I+;9Q P LP ! G ; ; CE I E ;@8:69LP 5I AADC B A L > E A 6 N:8 A G
JE C I 698:U AADC I E P 69I A B ACA U ;=8 J ; 2:CA G 6 I E ;@8 C B; C IB:69I/;=8:U A I B A L 6988 E 8>#>@G 6 B L A A L C ; 69LFLP 5I AADC
E 8 I B A N:8:6=LWL A A LW69G A
P 5I A ADC B A I B E G J ; 2:CA G 6 I E ;@8 C B; C 6 6 3 I ; A IG 6=U I6 N78 A G C P?69LFL A G CA I;9Q 6 L E U 6 2 L A 6@U I E ;=8 C I; 27A U ;=8 CE JA G ADJ 2$3 IB A G A >@G AHCCE ;=8 CA 6=G U B CE 8:U A 6 8 A 6=U I E ;=8 EFCE 8"IG ; J 5:U AHJ
E 8@I ; 6 L A A L ;@8L 3?E Q6=LOLM;=Q E I C G A U ;@8 JE I E ;=8 C 6 A 6=G E 8 IB A G A E ;@5 C L A A L 6=8 J 69G A 8;=8 P 5I A AHJ 6=8 J 6=LOL
6=U I E ;=8 C G AHCA 8@I E 8-6 L A A LW6=G A 69L C ; G ADCA 8"I E 8 I B A 8 A IL A A L 5 5 46 5 9
6 7 =?7:9
d
a%& "+*%$ % h$ <
%& "
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