“Just to have a few people w ho
believe in m e and look at m e
w ithout judgm ent; that inspires
m e and m ak es m e believe in
m yself m ore. I f I did not have
that, I w ould just see m yself in
the sam e w ay that a lot of the
p e o p l e i n t o w n s e e m e .”
Female, age 24
Let’s Touch the Skies!
A report on Women’s Economic Security in Cochrane & Surrounding Area by
Cochrane Society for Housing Options, Cochrane FCSS and
Western Rocky View Family and Community Resource Centre
funded by Status of Women in Canada
"We never know how high we are
Till we are called to rise;
And then, if we are true to plan,
Our statures touch the skies."
Emily Dickinson
American poet
Let’s Touch the Skies!” is a Gender Based Analysis research project to examine the
relationship between women and economic security within Cochrane and the Western
MD of Rocky View. The research focused on individual experiences, barriers and
challenges which inhibit women from gaining a sufficient measure of independence to
support themselves and their dependents. The project also aimed to gain a better
understanding of the systemic barriers that impact women in this region.
Learning and data collected from this research project will lend itself to formulating a
Community Plan to advance women’s economic security within the region. The
Community Plan will make recommendations to change, increase and add activities,
services and policies to enhance women’s and self-reliance and prosperity.
This project has been sponsored by the Cochrane Society for Housing Options (CSHO)
in partnership with Cochrane Family & Community Support Services (FCSS). CSHO is a
Cochrane based non-profit organization whose mandate promotes access to safe,
suitable and diverse housing, appropriate to the incomes of Cochrane citizens.
“Let’s Touch the Skies!” has been funded by the Status of Women Canada which
promotes the full participation of women in economic, social and democratic life of
Canada.
P ROJECT T EAM :
Corinne Burns – Coordinator, Cochrane Society for Housing Options
Ravi Natt – Equipoise Management Consultants Inc.-Project Lead
Melissa Engdahl – Family Support Worker, Western Rocky View FCSS
Wendy Farnsworth – Community Support Worker, Western Rocky View FCSS
Let’s Touch the Skies!
A c k n o w l ed g m en t s
T HANK YOU TO
THE FOLLOWING ORGANIZATIONS
Town of Cochrane
Cochrane Parent Link Centre
Rocky View County
Beaupre Community
Cochrane Community Health Centre
Springbank Park for All Seasons
Rocky View School Division
Bearspaw Lifestyle Community
Rocky View Schools Community Learning
Bragg Creek Community Centre
RCMP Cochrane
Westbrook School
Cochrane and Area Victim Service Unit
Cochrane Activettes
Bow Valley College
Family and Community Support
Services Staff
Brenda Strafford Chair for the Prevention
of Family Violence
Bottrel General Store
University of Calgary
Rocky View (West) Schools
The Fourth R Alberta Strategy
Cochrane and Western Rocky View
Residents
Cochrane Employment Services
Cochrane Boys & Girls Club
Y OUR
Cochrane Society for Housing Options
Board of Directors and Administration
INPUT IS GREATLY APPRECIATED
A Report on Women’s Economic Security
in Cochrane & Surrounding Area – June 2013
P OVERTY
IS DEFINED AS :
“Fundamentally, poverty is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity.
It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having
enough to feed and clothe a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land
on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not having access to credit. It means
insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means
susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile environments,
without access to clean water or sanitation.”
Indicators of Poverty & Hunger
Dr. David Gordon
United Nations Retrieved 2011-5-27
Health
Transportation
• social determinants
• economic security
Choices
• self efficacy
• locus of control
• hope
• access
• small town culture
Relationships
Education
• domestic violence
• family breakdown
• literacy & skills
POVERTY
Housing
Employment
• social & affordable
• part-time work
• benefits
Family of
Origin
Financial
Literacy
• budgeting
• credit
E CONOMIC S ECURITY
Childcare
• affordable
• accessible
• shaping attitudes
• beliefs
IS DEFINED AS :
“at minimum, having stable access to an income sufficient to support oneself and one’s
dependents in ways that are conducive to physical and mental health. It also means that every
adult is able to achieve a sufficient measure of financial independence through life to live
safely and with dignity, whether partnered or unpartnered”
Security 4 Women
2004, p.4
Let’s Touch the Skies!
A C a s e S t u d y o f Ho p e
J ANELLE ’ S S TORY
(not her real name)
Janelle is a young woman who
was born and raised in Cochrane.
She grew up with an undiagnosed
learning disability and at the age
of 11, due to the issues she was
experiencing at school, her
parents removed her and decided
to home school Janelle. At the age
of 16, Janelle moved out of her
family’s home due to ongoing conflict with her parents. She fell into a pattern of drugs, alcohol
and partying and soon found herself pregnant. Over the next couple of years she worked in
casual sales positions at local restaurants and stores and continued to struggle to care for her
child, keep her employment, and manage her relationships and lifestyle. Eventually she lost
her child to the system.
Her relationships continued to be volatile and after the birth of her second child, the father
was arrested and their child was again involved with Child and Family Services. Janelle’s family
continued to be a source of discord for her and was generally unsupportive. At the prospect of
losing her second child, Janelle was at a point where things needed to change. She began to
look for other formal supports to help her make the changes that were required to keep her
child. She continued to struggle with making healthy choices in regards to her relationships
and the debt she had accumulated from these relationships made financial progress difficult.
Janelle reported not knowing much about budgeting and was unsure of what level of education
that she had achieved due to the inconsistent home schooling experience growing up. After
almost two years of formal supports from Cochrane Mental Health, and a local college, who all
provided positive affirmation, Janelle began a personal journey of self-reflection and
improvement. She enrolled in community programming that explored healthy relationships,
healthy living, basic life skills, volunteering, parenting skills and budgeting. This process led
her to look towards her future and other possibilities for what was in store. She gathered what
information she could find on her level of education and enrolled at a local college to complete
her GED. This led to an additional opportunity for her to complete a certificate in the health
care field.
Janelle reported at this time that these opportunities were giving her a new sense of selfesteem and a sense of belonging and it was affecting the choices she was making in other
areas of her life. She has indicated that for the first time ever, she believes that a better life
for her and her children are possible.
A Report on Women’s Economic Security
in Cochrane & Surrounding Area – June 2013
Let’s Touch the Skies!
T a b l e o f C o n t en t s
E XECUTIVE S UMMARY .................................................................................................. 1
C OMMUNITY P ROFILE ................................................................................................... 3
P RINCIPLES OF R ESEARCH ........................................................................................... 10
F INDINGS ................................................................................................................ 18
Health ................................................................................................................... 19
Family of Origin ..................................................................................................... 23
Childcare ............................................................................................................... 26
Financial Literacy and Credit .................................................................................... 33
Housing ................................................................................................................ 38
Education .............................................................................................................. 43
Marital Breakdown and Domestic Violence ................................................................. 47
Transportation ....................................................................................................... 53
Employment .......................................................................................................... 57
R ECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................... 68
Public Policy ........................................................................................................... 69
Workplace Culture ................................................................................................... 73
Coordination of Services ........................................................................................... 75
New Initiatives – “Let’s Touch the Skies”.................................................................... 79
C OMMUNICATION S TRATEGIES ...................................................................................... 81
A PPENDIX A – A WARENESS .......................................................................................... 83
A PPENDIX B – E XPERT I NTERVIEWS ............................................................................... 86
A PPENDIX C – F OCUS G ROUPS ...................................................................................... 93
A PPENDIX D – S URVEY .............................................................................................. 103
A PPENDIX E – NV IVO ............................................................................................... 117
R EFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 120
A Report on Women’s Economic Security
in Cochrane & Surrounding Area – June 2013
T ERMS
AND
D EFINITIONS
S TATUS OF W OMEN C ANADA (SWC)
Status of Women Canada (SWC) is a federal government organization that promotes the
full participation of women in the economic, social and democratic life of Canada. SWC
works to advance equality for women and to remove the barriers to women's
participation in society, putting particular emphasis on increasing women's economic
security and eliminating violence against women
T HE C OCHRANE S OCIETY FOR H OUSING O PTIONS (CSHO)
An organization designed to close the gaps in the community’s housing continuum. Its aim is
toward “building our community for the future”, a community that creates capacity and is
sustainable economically and continually strengthened by its greatest resource, its community
members.
F AMILY & C OMMUNITY S UPPORT S ERVICES (FCSS)
An 80/20 funding partnership between the Government of Alberta, and municipalities or Métis
Settlements. Under FCSS, communities design and deliver social programs that are preventive
in nature to promote and enhance well-being among individuals, families, and communities.
The programs depend on community resources, often involving volunteers in management and
delivery.
The FCSS philosophy is based on a belief that self-help contributes to a sense of integrity, selfworth and independence. The programs developed are intended to help individuals in their
community to adopt healthy lifestyles, thereby improving the quality of life and building the
capacity to prevent and/or deal with crisis situations should they arise.
F OCUS G ROUPS
A qualitative method that involves group interviews in which the focus group discusses a
specific topic.
G ROUNDED T HEORY
A systematic theory developed inductively, based on observations that are summarized into
conceptual categories, re-evaluated in the research setting, and gradually refined and linked to
other conceptual categories.
I NTENSIVE I NTERVIEWING
A qualitative method that involves open-ended, relatively unstructured questioning in which
the interviewer seeks in-depth information on the respondent’s feelings, experiences and
perceptions.
P ARTICIPATORY A CTION R ESEARCH (PAR)
(PAR) seeks to understand the world by trying to change it, collaboratively and reflectively. An
alternative to positivism in science, this long-standing tradition emphasizes principles of
Let’s Touch the Skies!
collective inquiry and experimentation grounded in experience and social history. Within a PAR
process, "communities of inquiry and action evolve and address questions and issues that are
significant for those who participate as co-researchers" (Reason and Bradbury, 2008, p.1)
NVivo is software that supports qualitative and mixed methods research. It lets you collect,
organize and analyze content from interviews, focus group discussions, surveys, and social
media and web pages.
NVivo defintions:
Sources are your research materials including documents, PDFs, datasets, audio, video,
pictures, memos and framework matrices.
Coding is the process of gathering material by topic, theme or case. For example,
selecting a paragraph about water quality and coding it at the node ‘water quality’.
Nodes are containers for your coding—they let you gather related material in one place so
that you can look for emerging patterns and ideas.
Source classifications let you record information about your sources—for example,
bibliographical data.
Node classifications allow to you record information about people, places or other
cases— for example, demographic data about people.
G ENDER B ASED A NALYSIS
Gender-Based Analysis+ (GBA+) is an analytical tool the federal government uses to advance
gender equality in Canada. GBA+ is used to assess the potential impacts of policies, programs
or initiatives on diverse groups of women and men, girls and boys, taking into account gender
and other identify factors. GBA+ helps recognize and respond to the different situations and
needs of the Canadian population
G ENDER
Gender refers to the social differences and relationships between women and men. Gender is
defined by society, culture and history.
S OCIO - ECONOMIC
Socioeconomics is sometimes used an umbrella term with different usages. 'Social economics'
may refer broadly to the "use of economics in the study of society, in this case refers to how
economic activity affects social processes. In general it analyzes how societies progress,
stagnate, or regress because of their local or regional economy, or the global economy.
