Wireless Sensor Network & Radio Frequency ID,
& Amazon Go’s Integration
Team: Katie Pietranek, Liya Chiu, Saibal Roy and Yusup Kamel
MSIT: Wireless – 413
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1. Radio-Frequency
Identification (RFID)
● Introduction
● RFID Components
● Carrier frequency
● Types of RFID
● Security and Privacy
● Advantages
● Applications
Outline
2. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
● What is it and why?
3. Integration of RFID &
● Components
WSN
● Basic Mote and Node Components ● Introduction &
Background
● ZigBee
● Current Market
● Limitations
● Technology involved
● Medium Access Control (MAC)
Protocols
● Application/Examples
● Current and Future Application
4. Conclusions
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RADIO-FREQUENCY
INDENTIFICATION
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Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID)
●Introduction
●RFID Components
●RFID Frequency
●Applications
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Introduction of RFID
●RFID is Radio-frequency identification
● Uses electromagnetic fields to automatically and wirelessly
identify tags attached to objects.
●The origins of RFID can be traced to World War II: uses to identify
and track planes that could either be enemy or ally
●When Walmart introduced RFID system to it supply chain
management system, RFID started to be popular and widely used.
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RFID Components
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RFID Components - Tag
•
•
•
Tags includes microchip, antenna , case, and battery (for active
tags only)
The size of the chip depends mostly on the Antenna. Antenna size
is dependent on the frequency the tag is using.
To the Microchip, some tags also have rewritable memory attached
where the tag can store updates between reading cycles or new data
like serial numbers.
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RFID Components - Tag
•
Passive: no power source
and no transmitter,
therefore rely on the power
induced by the reader.
•
Active: on-board battery
and periodically transmits
its ID signal
•
Semi-Active: works like
passive tags but needs
incorporate a battery
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RFID Components - Reader
•
•
•
A RFID reader is a device that used to communicate with RFID tags
Incorporates a decoding section and transmitter/receiver unit
Contains real time processor, operating system, virtual portable
memory, some systems are Ethernet compatible in order to
communicate with the host computer
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RFID Components – System
●A Passive Reader Active Tag (PRAT): passive reader
and receives radio signals from active tags
●An Active Reader Passive Tag (ARPT): active reader
and receives authentication replies from passive tags.
●An Active Reader Active Tag (ARAT): uses active
tags awoken with an interrogator signal from the active
reader.
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RFID Frequency
Frequency Band
Advantage
Disadvantage
Application
Low
(9-135Khz)
This band is open to the vast
majority of countries and does not
involve legal openness and
enforcement of applications
The read range is limited
(Within 1.5 meters)
1. Management of pet
2. Security System
Intermediate
(13.56Mhz)
1. High acceptance frequency
band
2. Can run normally in the most of
the environment
1. May not work properly if
near metal objects
2. The read range is around
1.5 meters
1. Library management
2. Trailer tracking
3. Identification card
4. Air baggage or electronic
check
High
(300-1200Mhz)
(2.45 - 5.8Gzh)
1. The read range is more than 1.5 1. Not allowed for
meters
commercial use in some
2. Not noise sensitive
European countries
2. Expensive tags
3. High reading speed
1. The material inventory system
of the workshop
2. Truck and trailer tracking
3. Highway toll collection system
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RFID Application – Access Control
●
●
Tag can be attached on Badges or Cars
Check the person/car who holds ID has access
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RFID Application – Supply Chain
Management
●Solve the impractical use manual labor to collect data
●Tags can attach to items or materials
● Monitor and manage the
movement of the products
●Provide brand protection –
unique numbers and info of the
chain custody
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WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORKS
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WHAT IS WSN &
WHY LEARN ABOUT WSN?
BASICALLY:
Sensor electronics
&
Wireless data networking.
WHY LEARN IT?
It’s an important aspect IoT
IoT market is expect to reach $35 billion by 2021
http://www.fiercewireless.com/tech/industrial-wireless-sensing-iot-market-to-reach-35b-by-2021-report
THAT’S WORTH LEARNING THE BASICS!
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Team: Katie Pietranek, Liya Chiu, Saibal Roy and Yusup Kamel (MSIT: Wireless - 413)
WSN: BASIC COMPONENTS
MOTES End Nodes that contain the radio & sensory devices.
CENTRAL NODE
TERMINAL PROGRAM:
To communicate w/Mote Radios
•Information Clustering & Computing
INTERCONNECTING NETWORK OF MOTES & CENTRAL NODE
Most Common typology: Mesh & P2P communications
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Team: Katie Pietranek, Liya Chiu, Saibal Roy and Yusup Kamel
(MSIT: Wireless - 413)
WSN: RADIO COMPONENTS
•Antenna
•Microcontroller: Runs configurable firmware that performs
Wireless Standard Based Communication & Networking
•Local Area Networks (LAN)
•Personal Area Network (PAN)
•802.15.4 (P2P)
•Other utility function like Addressing & Security
•Electrical Interface Component
Usually an integrated circuit (IC) w/ pins that provide interface for...
