NATIONALISM
Difference between Ethnicity & Nationality
Ethnicity
• Identity with a group of people
that share distinct physical and
mental traits as a product of
common heredity and cultural
traditions.
• Culture
Nationality
• Identity with a group
of people that share
legal attachment and
personal allegiance to
a particular place as a
result of being born
there.
• Location
Nationalism
• Loyalty to a location
• Nationalism can be an example of a centripetal or
centrifugal force
• Centripetal forces
•
•
•
•
•
Unify
Stabilize
Strengthen
Bind together
Fosters solidarity
• Centrifugal forces
•
•
•
•
•
Divide
Devolution
Disrupts order
Destabilize
Weaken bonds
Nationalism
Positives
• Promotes culture
• Creates pride in
nationality & national
interests
• Unites (Centripetal)
• Example: WWII
• Roosevelt, Churchill, Allies
used nationalism to unite
& ignite their countries
towards victory
Negatives
• Promoting nationalism
at the expense of
other nation-states
• Divides (Centrifugal)
• Example WWII
• Hitler, Mussolini & Tojo
used nationalism to
exploit their countries
to commit genocide &
subjugate other
nations
Forces in India
Centripetal
Centrifugal
• Religion
• Religion
• Language
• Language
• Hinduism
• Hindi or English.
• Government
• Representative
democracy
• Transportation
• railroads
• Expressions of national
pride
• General: anthem, flag,
sports
• Specific: Cricket
• Hinduism vs. Islam
• 14-18 official languages
(4 language families)
• Government
• 28 states in India, people
show allegiance to that
state over the country.
• Ethnicities
• Sikhs in Punjab
• Disputes about land
• Kashmir dispute
between Pakistan &
India
Ethnic Conflict
• North: Arab-Muslim dominated
• South: Black Christian & animist
• War between the North & South
in an attempt to move from a
multinational state to a
multiethnic state resulted in the
creation of a new state, South
Sudan
• West: Black Muslim in the
Darfur region
• Black African resent
discrimination and neglect by
Sudanese government.
• Fighting began in 2003, est.
400,000 have died, 2 million have
become refugees
• UN considers the rape & mass
murders to be genocide
• East: A collection of ethnicities
• Fought 2004 – 2006 over oil
profits
Sudan
7 – neighbors
• Austria, Greece, Italy, Albania, Bulgaria,
Hungary & Romania
6 – republics
• Bosnia & Herzegovina (1), Croatia,
Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia &
Slovenia
5 – nationalities
• Croats, Macedonians, Montenegrins,
Serbs, Slovenes
4 – official languages
• Croatian, Macedonian, Serbian,
Slovene
3 – major religions
• Roman Catholic, Orthodox & Islam
2 – alphabets
• Roman & Cyrillic
1 – currency
Yugoslavia
Break-up of Yugoslavia
• Ethnic conflict reemerged in Yugoslavia in 1980s
• Led to the creation of 6 sovereign nations (not nation-states, as we will see
later)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Bosnia & Herzegovina
Croatia
Slovenia
Macedonia (often referred to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia or FYRM)
Serbia
Montenegro
Bosnia & Herzegovina
• Ethnicities
• 48% Bosnian Muslim
• 37% Serb
• 14% Croat
• Serbs & Croats tried to
make areas of the country
so homogenous that they
could then join with Croatia
or Serbia
• Ethnic Cleansing
• 1996 reached an
agreement to divide up
country
• Serbs = ½ land
• Croats = ¼ land
• Muslims = ¼ land
Balkanization
• Too many ethnicities to divide up into one or more stable states
• Example of Balkanization
• WWI volatile states of the Balkan Peninsula drag larger states into conflict
• With the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia & Kosovo, Balkanization is
reemerging as a major concern.
Kosovo
• Serbia still a multiethnic country
• Kosovo = 90% ethnic Albanians
• 1998
• Serbia began ethnic cleansing Kosovo of ethnic Albanians
• 750,000 of the 2 million ethnic Albanians fled to Albania
• U.S. & Western Europe gets involved
• Serbia withdraw and Kosovo declared independence
• 60 countries recognize its sovereignty
• Including U.S.
• Excluding Serbia & Russia
Ethnic Cleansing in Rwanda
• Two major ethnic groups
• Hutus – 85%
• Tutsis – 14%
• During colonial era:
• Tutsis held position of power over Hutus
• Post-colonial era:
• Hutus used majority to come to power; reprisals against Tutsis
escalated matters
• Ethnic Cleansing (More accurately Genocide)
• 1994: Presidents of Burundi & Rwanda killed in plane crash
blamed on Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF), a group made up of
displaced Tutsis
• For several weeks, systematic attacks of Hutus against Tutsis
killed as many as 1 million people; between 150,000 – 250,000
women were raped
Genocide
Legal Definition of Genocide
• A)Mental Element: The intent to destroy, in whole
or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious
group.
• B)Physical Element: Committing the following
crimes on one or more than one of the groups
above:
• Killing members of the group
• Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of
the group.
• Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life
calculated to bring about its physical destruction.
• Imposing measure intended to prevent births
• Forcibly transferring children of the group to another.
The 8 Stages of Genocide
1. Classification
5. Polarization
("us" vs. "them")
(propaganda)
2. Symbolization
6. Preparation
(hate speech)
3. Dehumanization
("swine," "vermin")
4. Organization
(special units)
(lists, targets)
7. Extermination
(murder)
8. Denial
(complete denial,
“accidents,” etc.)