G ENDER M AINSTREAMING
Mainstreaming a gender perspective is the process of assessing the implications for women
and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or programmes, in all areas and
at all levels. It is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an
integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and
programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres so that women and men benefit
equally and inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality.
A Report on Women’s Economic Security
in Cochrane & Surrounding Area – June 2013
DV – Domestic Violence
GBV – Gender Based Violence
LGBT – Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered
Sources:
Wikipedia
United Nations. "Report of the Economic and Social Council for 1997". A/52/3.18 September 1997.
John Eatwell, Murray Milgate and Peter Newman-Social Economics (1987)
Let’s Touch the Skies!
E x e c u t i v e S u m m ar y
Poverty continues to remain one of Canada’s most pressing challenges and is one of the top
determinants impacting women’s economic security. Gender based inequality is at the core of
economic disparity globally. Addressing the primary issue of economic security for women is
very important as it relates to the stabilization of the Canadian family. Gender Based Analysis
(GBA) is an effective tool to understand the root cause and consequences of poverty and other
factors impacting women’s economic security.
Cochrane and its surrounding areas represent small town Alberta with its own measure of
factors affecting women’s prosperity. Available research indicates that women’s economic
security is particularly vulnerable in low density communities. Cochrane and the surrounding
communities of Rocky View County score much lower
on indicators of women’s economic independence
In terms of women’s labour than the average for Alberta. Alberta itself rates lower
participation rate, unemployment still than the Canadian average. Where the ratio of
rate, and income ratio to men; women’s income to men is 0.61 in Alberta at large
women in Cochrane and Rocky and 0.64 in Calgary, this figure is 0.44 in Cochrane
and 0.57 in Rocky View County. Source: Statistics Canada,
View County are at a distinct
disadvantage in economic
independence and stability.
2006; 2006a; 2006b
GBA research, conducted through a series of
extensive interviews, focus groups and surveys
attribute the disparities to a number of barriers: nonstandard employment, level of education, financial literacy, affordable housing, child care,
family breakdown, domestic violence, mental and physical health and transportation. In many
cases one of the root causes is growing up in an unsupportive and dysfunctional family of
origin which shapes attitudes and behaviours from an early age. The cycle continues to
perpetuate as women’s choices of education, life partner, single motherhood and other
defining factors, which reflect their upbringing, self-esteem and contribute to their wellness
and socio-economic status.
The cycle of poverty is further exacerbated by the lack of safe and affordable housing; safe
and reasonably priced childcare; low financial literacy/budgeting skills and lack of coordinated
support services in Cochrane. Lack of inter- and intra-public transportation in the region
creates a barrier of isolation and inaccessibility to programs and services in Calgary.
The GBA research set the groundwork for a much needed community action plan to advance
women’s financial independence and prosperity. Based on the research conducted for the GBA,
specific recommendations to mitigate some of the barriers have been identified and can be
prioritised as a Community Action Plan. These recommendations are outlined in four specific
areas: Public Policy; Workplace Culture, Coordination of Services; and New Initiatives – “Let’s
Touch the Skies!”
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A Report on Women’s Economic Security
in Cochrane & Surrounding Area – June 2013
The Story of Janelle is evidence that economic progression for women requires a multidisciplinary effort and any one factor cannot be addressed in isolation. A key component for
any long-term solutions to advance women’s economic security must include comprehensive
and coordinated effort by governments, professionals and the community at large.
Government of Canada has made tremendous strides in recognizing gender as a key indicator
of societal behaviours; real change necessitates alignment at all three levels of government on
gender inequality. There needs to be universal recognition that women’s issues have an
enormous impact on family, society and Canada’s economy.
Page 2
Let’s Touch the Skies!
Community Profile
C OCHRANE
Cochrane, established as a community in 1885, is located 20km west of Calgary on the banks
of the Bow River in the Foothills with easy access to Banff and the Rockies. Cochrane has a
population of 17,580 (2011 Federal Census). In the last 10 years, Cochrane has experienced a
population gain of over 6,400. Cochrane’s proximity to Calgary positions it within the largest
metropolitan area in Alberta and one of the fastest growing regions in Canada.
Cochrane is known to be a quiet retirement community and is quickly becoming the preferred
choice of residence for young professionals seeking the country lifestyle. Several new
neighbourhoods with schools and service amenities are sprouting in and around Cochrane.
Large box stores such as Sobeys and Wal-Mart are slated to open by 2014.
The influx of Calgary’s corporate professionals who live in and around Cochrane provide a daily
migration into Calgary while there is a reverse migration of employees who reside in Calgary
and commute to Cochrane to work in the service/retail industry. Lack of affordable housing
and in-town transportation along with other services inhibits these individuals from residing in
Cochrane.
The Town of Cochrane is currently facing the challenge of evolving from a Calgary suburb to a
self-sustaining town which would have the ability to maintain and serve all of its residents.
While there are citizen forums to discuss sustainability factors such as transportation, there
are many citizens who want to retain the quiet retirement aspect of the town.
Cochrane and the surrounding communities of Rocky View County score much lower on
indicators of women’s economic independence than the average for Alberta. Alberta itself rates
lower still than the Canadian average. In terms of women’s labour participation rate,
unemployment rate, and income ratio to men, women in Cochrane and Rocky View County are
at a distinct disadvantage in economic independence and stability. Where the ratio of women’s
income to men is 0.61 in Alberta at large and 0.64 in Calgary, this figure is 0.44 in Cochrane
and 0.57 in Rocky View County. Source Statistics Canada, 2006; 2006a; 2006b
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A Report on Women’s Economic Security
in Cochrane & Surrounding Area – June 2013
Women account for 50.7% of Cochrane’s population (8,925 females and 8,655 males in a total
population of 17,580 – 2011Federal census). There are 450 female lone parent families
compared to 145 male lone parent families.
Based on 2011 data obtained from local community resource centre, social support services
(basic needs supports) are accessed 76% of the time by women and 24% of the time by men.
In addition to the Municipal population, Cochrane also provides services to residents who live
in Western Rocky View County. Western Rocky View consists of the Hamlet of Bragg Creek and
the communities of Bearspaw, Springbank, Beaupre and Westbrook.
B EARSPAW
Located north of the Bow River and west of Calgary, Bearspaw is located 16 km east of
Cochrane in Rocky View County. It has a population of 5,857 consisting of a mixture of active
farms, acreages and planned subdivisions. With its natural beauty of rolling hills, open prairie,
and a spectacular view of the Rocky Mountains, more and more people are calling this
community home. This mixture of scenery and community life is what makes Bearspaw such an
affluent and enticing place to live.
B RAGG C REEK
The Hamlet of Bragg Creek has been a popular area with hikers
and campers for decades. Nestled in the foothills of the Rocky
Mountains, Bragg Creek is 33 km south of Cochrane with a
population of 472. It offers tourists and residents the rare
opportunity to experience modern conveniences in a rustic
setting. The restful atmosphere, physical beauty, old log
buildings, trading post, and newer shopping center has
attracted a colony of artists and craftspeople. Bragg Creek is a truly unique community in
southwest Rocky View County.
S PRINGBANK
Springbank is situated 25 km southwest of Cochrane with a
population of 5,638. Once a rural community composed of
farms and ranches, Springbank is now considered one of the
most expensive estate communities in the area and has since
been transformed into an estate/acreage community. Designed
with the natural surroundings in mind, Springbank offers something for everyone from quiet
country residences to more urban dwellings. Located on the western edge of the City of
Calgary, easy access to both the city and mountain parks has persuaded many to make their
home in Springbank.
Page 4
Let’s Touch the Skies!
W ESTBROOK
Westbrook is situated 21 km north of Cochrane with a
population of 1,648. It is comprised of ranchers, and farmers
many who have lived in the community for generations. There
are limited amenities such as an elementary school, church and
general store with Cochrane serving as the main trading area.
B EAUPRE
Beaupre lies 16 km east of Cochrane with a population of 268. Ranchers and farmers call this
area home. There is one community centre which serves as the area’s hub. Cochrane is the
main trading area for the community.
Sources:
Statistics Canada – 2006 and 2011 Community profiles
Rocky View County – Community Profile 2012
Town of Cochrane, Economic Development Strategy, 2013
Bow Valley College – Community and Human Resources Profile Cochrane, 2013
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A Report on Women’s Economic Security
in Cochrane & Surrounding Area – June 2013
POPULATION
Source: StatsCan
Cochrane’s population has seen a steady
increase with a population gain of over
6,400 in the past ten years. Between 2006
and 2011, Cochrane’s population grew by
over 3,800 to a total of 17,580.
Females represent
50.7%
of Cochrane’s population at a count of
8,925.
Total Population
Amount
Population in 2011
17,580
Population in 2006
13,760
Population in 2001
12,041
Population in 1996
7,424
2006-2011 Population Change %
27.8
2001-2006 Population Change %
14.3
1996-2001 Population Change %
58.9
Source: StatsCan 2011 & Community and Human
Resources Profile, Bow Valley College 2013
FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS
In 2011, the number of households with
children in Cochrane has grown from
2,510 to 3,085.
Family Characteristics
There are a total of 595 lone parent
families.
450 females lead
2006
2011
Total married couples with
children at home
–
2,255
Total common-law couples with
children at home
–
235
Households containing a couple
with children
2,015
2,490
495
595
Total lone parent families
households
compared to
145 male lead households
Total children in families in
private households
(375 –
female)
(120 – male)
2,510
(450 –
female)
(145 – male)
3,085
Source: StatsCan 2006 & Community and Human
Resources Profile, Bow Valley College 2013
MEDIAN INCOME
The median income for all census families
in Cochrane was high at $91,575.
Cochrane 2005 Mean Income
All Census Families
$91,575
The median income for
Lone-Parent Families
$47,714
female lone parent families was
Female Lone-Parent Families
$43,111
$43,111
compared to
for
$100,448
male lone parent families.
Total
Male Lone-Parent Families
$100,448
Couple Households with Children
$106,846
One-Person Households
$29,434
Other Household types
$49,013
All Private Households
$83,003
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Let’s Touch the Skies!
AGE
Source: StatsCan 2006/2011
In 2011, the median age of Cochrane’s
population was 38 with 53 % of Cochrane’s
population under the age of 39.
80.4%
of the
female
population in Cochrane is
aged 15 and over.
Age Characteristics
Total
Male
Female
16,845
8,280
8,565
0 to 4 years
1,095
555
540
5 to 9 years
1,150
590
565
10 to 14 years
1,145
580
570
15 to 19 years
1,240
620
625
15 years
250
110
135
16 years
240
115
125
17 years
240
130
120
18 years
245
130
115
19 years
265
135
130
20 to 24 years
950
520
440
25 to 29 years
930
455
470
30 to 34 years
1,105
535
565
35 to 39 years
1,245
585
660
40 to 44 years
1,275
630
640
45 to 49 years
1,530
735
790
50 to 54 years
1,405
685
720
55 to 59 years
1,140
585
550
60 to 64 years
890
440
450
65 to 69 years
640
290
350
70 to 74 years
420
185
235
75 to 79 years
290
145
140
80 to 84 years
190
85
105
85 years and over
205
60
150
Median age of the
population2
38.3
37.5
39.0
% of the population aged
15 and over
79.8
79.2
80.4
Total population by age
groups1
1. Age: Refers to the age at last birthday before the reference date, that is, before May 10, 2011. Refer to the Census Dictionary for
more information.