•I/O, Batteries, grounding, Sensory Electronics & RFID
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ZigBee Teamwork!
It’s worth knowing…
ZigBee Alliance
Team!
ZigBee Protocol & Tread Protocol
Streamlining! Interoperability!
ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4: MESH
Bigger Team!
ZigBee in the Market
Bigger World Wide Team!
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EXAMPLE OF ELECTRONIC SENSORS
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WSN: LIMITATIONS
Limitations:
- Accuracy:
Sensor readings
GPS Sensor ~ 2.8 meters
Humidity Sensor
(Accuracy of ±5%)
- Interference:
Environments
(i.e. elements= rain, snow, wind)
- Wireless
sensor nodes:
Processing power
Little storage,
Communication range
Minimal battery/energy.
Let’s look at the
bright side:
- Moore’s Law:
CPU with low power requirements in a small size.
- Transceivers: Wireless devices are becoming
smaller, cheaper, and less power.
- Research
in Materials Science:
Resulted in sensing materials for
Chemical, Biological, & Physical sensing tasks
- Power
source improvements in batteries:
Passive power sources such as solar or vibration energy,
are expanding application options
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Medium Access Control (MAC)
MAC : Controls when & how each node can transmit in the wireless channel
Why do we need MAC? --> collision avoidance
– Controls the access of shared medium (wireless channel)
– Wireless channels are shared among different nodes
a. 1 node access the shared channel at a time
b. 2 nodes send packet at the same time,
both packet will drop
– Controls / regulates usage of channels
– Radios transmitting in the same
frequency band interfere with each other
– collisions
– Other shared medium examples: Ethernet
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Where is my MAC?
• Network model from Internet
[Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model (OSI)]
The LLC sub-layer
Acts as an interface between
* The Media access control (MAC) sub-layer
and
* The Network layer.
The MAC layer
Normally considered as a sub-layer of the data link layer
in the network protocol stack.
Team: Katie Pietranek, Liya Chiu, Saibal Roy and Yusup Kamel (MSIT: Wireless - 413)
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MAC in Wireless
Wired link
– Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
– send as soon as the medium is free, listen into the medium if a collision occurs
(original method in IEEE 802.3)
Wireless
– Signal strength decreases in proportional to at least square of the distance
– Collision detection only at receiver
– Half-duplex mode
– Furthermore, CS is not possible after propagation range
Team: Katie Pietranek, Liya Chiu, Saibal Roy and Yusup Kamel (MSIT: Wireless - 413)
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Current - WSN
- Manufacturing: Hydraulic used in forklifts,
Machinery, etc.
- Aerospace: Airplanes (contains liquid level sensors
in thermo wells to help protect temperature pressure)
- Healthcare and the Food, Beverage &
Grocery Industries: smart refrigeration to
control temperature, avoid spoilage, energy
consumptions
- Crime Prevention: Smart cameras equipped
with sensors in identifying, aggregating &
alerting the authorities in fighting crime
[East Orange, NJ (Crime = -2/3, 2003);
- Automotive: Front & back-up sensors
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Future (and more) - WSN
- Crime Prevention: 100 Sensors, Smartphones, Squad
Cars = gunshot identification [Chicago Police Department (February 2017).
- Connected Cars / Autonomous Driving:
Waymo (Alphabet) = Chrysler Pacifica
(cost savings of 90% by building in-house sensors
3-D = ~$75K), (February 2017).
- Connected Devices: Fitbit, Gamins, Smartphones,
to help track body movements & vitals.
- Health and fitness: Lingerie / Sports bra for women.
(tracks heartbeat & breathing rhythms).
- Other application: Insurance, Digital Maps
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RFID and WSNs
Integration
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Integration of RFID and WSN
Below table shows fundamental technology differences between RFID and WSNs.
Team: Katie Pietranek, Liya Chiu, Saibal Roy and Yusup Kamel
(MSIT: Wireless - 413)
27
Requirements for integrating
RFID and WSNs
●Accurate and reliable communication
●Energy efficiency
●Network maintenance survivability
Team: Katie Pietranek, Liya Chiu, Saibal Roy and Yusup Kamel
(MSIT: Wireless - 413)
28
Architecture of integrated
RFID and Sensor Networks
Team: Katie Pietranek, Liya Chiu, Saibal Roy and Yusup Kamel
(MSIT: Wireless - 413)
29
GO
Team: Katie Pietranek, Liya Chiu, Saibal Roy and Yusup Kamel
(MSIT: Wireless - 413)
Taken from United States Patent Application Publication Number US 2015/0012396AI
Team: Katie Pietranek, Liya Chiu, Saibal Roy and Yusup Kamel
(MSIT: Wireless - 413)
31
Team: Katie Pietranek, Liya Chiu, Saibal Roy and Yusup Kamel
(MSIT: Wireless - 413)
32
Team: Katie Pietranek, Liya Chiu, Saibal Roy and Yusup Kamel
(MSIT: Wireless - 413)
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CONCLUSION
opportunity
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Jiobit: for kids
GENIUS TECH WRITER SAYS:
“Somehow. I am a tech guy and I
still don't fully understand it
after sitting through briefings”
“The founders are very smart
Motorola guys”
$3Million dollars!