2. Median age: The median age is an age 'x', such that exactly one half of the population is older than 'x' and the other half is
younger than 'x'.
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in Cochrane & Surrounding Area – June 2013
RESIDENTS OF COCHRANE WORK PLACE BY INDUSTRY
Source: StatsCan 2006 & Economic Development Strategy, Town of Cochrane, 2013
Residents of Cochrane who work in Cochrane are mostly employed in manufacturing, retail
trade and accommodation, food services and other services. These trades traditionally attract
the female workforce.
Residents employed in mining, oil and gas extraction, professional, scientific and technical
services, health care, social assistance and public administration are more likely to work in
Calgary.
Page 8
Let’s Touch the Skies!
COMMUTING LABOUR FORCE, 2006
Source: StatsCan 2006 & Economic Development Strategy, Town of Cochrane, 2013
Only 34.4% of residents work in Cochrane compared to 37% (2,840 residents) working
elsewhere in the Calgary area. 9.7% of Cochrane residents work from home.
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A Report on Women’s Economic Security
in Cochrane & Surrounding Area – June 2013
P r i n c i p l es o f R e s ea r c h
G ENDER B ASED A NALYSIS
Gender Based Analysis + (GBA+) is an analytical tool for examining the potential impacts of
policies, programs, and initiatives on diverse groups of women and men, girls and boys, taking
into account gender and other identity factors. When applied to government work, GBA+ can
help us understand how diverse groups of women and men experience public policy in Canada.
Gender refers to the social differences and relationships between women and men. Gender is
defined by society, culture and history, and it changes over time. Some differences between
men and women are social, not biological. Social expectations for women and men differ in
areas like child care and choice of profession.
There are different factors such as education, age, culture which influence how men and
women respond to the different situations and needs of the Canadian population. Analysis that
incorporates gender and these other diverse intersecting factors is called GBA+.
Status of Women Canada, Website
“Let’s Touch the Skies” project will use the GBA lens to determine how gender impacts current
policies, programs and activities and to identify gender specific program gaps in the
community. GBA will also assist in defining new programs and activities to improve gender
equity and achieve the desired outcome of advancing women’s economic security in the region.
Page 10
Let’s Touch the Skies!
G ROUNDED T HEORY
AND
P ARTICIPATORY A CTION R ESEARCH
This project utilized a qualitative research methodology that endeavoured to incorporate
elements of Participatory Action Research (PAR) and Grounded Theory. PAR is a qualitative
research methodology option that requires further understanding and consideration. PAR is
considered democratic, equitable, liberating, and life-enhancing qualitative inquiry that
remains distinct from other qualitative methodologies (Kach & Kralik, 2006). Using PAR,
qualitative features of an individual’s feelings, views, and patterns are revealed without control
or manipulation from the researcher. The participant is active in making informed decisions
throughout all aspects of the research process for the primary purpose of imparting social
change; a specific action (or actions) is the ultimate goal. The researchers used elements of
PAR to guide the extensive interviews and focus groups to allow for a free flow of dialogue.
Source: Understanding Participatory Action Research, A Paper on qualitative research methodology option; Cathy MacDonald
Nipissing University 2012
Grounded theory is a powerful research method for collecting and analyzing data. Traditional
research designs usually rely on a literature review leading to the formation of a hypothesis,
and then one tests the hypothesis through
experimentation in the real world. Grounded Theory
Engel & Shutt (2013) define Grounded Theory as:
“Systematic theory developed investigates the actualities in the real world and
analyze the data with no preconceived ideas or
inductively, based on observations hypothesis (Glaser & Strauss, 1967).
that are summarized into
conceptual categories, re-evaluated
in the research setting, and
gradually refined and linked to
other conceptual categories”. (p.447)
Source: Jing Ke & Sarah Wenglensky Feb, 2010 Course Title: Research
Method
While the research team could not commit to a pure
grounded theory approach with the use of focus
groups and clearly defined questions, the
researchers did use the theory as a foundation to
guide their process. In this case the grounded
theory method was used to group common barriers in the region; and to further assess the
comparative data for deductive steps in mitigating the barriers through a Community Plan.
Quantitative Data
The project gathered quantitative data by contacting Stats Canada and various service
providers in the communities to see if they would share relevant data that would draw a
picture of the landscape pertaining to the vulnerability and barriers faced by the users.
Demographic data was collected through the Focus Groups and the Survey.
Qualitative Data
The desired outcome of this project was to understand what barriers and challenges exist
within the region that impedes the advancement of women to become self-supporting. This indepth understanding of the gaps in services, programs and policy will lend itself to creating a
community-based plan to enhance the lives of the most vulnerable sector of our society.
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To get a clear and objective assessment of the predicaments facing women in this region, it
was important to give a voice to the individuals facing the predicaments. A participatory
method that lends to anecdotal information, rich in description of experiences, challenges and
successes was important to engage the community. The project also prioritized the
determinants and indicators that best describe the barriers. Prioritization will provide critical
data to create new programs or enhancement of programs and services to aid women.
The qualitative methods employed in our research design were a combination of intensive
interviewing and focus groups. It was for this reason that the team chose to have the
literature review compiled alongside but independently from the project to avoid possible bias
during the exploratory questions.
S AMPLING
The sampling decisions made for this project were guided by the need to critically examine the
financial security of women in Cochrane and surrounding area. Based on the demographic
(age, marital status, family composition, education and income) profile of the female
population, it was pertinent to understand what factors influenced the economic status of the
female population. The researchers used the community profile of the female population
(Federal Census 2011) to determine the sampling percentages to ensure an equitable
representation of all female sectors. The sampling provided appropriate and adequate cases
for our research although it may not be representative as we strove for saturation. Due to the
qualitative foundation of this project, the researchers chose to focus on critical cases that
would provide rich information as well as deviant cases to provide a contrast for a Gender
Based Analysis+.
M ETHODOLOGY
Awareness
The project first initiated an awareness campaign to inform Cochrane and Western Rocky View
residents about the Gender Based Analysis. Researchers developed a theme with the tag line
“Let’s Touch the Skies!” from Emily Dickinson’s famous quote for women:
“We never know how high we are
Till we are called to rise;
And then, if we are true to plan,
Our statures touch the skies.”
This quote was used to motivate and inspire women to talk about their experiences and to
later carry the community plan forward. Information about the GBA was disseminated through
the media and various community avenues including the well-attended interagency meetings.
The awareness campaign set the stage for intensive engagement within Cochrane and Western
Rocky View.
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Let’s Touch the Skies!
Engagement of
198 individuals
36
23
13
Community Service
Members Providers
111
10
Intensive Interviews
Focus Groups
7
Survey Respondents
3
Community Service Provider
Focus Groups
Professional
(31 participants)
Focus Groups
(20 participants)
21
Rural
78
10
Cochrane
Literature Review
65
Articles
Unassigned
Engagement
Researchers engaged a total of 198 individuals through intensive interviews, focus groups and
a survey to understand what economic security means to them and their experiences,
challenges and successes in achieving economic independence.
Although there was interaction from the communities of Beaupre and Westbrook, the three
communities of Bearspaw, Bragg Creek and Springbank did not participate in any of the focus
group or individual interviews. These three communities are considered high end estate living
and researchers were not successful in any attempts to engage residents in dialogue regarding
women’s economic security. The survey was distributed in all rural communities and some
residents may have participated in that manner.
Researchers did face apathy from many sources who considered the research project an
intrusion which would not yield any positive outcomes or change their lives in any way. This in
itself was illuminating as it reflected views about the lack of trust in various levels of
government and the community.
I ntensive I nterview s
Intensive or in-depth interviewing is a qualitative method of finding in-depth information about
the respondent’s experiences, thoughts and feelings on their own terms. The researcher’s goal
is to develop a comprehensive picture of the respondent’s background, attitudes and actions.
The intensive interviewing began with exploratory questions with a commitment to inductive
reasoning as it guided the development of the focus group questions. Researchers conducted
36 Expert Interviews – 23 with females of various demographic and socio-economic status and
13 with service agency professionals.
Focus Grou ps
The research team conducted 10 focus groups in the community. There were seven focus
groups with varying community females to gather qualitative and anecdotal information and
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understand the root causes and consequences of poverty. The focus groups were designed to
ensure a fair representation of the female population in the community was engaged.
A good cross section of community service agency professionals were involved through three
focus groups to hear their perspective of the challenges facing the clients they serve.
Survey
To add to the data, a survey (conducted through Survey Monkey) was distributed through
social media and throughout the Parent Link Center data-base to reach a greater amount of
people. One hundred and eleven people responded to the survey. A total of 66 respondents
(59%) completed the survey. The survey provides interesting comparative data to support the
intensive interviews and the focus groups.
Literature R eview
A comprehensive literature review on women’s economic security in Canada and Alberta
indicates that women’s economic security is particularly vulnerable in low-density areas. Social
isolation, childcare, elderly care, financial literacy and non-standard employment are all
barriers to women’s economic well-being in non-urban Alberta. Lack of adequate social
programs to address these concerns have compounded poverty for women. Rocky View County
which includes the Town of Cochrane, show far lower levels of women’s economic security
relative to national and provincial averages.
Lim itations
•
The timeline for this research phase was to be one year from April 2012- April 2013. The
project team was not formalized until December of 2012 and due to this delay in the
process the project did in 6 months what should have been 1 year.
•
Statistics on service provider information was limited by the ability, availability, or
willingness for a sharing of statistics and so qualitative data was derived from interviews.
•
There was insufficient qualitative response from rural participants so the project relied
heavily on the survey component of the data. From this there were still limited numbers in
certain demographics which may speak to how generalizable some findings are to the
greater population.
•
The extent and breadth of the information that was gathered placed limitations on what
data was disaggregated due to the amount of hours that would have been required to do
so. The research questions itself was also expansive enough to create limitations on what
the project had time to focus on and explore.
•
The team also recognized that there was not substantive information gathered from the
Aboriginal population or varied immigrant population in Cochrane and would require further
data collection before these findings could be generalized to diverse populations. This may
have been partly due in fact that the engagement process was primarily executed and
advertised only in English due again to the resource of time.
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Let’s Touch the Skies!
•
There was a considerable response of apathy from community members that limited
participation due to the belief that it would be a waste of their time because the
government will not take action.
•
The survey itself indicated a large response from a higher socioeconomic group and was
viewed as such. There may be limitations from survey responders due to the fact that
those of a lower socioeconomic income may not have access to internet or computers and
was therefore underrepresented in the survey.