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NOT EXACTLY WSN OR RFID TECHNOLOGY ...
SO WHY AM I BRINGING THIS UP?
What I thought when I saw this post. ……. I was intimidated!
BUT THEN I DISCOVERED WHAT IM GOING TO SHARE WITH YOU ON THE NEXT SLIDES
*You don’t need to ba a “very smart motorola guy” (ok, maybe a little)
*And may it’s you that wants the $3 million investor!
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WSN PROTOTYPING FOR < $100
VENDORS
•
ZIGBEE RADIOS & OTHER HARDWARE
•
•
Digi International: digi.com
Make SHED: makershed.com
• FIRMWARE: FREE: X-CTU
• SENSORY ELECTRONICS: SparkFun
• TERMINAL SOFTWARE (For windows)
• FREE: CoolTerm or TeraTerm
• How to bookS
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TYPES OF ELECTRONIC
SENSORS
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Zigbee Series 2 Antenna
With microchip that enables standard-based
ZigBee mesh networking.
Examples of sensory electronics that you plug
into specific pins on the breadboard
Adapter to
computer
(configuring)
BREAKOUT BOARD
(used to plug ZigBee into
standard breadboard
BREADBOARD:
a board for making an
experimental model of an
electric circuit
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GETTING MORE
COMPLICATED:
ADDING
EVALUATION
BOARDS AND
MORE BELLS
AND WHISTLES
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REFERENCES: RFID
●
●
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●
●
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1. RFID Handbook Application, Technology, Security, Privacy – Syed Ahson, Mohammad
Ilyas
2. RFID Toys: Cool Projects for Home, Office and Entertainment
3. RFID For Dummies by Patrick J. Sweeney II
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification
5. http://www.nedapidentification.com/news/insights/understanding-the-confusingworld-of-rfid-tags-and-readers-in-access-control.html
7. https://www.vizinexrfid.com/rfid-applications-in-supply-chain-management/
8. https://sites.google.com/site/rfiddianzibiaoqian/rfid-yuan-li
Team: Katie Pietranek, Liya Chiu, Saibal Roy and Yusup Kamel
(MSIT: Wireless - 413)
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References WSN
●
●
●
●
●
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1) http://www.tfb.edu.mk/amarkoski/WSN/Kniga-w02
2) https://www.smartindustry.com/industrynews/2017-2/35-billion-industrial-wireless-sensing-iot-market-by-2021/
3) “Building Wirelesss Sensor Networks “ by Robert Faludi, 2011 Robert Faludi Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc
4) http://www.rhyshaden.com/osi.htm
5) https://programmingelectronics.com/what-is-a-breakout-board-for-arduino/
6) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model
7) http://www.fiercewireless.com; sensor platform & internet-things
8) https://icsw.nhtsa.gov/safercar/v2v/
9) https://www.nhtsa.gov/press-releases/us-dot-advances-deployment-connected-vehicle-technology-prevent-hundredsthousands
10) https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-03/it-s-aye-robot-as-driverless-cars-finally-steer-near-showrooms
11) Wireless Sensor Networks: Technology, Protocols, and Applications, by Kazem Sohraby, Daniel Minoli, and Taieb
Znati. Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
12) Medium Access Control in Wireless Sensor Networks (/ISI TECHNICAL REPORT ISI-TR-580, OCTOBER 2003), Wei Ye and
John Heidemann
Team: Katie Pietranek, Liya Chiu, Saibal Roy and Yusup Kamel
(MSIT: Wireless - 413)
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References: Integration
●[1]. Zhang/RFIDandSensorNetworks AU7777_C018, Chapter 18
●[2]. Taxonomy and Challenges of the Integration of RFID and Wireless
Sensor Networks by Hai Liu, Hong Kong Baptist University Miodrag Bolic
and Amiya Nayak, University of Ottawa Ivan Stojmenovic ’, University of
Ottawa and The University of Birmingham, IEEE Network •
November/December 2008
●[3]. United States Patent Application Publication Number US
2015/0012396AI, Pub Date: 01/08/2015
●
Team: Katie Pietranek, Liya Chiu, Saibal Roy and Yusup Kamel
(MSIT: Wireless - 413)
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