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S AMPLING – D EMOGRAPHIC
( DOES
OF
R ESPONDENTS
NOT INCLUDE DEMOGR APHICS FROM SERVICE PROVIDER PR OFESSIONALS )
1. G ENDER
2. A GE
# of respondents
120
45
# of respondents
111
40
100
35
30
80
25
60
20
54
15
40
10
20
5
0
0-20
0
Expert Interviews & Focus
Groups Demographics
Males
Females
Survey Demographics
21-30
31-40
41-50
Years
51-65
66-75
Expert Interviews & Focus Groups Demographic
Transgendered
Others
Survey Demographics
3. M ARITAL S TATUS
4. E DUCATION A TTAINMENT
# of respondents
# of respondents
120
50
100
40
80
30
60
20
40
10
20
0
0
Single
Married
Divorced
Common
Law
Blended Separated
Family *
Survey Demographics
Expert Interviews & Focus Groups Demographic
Expert Interviews & Focus Groups Demographic
*Blend ed Fam ily includes common law and married coup les with
childr en from pervious relationsh ips
Survey Demographics
Page 16
75+
Let’s Touch the Skies!
5. I NCOME
# of respondents
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
$0-20K
$21-30K
$31-40K
$41-50K
$51-60K
$61-70K
Family Income
Expert Interviews & Focus Groups Demographics
Survey Demographics
$71-80K
$81-90K
$90+
Unassigned
Personal Income
Expert Interviews & Focus Groups Demographics
Survey Demographics
6. C OMMUNITY
7. L ENGTH OF T IME R ESIDING IN C OMMUNITY
# of respondents
120
20
# of respondents
111
100
15
80
60
10
53
40
5
20
0
0
1-3
Expert Interviews & Focus
Groups Demographics
Cochrane
Survey Demographics
3-5
5-10
10-15
Years
15-20
20-25
Expert Interviews & Focus Groups Demographic
Rural
Survey Demographics
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Findings
Conversations, discussions, focus groups and survey all resulted in important anecdotal
information and a fair evaluation of the challenges and barriers faced by women in Cochrane
and surrounding Rocky View. The qualitative data is rich with direct quotes from the
respondents which convey a sense of urgency and at times frustration.
The findings are listed under ten separate headings to ensure the research team has captured
the sentiments of the respondents and clearly indicate importance of each of the areas of
concern. The ten areas of concern cited are:
1. Health
6. Education
2. Family of Origin
7. Marital Breakdown – Domestic Violence
3. Childcare
8. Transportation
4. Credit and Financial literacy
9. Choices and Hope
5. Housing
10. Employment
Each of these themes cite systemic barriers as well as region specific challenges.
The following descriptions of our findings include the term “references” and “sources”.
“References” refers to any inference, anecdote or verbatim description of experiences or
comments of an individual that the researchers deemed to fit the criteria outlined for the
themes below. The term “sources” refers to the number of unique individuals that made a
reference to that specific theme. These sources could be from the professional focus groups,
community focus groups or intensive interviews.
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Let’s Touch the Skies!
1
“My son was labeled as a difficult child at the age of 5 and required most of
my energy. In the years that followed he became more difficult and depleted
me of energy on most days. I had been working with counsellors on and off
since he was in grade 3 and had been told that he was difficult…that he was
strong-willed, that he had learning problems but it took until he was 15 that he got a
diagnosis of PDD, OCD, ADD and all other letter combinations. I was basically told
there was nothing that could be done. At this point he was running away from home,
started experimenting with drugs and by 16 he was out of the house and living on the
streets where he still is today. During these times I lost jobs because I took too much
time off when dealing with him or could not focus while I was at work.”
Health
– Female Cochrane Resident
Health is a them e defined for the purposes of this report as any physical, m ental or
developm ental health concern affecting the incom e security of the respondents or
their dependents.
During the process of focus groups and intensive interviews there were 127 references during
these discussions to health from 36 unique sources. The health of individuals is reliant on
many social factors that often get overlooked and have far reaching effects later into life.
Professional respondents made references to the inter-related impacts of social factors and
their client’s health. These factors included: poverty, housing, domestic violence, mental
health issues, addictions, overburdening of family responsibility on women, high rates of
depression for parents, children’s illness and partner’s working away from home for extended
periods of time.
Thirty-six out of fifty-eight respondents indicated that Good Health was primary factor for their
achievement of Economic Security (Figure 1.1). Whether this awareness was gathered from
experiences of knowledge of the topic is uncertain. Either way, respondents were aware of the
importance of health as a measure for economic security. Community respondents indicated
that their health and that of their family members was a major theme impacting economic
security. The main points that came up through discussions were: sick or ill children impacting
parent’s work, accessibility to mental health supports without benefits, sick days of children
and parents impacting income due to lack of benefits, impact on health due to marital
breakup, and prevalence of long term mental health issues impacting secure employment.
Experiences involving dependents’ health was also a primary theme for our respondents.
Mikkonen & Raphael (2010) explored the effects of poverty on children throughout their
developmental lifespan. “Accumulated disadvantage can lead to cognitive and emotional
deficits such as incompetence and emotional immaturity. In addition, adverse childhood
experiences can create a sense of inefficacy – or learned helplessness – which is a strong
determinant of poor health. The state of early child development in Canada is, however,
cause for concern. The most obvious indicator of the situation is whether children are living
under conditions of material and social deprivation”. (p.23)
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On a systemic level, professionals spoke in large about the rapid growth of Cochrane and the
lack of infrastructure to offer services and this in turn creating frustration and burn out within
their own professions as they stretch resources to meet the needs of the community. This
situation has perhaps led into the need expressed by professionals for more collaboration and
wraparound service delivery to streamline the effectiveness of service provision.
The inter-related effects of income security and health on individuals are clarified in Social
Determinants of Health: The Canadian Facts (2010), “Income is perhaps the most important
social determinant of health. Level of income shapes overall living conditions, affects
psychological functioning, and influences health-related behaviours such as quality of diet,
extent of physical activity, tobacco use, and excessive alcohol use. In Canada, income
determines the quality of other social determinants of health such as food security, housing,
and other basic prerequisites of health”. (Mikkonen & Raphael, p.12)
Income becomes even more important within societies that are lacking in important services
and benefits. Canada has “free” education up until grade 12, medical, and libraries but
childcare, post-secondary education, housing, recreation, and resources for retirement need to
be bought and paid for by individuals. (Mikkonen & Raphael, 2010, p.12) This information further
compels the need for a different perspective on funding basic needs in rural areas.
The same report indicated that men in the wealthiest 20% of neighbourhoods lived on average
more than four years longer than men in the poorest 20% of neighbourhoods. For women this
difference was found to be almost two years. Overall those living in the most deprived
neighbourhoods had death rates that were 28% higher than the least deprived
neighbourhoods.
F IGURE 1.1
Survey responses to factors that contribute to achieving economic security
36 out of 58
survey respondents indicated
that good health
was primary factor for
their achievement of
Economic Security
Good Health
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Let’s Touch the Skies!
F IGURE 1.2
Social Determinants of Health Model
Source: Dahlgren, G. and Whitehead, M. (1991). Policies and Strategies to Promote Social Equity in Health. Stockholm: Institute for
Futures Studies.
An initiative by the Sudbury and District Health Unit has created a comprehensive campaign to
address the correlation between health and a multitude of other social factors including
socioeconomic status. More information can be found regarding this initiative at:
http://www.sdhu.com/content/healthy_living/doc.asp?folder=3225&parent=3225&lang=0&doc=11749#def
C OMMUNITY R ESPONDENT Q UOTES
“I was trying to survive day-to-day, I did not even think about
my future, I could not even consider it. I would sleep on the
couch, my brother had the room and she [mom] would sleep on
a mattress in the hallway.” – Female Cochrane resident reflecting on
growing up in poverty
“They came and told me that I could not work anymore because I had
been crying and the students could obviously see it. I was only subbing
and did not have a permanent contract, no disability or sick days. Again
I feel like the short end of the stick, I am in a situation with an
employer because I am part time, I could not get benefits instead I
could go to Cochrane Mental Health once a month because they are
really booked up.” – Female respondent age 37 on going back to work after marital
breakdown
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“I t is ridiculously ex pensive to have a sick child and there is nothing for you to do in
term s of m oney. Y ou w ork less, you m ak e less m oney, you are in an incredibly
stressful situation and you are w orried about m oney and there is nothing that you
can do about it. Y ou are tak ing care of this sick little baby and you have all of these
other w orries. M y w ork w as supportive at first because that is the right thing to do.
I t is no surprise that they laid m e off. I t’s k ind of lik e I have w orn out the
w e l c o m e .” – Female reflecting on her experience with a sick baby
P ROFESSIONAL P ERSPECTIVE Q UOTES
“Physical and mental health, so many of my clients are not able
to work because of these issues and support takes too long to
get rolling, or it is not adequate.” – Cochrane Service Provider
“…I am thinking from a health perspective it’s just not being able to
help people beyond our walls. Having a continuum, to have a social
worker on site and be able to integrate services, find a safe home,
somebody for us in urgent care to be able to access all of those issues
for the front line staff.” – Cochrane Urgent Care Employee
“That is what has added stress and burnout because there is
nowhere to send our clients on to maintain a certain degree of
continuity not just within but outside of the roles.” – Cochrane
Urgent Care Employee
R EFERENCES
Dahlgren, G. and Whitehead, M. (1991). Policies and Strategies to Promote Social Equity in Health. Stockholm: Institute for Futures
Studies.
Mikkonen, J. & Raphael, D. (2010). Social Determinants of Health: The Canadian Facts. Toronto: York
University School of Health Policy and Management. Retrieved on May 29th, 2013 from:
http://www.thecanadianfacts.org/The_Canadian_Facts.pdf
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Let’s Touch the Skies!
2
Family
of Origin
“He also really stressed to pick wisely when choosing a partner. So I did, I
grew up knowing when poverty comes to the door, love goes out the
window. He stressed upon me to find a good, financially stable partner.”
– Female participant speaking on how her father influenced her choices when looking for a partner.
Fam ily of Origin is a them e tha t w as ca tegorized by th e values, beliefs an d
ex periences that shaped respondents in their adult life in regards to education level
a t t a i n e d , i m p o r t a n c e o f e d u c a t i o n a n d i n c o m e s e c u r i t y . Th e s e e x p e r i e n c e s v a r i e d b y
level of support, traum a ex perienced, m odeling and learning from their fam ily of
origin as described by respondents.
During our focus groups and intensive interviews there were 129 references from 22 sources
to Family of Origin shaping and affecting attitudes regarding choices in education, role
modeling, life skills and beliefs that affected income security. In the survey reaching
111 people total (17 males, 90 females, 1 non-binary & 1 transgendered and 2 unassigned)
there were explicit questions (Figure 2.1 and 2.2) regarding the influence of family of origin
and its bearing on gender roles and on education choices for the respondents. While there was
a clear indication that the majority of respondents recognized that their family of origin had an
influence, it should be noted that this may only have reflected the level of awareness that an
individual has about the effects.
F IGURE 2.1
Has Your Family of Origin and Education shaped attitudes towards education
14
Yes
No
43
Unsure
5
Page 23
Total:
69 Survey
Respondents
A Report on Women’s Economic Security
in Cochrane & Surrounding Area – June 2013
F IGURE 2.2
Has your family of origin shaped your attitudes towards gender roles?
Total:
61 Survey
Respondents
Where we come from shapes us from the very earliest years cognitively, biologically,
developmentally and philosophically. Unfortunately the playing field is not equal. Early
childhood trauma and stressors have been proven to affect children and shape their
experiences into adulthood. This is evidenced to such a degree that early intervention and
preventative measures have been developed for children ages 0-6 and have been a primary
focus for policy makers.
Our family of origin does not only shape potential and capacity biologically and
developmentally but also in the values that it teaches. This project encountered Family of
Origin being a major theme throughout the process with a rich verbatim of supportive,
unsupportive, value shaping experiences and stories. Whether those values provide a
foundation for success or not, is up to the message and from family to family it obviously
varies. Areas that had the most references in regards to families influencing participants is
education, budgeting and life skill development, role-modeling positive relationships, and
support during difficult financial times.
Some differences became apparent in comparing a respondent’s experiences from a higher
socioeconomic demographic in regards to family of origin with the lower socioeconomic
respondents. Resiliency notwithstanding, it was apparent that those coming from a situation of
poverty had numerous barriers in front of them. Their focus was on survival and basic needs.
Many came from abusive situations and left home at an early age. Those from more affluent
family of origin’s shared experiences of the strong influence that their family had on choosing
partner’s wisely, attending post-secondary education, and the importance of money.
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Let’s Touch the Skies!
C OMMUNITY R ESPONDENT Q UOTES
“We were raised to value education as it was to be the route
with which to find secure employment.” – Female Survey Respondent
“High priority in my family – my mother overcame poverty with education.”
– Female Survey Respondent
One female focus group participant described that she was thankful she had the education to
fall back on and her children saw the impact of this and understood the value of an education.
“I have been with my dad and he always was coaching me for
all my mistakes and he coached me to pay rent and bills and
then the rest is for. He keeps telling me RRSP’s all of the time.”
– Female Cochrane Resident
“ Education w as definitely pushed in m y house a nd tha t w as probably m y generation t oo. A
lot of m y friends too. M y dad has alw ays been very focused on budgeting and he taught us
kids. He set us up w ith little budgets w hen w e w ere like 13 and he w ould give us an
allow ance and w e w ould have to follow it. Very fortunate that he taught us that and a big
e m p h a s i s o n t a k i n g c a r e o f m o n e y .” – Female Age 19
“I ended up leaving school and I went back 30 years later but it
seemed to me that at the time it was not impressed upon me
that it was important for me to get an education. I did things
that I thought my dad wanted me to do.” – Female Cochrane resident
One participant shared her thoughts of her own mental health issues and lack of emotional
support from her family of origin as key contributors to her lack of self-esteem.
“They have always been supportive of everything we do. They
supported us on pursuing our passion as opposed to what would bring
in more money. All of my sisters and I went into what we wanted to do
not necessarily the most prestigious choices but they never said a
word.” – Female Age 19
“My mother always worked and my father never did, he was
very abusive. My brother mother and I were very hard working
and never home because we were supporting the family.”
– Female Cochrane Resident
“In our family, education was not very important and as a result I quit
school at the end of grade ten.” – Female Cochrane Resident
“I have always been living for someone else. My parents, my husband, a culture of in-laws, taking care
of them. My role for the rest of my life was sealed at the age of 25. When my house of cards came
down around me I did not know who I was. My roles had been dictated to me so strongly that I did not
know any other way to be when I did not have them anymore.” – Female Cochrane Resident
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3
Childcare
“Once childcare is not a gendered issue and becomes a government issue
then it pretty much takes out that barrier for women.” – Employment Counsellor
C h i l d c a r e - Th i s t h e m e w a s c a t e g o r i z e d b y e x p e r i e n c e s o f r e s p o n d e n t s t h a t d e s c r i b e d
the level of availability, level of accessibility, relying on ex tended fam ily for child
care, lack of safe choices in regards to childcare, and affordability.
There were approximately 62 references made to childcare by 14 unique sources during the
interviews and focus groups conducted in the community. Both men and women interviewed
noted a level of frustration with childcare availability and cost. The survey included an
exhaustive list of options for respondents to choose 3 critical points to increase their economic
security and safe affordable access to childcare came in third highest at 20 out of 56
respondents. (Figure 3.1) In disaggregating the data further to compare the male’s responses
in regards to critical points for economic security; full-time work, benefits and budgeting skills
came out as the top three. Notably, out of 16 males, one indicated equitable household
responsibilities, and none indicated parental leave affecting job security. To compare the
female responses to the same question 11.5% of women indicated parental leave affecting job
security and 8.5% noted equitable household responsibilities.
F IGURE 3.1
Three Critical points for an increase to economic security
Childcare is listed in the
top three factors.
safe affordable
access to childcare
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Let’s Touch the Skies!
Childcare continues to be an issue in Cochrane in regards to accessibility, availability, and
affordability. When asked open-ended questions regarding barriers to an individual’s economic
security in our survey, 7 out of 35 respondents singled out the cost of childcare. This extended
into half day kindergarten issues being cited as well due to the fact that parents who are
working in Calgary are unable to travel back to Cochrane to transport children to a daycare for
half day.
This theme was common between the lower and higher socioeconomic respondents to our
project. While this issue is not necessarily unique to Cochrane itself, it becomes exacerbated
for the lower socioeconomic parents when the lack of transportation is considered. According
to the Alberta Human Services website (2013), Play Days Day Home Agency is licensed for up
to 150 spaces but according to Play Days Agency manager, there are only 25 day home
providers to fill those spaces. They currently have 10 families with 1-2 children on their
waitlist with only 3-4 spaces open for part-time care. Despite the incentives offered through
the Alberta government, there appears to be difficulty in attracting more people to fill this
need within our community. Cochrane Early Learning Center and Cochrane Baby Center have a
total of 134 spaces available and are currently at capacity as well. According to this agency,
however, they have a total of 22 families that have paid their fees in full for the year to
reserve their spot and start date.
There are a number of day homes who are not registered with Child and Family Services (they
are not regulated or have subsidy available) and are not regulated through the province. The
exact numbers of these are unknown however there are currently 10 day homes that have
purchased business licenses through the Town of Cochrane.
Source: www.cochranechildcare.ca
The monthly cost for full time care in Cochrane ranges from $1,000-$1,100 per child. Maximum
subsidy is $546.00 per month per child.
According to Alberta Human Services (2013): Under Budget 2013, funding for child care is
$269.7 million, an increase of $5 million. Families will continue to be supported through child
care subsidy benefits that offset the cost of child care. Also, funding will continue to be
available to eligible programs and staff to support high quality child care through wage topups and professional development and the recruitment and retention of qualified child care
staff.
Human Services, like all ministries, was asked to examine operations to ensure that we are
using our resources as effectively as possible to get the best possible results for Albertans.
The Quality Funding grant, administered under the Alberta Child Care Accreditation Funding
Program, will no longer be provided as of April 1, 2013. This change will ensure key supports
and incentives continue to be in place. Wage top-ups of up to $6.62 per hour; benefit
contribution grant to offset the mandatory employer contributions on the wage top-ups;
professional development of up to $1,000 per year; and staff attraction incentive allowance of
$2,500 per year will continue to be available.
Source: Alberta Human Services (2013) http://humanservices.alberta.ca/documents/accreditation-guide-family-day-homes.pdf
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As reported in the literature review, their needs to be more research done on available access
to childcare and its effects on women’s participation on the work force. The information that is
available does show a strong correlation between women’s access to childcare, their
willingness to work and the number of hours worked.
Historically the low wage and low education requirements for those working in the field of
childcare make it a non-lucrative career choice and may cause a shortage of this service in
general. It should be noted that recent research shows that Alberta is rated high (75.8%) for
percentage of staff hired that have an Early Child Care Certificate. Unfortunately, the same
research also shows Alberta as having one of the lowest wages for these staff, only coming
ahead of the eastern provinces.
Table 1.7 and 1.8 show current information gathered on the provincial dollars spent on
childcare and a rating of the childcare fee affordability. In this current table (2012) of
government spending on childcare, it has Alberta rated as high with 341 dollars per child
spent. What is notable is that prior to this table, Alberta was rated as low with only 195 dollars
being spent per child on care. (Pasolli & Young, p.11) This is a considerable increase and the impacts
of the effects of this increase on Albertan families will require some further research. \
(Pasolli & Young, 2013)
This is what child care service providers in Cochrane had to say regarding the current state of
childcare in Cochrane:
•
we have parents that have paid fees and filled in application forms for children that have
yet to be born... that's how critical the situation is – parents are been forced to think so
far ahead because of the lack of quality childcare here in Cochrane
•
our business is looking at taking on extra space so that we can offer just half day preschool places, the requests for this come weekly from parents who would like to get their
children into a structured environment but don't need full-time daycare
•
recently the government took away the funding that centre's used to get for either being
pre-accredited or accredited, to us it was only $4,000 per year but we use to make that go
along way for extra equipment for the children to improve the offering we could give
•
also daycares now have to have 1 in 3 of their staff trained to either level 2 or 3 – the
problem is that colleges are not producing that many candidates and especially for us
being out in Cochrane with no transport links it is proving to be 'almost' impossible to fulfill
that criteria, in simple terms there are just not enough higher qualified staff to go around
•
to combat this staff shortage the government do offer a certification equivalency program
but that means that someone who has a degree in say fine arts would qualify as a level 2
worker but realistically how good would they be at changing diapers on a 2 year old with
diarrhoea... it's not what they trained to do... not really their 'calling' but those are the
type of people we are 'supposed' to employ... our centre's do not have anyone with a fine
arts degree!!!!!!
Source: Dominic Hickey Early Learning Center and Cochrane Baby Center
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T ABLE 1.7
Provincial Government Spending on Child Care
Spending on regulated
child care per child
aged 0-12
High, Medium or Low
levels of government
spending
High, Medium or Low
levels of government
spending
Province
($)
British Columbia
399
Medium
Medium
Alberta
341
Medium
Medium
Saskatchewan
356
Medium
Medium
Manitoba
665
Medium
High
Ontario
431
Medium
Medium
Quebec
1969
High
Nova Scotia
332
Medium
Medium
New Brunswick
302
Medium
Low
Prince Edward Island
328
Medium
Low
Newfoundland and Labrador
319
Medium
Low
(with Quebec excluded)
Source: Pasolli, K. & Young, L. (2012). Comparing Child Care Policy in the Canadian Provinces. Retrieved on June 1st, 2013 from:
http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2012/Pasolli-Young.pdf
T ABLE 1.8
Child Care Fee Affordability
Median monthly fees charged by child care
centers
(average of infant, toddler and preschool fees)
High, Medium, or
Low affordability
British Columbia
$905.00
Low
Alberta
$838.33
Medium
Saskatchewan
$582.00
Medium
Manitoba
$497.67
High
Ontario
$970.67
Low
Quebec
$152.00
High
Nova Scotia
$734.67
Medium
New Brunswick
$671.00
Medium
Prince Edward Island
$602.00
Medium
Newfoundland and Labrador
$778.00
Medium
Province
Source: Pasolli, K. & Young, L. (2012). Comparing Child Care Policy in the Canadian Provinces. Retrieved on June 1st, 2013 from:
http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2012/Pasolli-Young.pdf
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C OMPOUNDING
ISSUES :
The costs of childcare have impacts that are felt in many areas of family life including food
security. There is a strong correlation between food insecurity and costs of childcare and
shelter. If we look at Cochrane’s numbers in regards to housing (p.22) and the costs and
barriers to accessing childcare, this community is at considerable risk of food insecurity issues.
This is further evidenced in the numbers gathered for our food hamper recipients below:
F IGURE 1.9
Food Hamper Statistics for Cochrane & Area (Excluding Morley)
From the June 2011 to December 2012 there were a total of 716 hampers, the breakdown
goes as follows:
Women with children, under age 10
108
Women with children, over age 10
114
Men and women with children under age 10
92
Men and women with children over age 10
59
Total hampers for families with women and children
373
Women only, no children
154
Men & Women, no children
64
Men only
125
The 2010-2011 statistics for Food Hampers in Cochrane were that 557 hampers were given
out. This is an increase of 159 hampers which indicates a 22% increase in need for emergency
food hampers. These issues do not exist in a vacuum, much like a child’s mobile, an imbalance
in one factor has clear and resounding implications in all areas of a family’s life.
It is also noteworthy to mention that this project spoke to a number of participants that had
moved here to access their elderly parents for childcare, in some cases participants had
relocated their parents to this community for that purpose. Alternatively, there were also a
considerable number of grandparents who settled in Cochrane in order to support their grown
children with their childcare. There were senior respondents who also expressed a breakdown
in their own social supports due this childcare responsibility explaining that their friends have
“been there and done that and don’t want the distractions of young children anymore.”
Another theme that surfaced from professionals and senior respondents was that there were
many grandparents that had taken over primary caregiving for their grandchildren. This was
due to the fact that parents were unsuitable, unwilling, or unable to provide for them.
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P ROFESSIONAL P ERSPECTIVE Q UOTES
“I think childcare needs to be high quality and affordable so that women do not have to choose between
having their children in low quality care and their own ability to work. Or to choose between work or
childcare in general. It should not have to be an either or; it should be fine what anybody decides but it
should be more of a choice. I think that right now there is technically a choice but it is not a great
choice.” – Employment Counsellor on gender roles and childcare
“Just listening to women about the choices they are making…another
barrier I should mention is the cost of childcare for women going back
to work. Some women will say that when they calculate the numbers
they take the cost of day care and it does not make sense. Financially
the numbers are just not there.” – AHS professional
C OMMUNITY R ESPONDENT Q UOTES
“I have been looking for ages but I cannot find someone to
watch my kids from noon till 7. No one will do it. It does not
matter how much I would be able to pay, I even posted a price
and no one will respond to me. There is no flexibility of hours,
and day homes in town close around 430.” – Female participant on
working non-traditional hours and her resulting struggle with childcare
“It costs a small fortune for childcare. It is ridiculous. It just keeps
bumping up. My childcare bill right now is about 2500 dollars a month,
and that is on the cheaper side. I only work 4 days a week too!”
– Mother on finding childcare for her 3 children
“W hen you have tw o kids and you are a single m om , as long as the babysitters are not
putting needles into their arm s and they are a w arm body, then they are good enough to
w atch m y kids until 3 am in the m orning. I don’t think you can be as discrim inating as
perhaps som ebody w ho has a higher paying job and m aking 6000 a m onth and can pick the
n a n n y .” – Single mom on finding childcare for hours outside the traditional hours
“Access to before/after school child care is important living in the
county – there are no options but to hire a live in care giver if both
parents work” – Survey Respondent on what would make a difference to their own
economic security
“More options for day cares at affordable rates and eliminating
half day kindergarten” – Female Survey Respondent
“The cost of childcare is so high, it would wipe out any income I could earn.” – Female Survey Respondent
“Childcare is difficult to find – before and after school care in Rocky View county” – Female Survey
Respondent
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“Well I raised two grandchildren here, and it was a mess. I had no supports, I had nothing. That is why
I am here. Financially I was OK but I didn’t have anyone to talk to. You would go to these things with
the kids and stuff and I was the old one. It felt like I had nothing in common with the other mothers.”
– Female Cochrane Respondent
R EFERENCES
Pasolli, K., & Young, L. (2012). Comparing Child Care Policy in the Canadian Provinces. Calgary, AB: University of Calgary
Department of Political Science. Cited with Permission.
Mikkonen, J. & Raphael, D. (2010). Social Determinants of Health: The Canadian Facts. Toronto: York
University School of Health Policy and Management. Retrieved on May 29th, 2013 from:
http://www.thecanadianfacts.org/The_Canadian_Facts.pdf
Cochrane FCSS. (2011). Cochrane Family & Community Support Services Summary Report. Cochrane, Alberta: Town of Cochrane.
Dominic Hickey Early Learning Center and Cochrane Baby Center
Alberta Human Services (2013) http://humanservices.alberta.ca/documents/accreditation-guide-family-day-homes.pdf
www.cochranechildcare.ca
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4
Financial
Literacy
and Credit
“I think we ought to be ashamed of ourselves for not teaching our children
about this, I don’t even know how we get away as a society for so long not
knowing about this. How are more people not in a deeper hole? I work with
parents who ask me to teach their kids about finances and the problem is
that parents don’t know about it because they don’t know anything about the subject
themselves! I have been brainstorming about this for a really long time because I am in
the industry and I don’t know how we are going to break the cycle and it really, really
scares me.” – Financial Advisor
C r e d i t & F i n a n c i a l L i t e r a c y Th e m e i n v o l v e s r e f e r e n c e s b y r e s p o n d e n t s t h a t i l l u s t r a t e
good or bad credit, level of k now ledge about credit, basic life sk ills, level of literacy
education, and effect of credit ex perience on life choices.
During our focus groups and interviews 76 references to credit and financial literacy were
expressed by 22 unique sources.
F IGURE 4.1
Factors contributing to achievement of Economic Security
Skill building and budgeting
are key components to
achieving financial security for
31 out of 64 survey
respondents.
One of the largest barriers to financial security is not understanding or speaking the language
of money. Great emphasis is placed on the fundamentals in our educational system such as
English or Mathematics. Understanding how credit works in Canada, the importance of good
credit, how to create and understand your credit rating, financial literacy, mortgages, the
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emotional relationship with money and finance and basic budgeting are not foundational in our
education at any age and yet it is crucial to living independently.
The literature review for this project (Mohiuddin & Mohiuddin, 2013) reported research that shows
women score lower on tests on financial literacy and do not have the confidence to exercise
any long term financial planning than their male counterparts. This lack of knowledge creates
a strong niche for the “fringe” banking schemes such as payday lenders which the women will
more often rely on than men further compounding their financial situation. On a global scale,
other countries such as Australia and the United States have conducted studies that show a
strong correlation between financial education and economic power within their household.
More research in the area of preventative and earlier initiatives in regards to financial
education for women would be an important area of study.
If we explore the research on women’s financial literacy even further, it is evidenced that
women 65 years of age and older are the lowest scoring group in regards to financial literacy
(as cited in Mohiuddin & Mohiuddin, 2013). This information, however, was contradictory to the seniors
that were sourced for the purpose of this report, who at the very least considered budgeting
skills, retirement plans and skills as more important than good health as a factor to achieving
economic security. (Figure 4.2) While the number of respondents of this demographic may not
be generalizable to the greater population of seniors in Cochrane, it was a notable enough
difference to mention. This contradiction may be a result of the need for more research to be
conducted on the differences of low-density areas as opposed to urban seniors, as the current
research appears to represent urban center seniors.
For the age group 18-59 in regards to factors that are considered important to achievement of
economic security, it varied slightly in comparison to the seniors. (Figure 4.3) Budgeting was
slightly lower but retirement planning remained as one of the top three factors. This
information certainly reflects awareness by women in our community of the importance of
financial literacy and planning but it begs the question… are they receiving the skills they
recognize as being important?
Currently in Cochrane there is minimal programming that lends itself to financial literacy and
budgeting. A program called “Gateway” was recently introduced by The Activettes in Cochrane
in April of 2012 as a preventative measure to reduce food hamper reliance. The Gateway
Program has one facilitator who has completed the program with 10 participants to date. While
this was an important step to create more resources that provide financial literacy and basic
budgeting information, the need remains great. Food hampers were distributed in 2010, 564 in
2011, and 714 in 2012 indicating that basic needs are still an issue for those living in
Cochrane.
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F IGURE 4.2
Females Age 60+ Factors important to achieving Economic Security
Budgeting, retirement plans
and literacy skills are as
important as good health for
achieving economic security.
F IGURE 4.3
Females Ages 18-59 Factors important to achieving economic security.
Home ownership, savings
and retirement planning are
the three main factors.
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P ROFESSIONAL P ARTICIPANT Q UOTES
“A huge one across the board is low computer literacy. People do not know how to do basic functions on
the computer. Most job applications are done on line and many people are not comfortable with it. Not
even being able to attach a resume to an email.” – Employment Counsellor
C OMMUNITY P ARTICIPANT Q UOTES
“I planned my income for years at work for my retirement as all
women should do. We should not be dependent on men or the
government. I marched in the sixties for freedom of choice, not
for social assistance!” – Female Senior in Cochrane
“What is crazy for us is we wanted to get a house so we went to speak
to some guy and he said you don’t have credit history. He advised us to
go buy a truck so we could then get a house! Go get debt to get more
debt? It’s crazy!” – Male respondent on experience with obtaining credit
“I remember going to the bank to try and get a line of credit
and got refused. It was really frustrating because I had worked
just as hard in that marriage, looking after those kids, and I
was just left on my own and he made so much money and had
a really good job.” – Female respondent at her credit situation after marital
breakdown
“If it was not for credit I would be on the street today. My credit is not
that good right now since a year and a half I had to live on my credit
cards. After my divorce everything was in my husband’s name and I
could not even book a hotel room. Nobody would give me a credit
card.” – Female Participant on her experience with credit on her own
“ I h a v e w a t c h e d w o m e n w o r k l i k e h e l l a l l t h e i r l i v e s . Th e y w o r k o n f a r m s o r r a n c h e s , t o o k
c a r e o f t h e i r c h i l d r e n a n d t h e i r h o m e s . Th e y w o r k e d t w i c e a s h a r d a s t h e m e n . Th e m e n c o u l d
travel into Cochrane to pick up feed or supplies and still have tim e to gather w ith friends for
a beer at the local saloon, w hile the w om en stayed at hom e and continued w orking. M any
m en died before their w ives, leaving the w ife as the non-registered tax payers, w ith no
c r e d i t o r w a y t o p a y t h e b i l l s .” – Senior Female reflecting on how credit experience shaped her growing up
in rural Cochrane
“Well on paper I made nothing, which was really too bad
because I had enough money to support my kids, flexible hours,
paid high prices for babysitters but on paper I made nothing. So
that to me has been the biggest barrier because it shows that I
never had a high paying job.” – Female discussing her experiences on
waitressing
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“I have never had benefits and everything comes out of my own
pockets. Every dental bill, there is no breaks whatsoever but you keep
pulling out the cash, but we are not capable of owning our own home?
That’s bullshit, sorry, its garbage…cannot even get a car loan.”
– Female Resident expressing her frustration with obtaining credit
R EFERENCES
Mohiuddin I. & Mohiuddin, S. (2013) Review of Literature: Factors affecting women’s economic security in Cochrane and
surrounding areas. Calgary, AB.
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5
Housing
“For here in Cochrane, I am lucky, but I hear of people here in town that
are not in a safe place, their kids are not in a safe place. Where do they go
to find shelter?”
Th e t h e m e o f H o u s i n g c o v e r s a n y r e f e r e n c e s o r e x p e r i e n c e s d u r i n g f o c u s g r o u p s
or intensive interview s that m ention the level of affordability, level of quality,
level of k now ledge about renting or ow ning, or any other ex periences about
shelter.
During the focus groups and intensive interview approximately 60 references to shelter were
communicated by 16 unique sources. The survey itself indicated that 19 out of 56 Survey
respondents classified affordable housing one of the top three critical factors to financial
security and 39 out of 58 survey respondents indicated that owning a home was imperative to
financial security as opposed to 3 out of 58 who indicated renting shelter was.
Under the topic of housing, a strong theme emerged from our respondents in regards to the
lack of truly affordable housing and quality of housing (Figure 5.1). Many respondents
expressed their concerns regarding the safety and necessity of having to take a roommate in
order to afford shelter. The issue of quality was described in terms of only basement suites
being available (which lacked sunlight) and the physical state of the property (carpets,
heating, mold). Those that did not need to look to community programs for housing assistance
had utilized family and parental supports to live with.
Through our discussions with professionals in the community, a strong theme emerged
regarding lack of shelter for youth leaving unfavorable family conditions. This would not have
been reflected in the projects data, as there was not enough input from this demographic. For
this reason, we have relied heavily on the discussions with support professionals and front line
staff such as Alberta Health Services, Cochrane Resource Center, Child Development Advisors
and Counsellors in the local schools. Through this dialogue it was clearly indicated that youth
homelessness was a growing issue within Cochrane.
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F IGURE 5.1
Graph illustrating 3 Critical points for economic security for survey respondents
with an income of less than 40K per year.
Currently in Cochrane there are 25 affordable housing units which by definition mean that they
are 10% below the market rents which range from $515.00 to $925.00 per month. Based on
the average income of women in the community (See table on Median Income on pg. 6) this
would indicate that 50% of low-income respondent’s earnings are being allocated to shelter.
According to Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation: No more than 30% of gross
household income should be spent on rent. Rental costs include rent and payments for utilities
(water, fuel, electricity) where they are paid separately from rent. No more than 32% of gross
household income should be spent on home ownership. Ownership costs include payments for
mortgage principle and interest; and property taxes and payments for utilities (water, fuel
electricity) and condominium fees.
Those housed in these units are: 17 women (10 with children residing with them), four males
(no children permanently residing with them), four couples (three with children). Of the
29 adults residing in the affordable housing units, 9 are 50+. There is currently a waitlist of
40 applicants for the affordable housing units and on average 75% of applicants are women.
There are 13 applicants waitlisted for the three bedroom units of which 10 are women. There
are 12 applicants waitlisted for the two bedroom units, of which nine are women.
CSHO also has 19 Home Ownership Properties in their HOP (Home Ownership Program).
Currently, seven of these homes are filled by female led households and 1 by male led
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households. The remaining 11 homes are filled by male led households with mainly a two
income family. The HOP program provides opportunities for home ownership for first time,
low-income (less than $70K/year) home owners. Eligibility requirements are the ability to meet
the requirements to qualify through a mortgage provider, be currently residing in Cochrane
and area, and be a first time home owner.
According to Corinne Burns, housing coordinator for CSHO, some of the barriers that still exist
despite these opportunities are:
•
Females leaving a marriage still have their names on title of the matrimonial home or
having owned a home within five years prior to applying to HOP.
•
Not completing the application process after the mortgage eligibility step. The reasons for
this cannot be confirmed but it would infer that issues with credit would be the factor.
•
Males leaving a marriage and the matrimonial home on paper make too much money but in
reality are paying for the residence of their former spouse and needing to afford their own
shelter.
While there are housing options within Cochrane, including 10 units of two story town houses
constructed through a Habitat for Humanity build in 2011, there remains a need for subsidized
social housing. This affordable housing would be defined as housing options that would enable
only 30% of lower income earner’s wages to be used for shelter. Affordable housing itself is a
benefit to the individuals that require it but the benefits of having affordable housing in the
community can be even greater. According to Wardrip, Williams and Hague (2011) in their
report for the Centre for Housing Policy they reported:
“But the benefits of affordable housing extend beyond its occupants to the community
at large. The research reviewed in this brief demonstrates that the development of
affordable housing increases spending and employment in the surrounding economy,
acts as an important source of revenue for local governments, and reduces the
likelihood of foreclosure and its associated costs. Without a sufficient supply of
affordable housing, employers — and entire regional economies — can be at a
competitive disadvantage because of their subsequent difficulty attracting and
retaining workers.”
Affordable housing in Cochrane has been a long-standing issue and has been identified as a
key need by Cochrane Society for Housing Options in their 2009 needs assessment. This
assessment can be viewed online at http://www.csho.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/2009Cochrane-Housing-Needs-Assessment-June-2009-.pdf. Currently there are a number of
recommendations made in this report that are still in stages of development within Cochrane
and area.
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C OMMUNITY R ESPONDENT Q UOTES
“Mine is more of a moral thing of not wanting to live with a
boyfriend and not having people look down on me. Now I get it
why mums would do this. If you don’t have the money and you
have nowhere to go but a shelter – yeah. And not wanting to be
dependent on somebody again but not having any other choice
but thankfully a warm and caring generous guy willing to do
this and knowing it’s only temporary.” – Female Cochrane Resident
“The housing situation, I cannot afford to move out, I live with my
parents and I cannot afford to move out.” – Female Respondent age 45
“I t w as a big fight for years [fam ily court], but I ended up living w ith m y parents to sustain
a s e c u r e h o m e i n o r d e r t o p a y f o r l a w y e r s , g e t a j o b , g e t a n e d u c a t i o n , a l l t h a t . Tr y i n g t o p u t
it together. Habitat for Hum anity cam e m y w ay, now it w orked out and that w as great, I
w o u l d s t i l l b e w i t h m y p a r e n t s i f i t w a s n ’ t f o r H a b i t a t .” – Female on the struggles with housing after a
marital breakdown
“Cochrane would be my ideal town and I would have stayed here if I
could have bought a house here I would have. The prices were so out
of reach and I think I make a pretty good salary, for an average person
you are not going to be successful in Cochrane. You have to look for the
outside towns unless you get lucky with a cheap rental or have
assistance.” – Female approximate age 25
“After separation and just having a baby, I had to leave my
rental house and move in with my parents.” – Female on housing
situation in Cochrane
“For here in Cochrane, I am lucky, but I hear of people here in town
that are not in a safe place, their kids are not in a safe place. Where do
they go to find shelter?” – Female Resident Cochrane
“I want a self-contained, peaceful, safe place but in Cochrane
they are all basements and still 650 dollars and then you pay
for laundry. Am I looking forward to living in a basement for the
rest of my life?” – Female approximately 55 years of age
“ I feel lik e every piece of m y life has been dissected w ith these room m at es. R igh t dow n t o
the last room m ate, had m y passport in her room . W hy w ould she take m y passport and put it
i n h e r r o o m ? Th e w h o l e t i m e t h a t s h e w a s t h e r e , I w a s w o n d e r i n g w h a t s h e g o i n g t o d o
n e x t .” – Female Respondent on her frustration with having to take roommates in order to afford rent
“I would love to be able to rent a place that I can close the door to my
bedroom. We are adults and we need that privacy. It’s ridiculous, and
it is a basement and I can just afford it and this is because on my days
off I clean the hallways and units when people move out. I am
exhausted but it gives me the freedom to rent a basement suite with a
door on my room!” – Female respondent approximately 55 years of age
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A female respondent spoke of rural issues for renting properties, explaining that when it comes
to finding affordable rental property in the rural community that you need to find someone you
know. Rural people do not want to rent to someone they do not know.
P ROFESSIONAL P ERSPECTIVES
“I came from a small town, Hanna, and they probably did 2
blocks of subsidized housing. They were really nice places, in a
nice area of town and I think you paid 25 percent of your wage.
I am surprised the government has not kept on with that. There
is way more need for it.” – Professional on need for subsidized housing
“Women leaving relationships only have Calgary as a real option for
housing. This further victimizes themselves and their children by
uprooting them from all that they are familiar with, their schools,
friends, and support systems. I would like to see some sort of
transitional housing here with supports for women leaving abusive
relationships.” – AHS Counsellor
“A safe affordable home is essential to dignity, good health, and a
chance for a productive life.” – Alberta Affordable Housing Taskforce, 2007
R EFERENCES
CSHO, Town of Cochrane, FCSS. (2009). Cochrane Affordable Housing Needs Assessment Update. Housing Strategies Inc. Retrieved
from: http://www.csho.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/2009-Cochrane-Housing-Needs-Assessment-June-2009-.pdf
Sine, G, CSHO. (2013). Cochrane Affordable Housing Needs Assessment Update.
Wardrip, K., Williams, L. & Hague, S. Center for Housing Policy, MacArthur Foundation. (2011). The role of affordable housing in
creating jobs and stimulating local economic development: A review of the Literature. Retrieved from:
http://www.nhc.org/media/files/Housing-and-Economic-Development-Report-2011.pdf
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6
Education
“Full time work is limited and difficult to find in Cochrane. Going back to
school, as a single mom/single provider, is very financially difficult, but if
one doesn't get a higher education it is more difficult to get higher paying
jobs” – Female Cochrane resident
Th e t h e m e o f E d u c a t i o n r e f e r r e d t o a n y e x p e r i e n c e s d e s c r i b e d b y r e s p o n d e n t s t h a t
r e f e r e n c e d Ed u c a t i o n . S o m e o f t h e s e w e r e e x a m p l e s o f b a r r i e r s , t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f
an education, re-accreditation upon im m igrating to Canada, purpose, and the
influences dependents m ay have had on com pletion.
The focus group and intensive interviews recorded 79 references to education by 21 different
sources. Figure 6.1 illustrates the level of education achieved by the survey respondents. Out
of 19 male respondents, two had their high school diploma and the rest had diplomas, trades
or university degrees.
For the females with a high school diploma or less, they were either seniors, individuals who
had their education disrupted by an unplanned pregnancy, had unsupportive families of origin
or married young. The younger respondents were primarily focused on post-secondary
achievements and reported that they never considered ending their academics at the high
school level. The primary barrier for females aged 18-24 in Cochrane was the lack of practical
experience if they had the degree and/or the lack of degree if they had the experience.
F IGURE 6.1
Level of education achieved by respondents
# of respondents
50
40
30
20
10
0
Expert Interviews & Focus Groups Demographic
Survey Demographics
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A Report on Women’s Economic Security
in Cochrane & Surrounding Area – June 2013
Not surprisingly we found a considerable number of immigrants to Cochrane who had achieved
their education elsewhere and was struggling to get reaccredited so that they could work in
Canada. The effect this process had on their self-esteem and family stress was high.
For those women who did have an education and career before children, the break in career
for raising children created compounding issues for re-entering the workforce. These included
a fracturing of their professional networks due to time away, falling behind in advances in their
field, and discrimination for hiring due to child-bearing years. Interestingly enough, research
has shown a correlation between the level of a woman’s education and her age to marry. Many
women we interviewed expressed the view that marriage itself or a partnership was what
created their economic security while others clearly expressed the desire to be financially
reliant on their own skills and often delayed marriage in pursuit of an education. Those that
viewed marriage in and of itself as financial security had come from early marriages, little or
no post-secondary education, and were or are single parents.
“College educated women, marry later, have few children, are less likely to view marriage as
‘financial security’, are happier in their marriage and with their family life, and are not only the
least likely to divorce, but have had the biggest decrease in divorces since the 1970’s
compared to women without a college degree. In contrast, there have been fewer changes in
marital patterns by education for men”. (Isen, A. & Stevenson, B. 2012. p.1)
In focus groups with a higher socioeconomic status between the ages of 28-40, this certainly
was the case. Both parents in the union were university educated, had married after
completing university and had a higher household income. The common barriers for economic
security between the two groups remained childcare and sick dependents affecting economic
security.
“Because of the increasing number of female university graduates, men with a university
degree had a better chance of having a partner with a degree in 2006 than in 1981. In 2006,
67% of men with a university degree were married to women with the same level of education,
compared with 38% in 1981”. (Hou & Martin, 2010)
What is available for employment for women within Cochrane is primarily part-time minimum
wage retail positions. For men, there were opportunities for higher wages in construction and
oil and gas. The women who attempted to break into these male dominated fields expressed
that their experiences were not good due to the harassment but stayed on because the
opportunity to make money was much greater.
Professionals interviewed responded that for seniors, the lack of education around computer
literacy was a major barrier as most job opportunities are available online and required some
computer skills.
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C OMMUNITY P ARTICIPANT Q UOTES
“As my daughter got older, I could switch my education to something more meaningful to get a job that
I had gone to school for and it was more pay and more opportunity so my daughter had to go into after
school care. It was challenging even with kind of knowing all the resources of the area. It was still quite
challenging.” – Female Cochrane Resident
A rural respondent spoke about working very hard to complete her master’s degree while
staying at home with her children and working their ranch. Lack of education is a barrier and
her education gives her more opportunities with business, skills and options to pursue “off
farm” income.
“ I worked at Safeway as a cashier and they only hire
part time
workers. I have college diploma in business administration,
registered chartered accountant but after babies I could not
pursue. Only retail part time low wage was going to work for
my schedule.” – Female Cochrane Resident
“I actually w anted to go back to school and finish m y apprenticeship. N ow w ith the added
cost of childcare it m ight not be possible. I m ight have to put it off until w e save. I t’s not a
big deal but I w ant to get it done quick so that I can m ake m ore m oney but I don’t know if
i t ’ s p o s s i b l e .” – Male on going back to school after kids
“My wife did business at university and I got into trades. The field
that I am in I could work double my salary in overtime with
projects but the goal now is to work smarter not harder so that I
can be the dad that is around for my kids.” – Male Respondent
“I was a registered nurse in England. So basically before I left England I
had my own unit, my own staff, my own budget, a lot of responsibility.
I got here and I was started at the bottom again. I did so many jobs
that I am overqualified for. The Canadian Nursing system has
completely sapped my confidence, I am still working for accreditation
here but I have done jobs that I did not ever think I would have to do
being a trained nurse of 20 years.” – Female respondent on reaccreditation issues
“There are times when I have been in tears doing a job that I
am completely overqualified, I have so much more skill, but I
have to work at jobs making 10 dollars an hour. We have been
here coming up to 3 years and it has not been a good
experience for us living here in Canada.” – Female respondent on
relocating from England
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“I think more education would have helped my economic
security but also could have created a lot more stress because I
hate debt. So getting a lot more education meant a lot of debt.
I preferred to work more than get an education.” – Female
respondent on choosing not to go back to school
“W ithout an education, it is pretty hard to m ove forw ard. I f I had not done that [com pleted
e d u c a t i o n ] I d o n ’ t k n o w w h e r e I w o u l d b e t o d a y .” – Female respondent on the value of her education
P ROFESSIONAL P ERSPECTIVE Q UOTES
“Quite often they will go back to work after their mat leave
after the first child but by the time they have the second they
choose to stay at home because child care costs are increasing.
They stay at home with their children but have lost their
connection with that skill set and employers. They may lose
certification in some places and then they are really at risk if
their marriage breaks up.” – Employment Counsellor
“A huge one across the board is low computer literacy. People do not
know how to do basic functions on the computer. Most job applications
are done on line and many people are not comfortable with it. Not even
being able to attach a resume to an email.” – Employment Counsellor
“Som e of the fem ale clients have talk ed about being harassed so even if they are
successfully hired at som e of these jobs [construction or oil and gas] th ey do n ot tak e it
because it is a hostile environm ent. Generally the higher paying jobs have been m ale
dom inated and these w om en are taking low er paying jobs to avoid the hostile environm ent
t h a t o c c u r s i n t h e m a l e d o m i n a t e d i n d u s t r i e s .” – Employment Counsellor
“If there is no education you are already behind the eight ball. In my
line of work these vulnerable women already see themselves in the
gutter.” – Law Enforcement
“I think those are the two biggest things because I think once
people are educated their confidence and self-esteem follow.”
– Cochrane Service Provider
R EFERENCES
Isen, A. & Stevenson, B. (2012). Women’s education and family behavior: Trends in marriage, divorce and fertility. Retrieved on
June 2nd, 2013 from:
Martin, L. & Hou F. Statistics Canada, (2010). Sharing their lives: women, marital trends & education. Retrieved from Statistics
Canada on June 1st, 2013: http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2010002/article/11335-eng.htm
de Boer, Kail, Rothwell, David W. & Lee, Christopher. CWRP Information Sheet #123E. (2013). Montreal, QC: McGill University,
Centre for Research on Children and Families
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7
Marital
Breakdown
and Domestic
Violence
“For me, I had a baby, but was not established yet, he took off, and I was
behind the eight ball from day one. I let him off the hook for child support, I
wrote him a letter telling him that if he would just leave us alone I would
never go for child support from him. The idea of lawyers and the costs, I
give up. I went after him once and he sold all his assets and moved in with his
deadbeat friend and managed to dodge it. I thought, this is just not worth it. I will pick
nickels off the ground before I ever ask him for money.” – Female respondent
M a r i t a l B r e a k d o w n Th e m e h a d d i v e r s e f a c t o r s s u c h a s d o m e s t i c v i o l e n c e i s s u e s
w hich included physical, em otional and m ental abuse, staying in a relationship for
financial security and safety, healthy relationship education and m odeling, and the
burden of legal costs on the entire fam ily (for both dom estic violence instances and
for non-violent m arital break dow n).
Through our focus groups and intensive interviews the project recorded 49 references to
marital breakdown issues from 18 unique sources. The major theme under marital breakdown
was legal costs, maintenance issues, and the logistics of travel and childcare involved when
needed to access services from Calgary. From these discussions there were 10 references
made to domestic violence experiences but due to the sensitive nature of that particular topic
it is difficult determine an accurate portrayal of the prevalence of this situation from our
respondents. In discussions with service providers, however, domestic violence factors, lack of
resources for addictions and crisis counseling, and law enforcement responses were very
prevalent.
Due to the systemic and proximal disconnect of front line service providers (RCMP, AHS,
Resource Center, Alberta Justice) statistical information, and ability to share information,
domestic violence incidents are not visible as a community statistic. Confidentiality agreements
between service providers and their clients further inhibit the sharing of these statistics as
unique cases would not be known without identifying information. To add to this, there are
also an unknown number of incidents that go unreported due to stigma, fear and lack of faith
in the systems to protect victims, but individuals may seek support and counsel through the
various faith groups, family members or informal supports in their personal network. This
project endeavored to gather what statistics there were within the community but for all of the
reasons above this became a difficult task.
According to the Cochrane Resource Center however, in 2011, they saw 25 individuals who
presented with domestic violence concerns, five for bullying, and 27 cases with addiction
issues. These statistics were derived from 651 client contact forms regarding 335 unique
client files. The home visitation program provided in-home services (including referrals) to
35 parents in 2011, in which over three quarters presented with family violence issues and
all had children under the age of six. The domestic violence outreach program partnered
through North of McKnight and Cochrane FCSS provided outreach DV services to over
30 families in 2012.
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In community service provider discussions conducted there was clear representation from
community stakeholders and service delivery agents that directly or indirectly provide
prevention and intervention services for families in the Cochrane community. The information
gathered from this facilitated discussion further supported the data gathered from the
community respondents.
The following key gaps/needs were identified by those service providers present:
•
Accessible affordable mediation services for couples
•
Specialized mediation services for couples in conflict and parenting programs
•
After hours options for service provision (other than law enforcement and victim services)
•
Best practices model adopted by all providers for family conflict resolution
•
Collaborative front line professional model framework/ Case conferencing tools
•
A standardized, informed response to Domestic Violence situations by RCMP in our
community
•
Community and professional understanding of what services are currently available
•
Specialized training for all front line and services delivery providers in regards to Domestic
Violence Response
•
Additional supports and programs for men who are victims of domestic violence and/or the
perpetrators of violence
•
Unified strategy to collect statistics and data relating to domestic violence in our
community
•
Single point of contact or defined points of entry for clients to access DV services
•
Transitional safe housing to quickly shelter families in high risk
•
Additional affordable housing to increase options for those leaving Domestic Violence
Situations
•
A high-profile community hub, which disseminates information and provides appropriate
referrals
•
Inclusion of the informal supports in our community collaboration (faith groups, family
members, chaplains, friends and first contact staff)
•
Community support to schools and youth organizations
•
Additional training and DV awareness for schools and educators
•
Youth programs and Safe Housing for Youth
•
Community engagement for awareness of issues
•
Business community engagement for investment of DV program initiatives
•
Allocation of key RCMP DV responders
•
Community transportation to access services
•
Collaboration between Community Support Network and Justice System
•
Same sex DV programs
•
Cultural competencies and understanding
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Further discussions have ensued on these identified needs in our community and the
momentum built from this conversation will be carried forward in the recommendation segment
of this report.
L AW E NFORCEMENT R ESPONSE
This project has relied on findings from the Alberta Legal Services Mapping Project (2011),
participant focus groups and professional focus groups to determine common issues brought
forward regarding law enforcement response in rural areas:
•
Domestic violence and sexual assault response – in majority of districts in Alberta,
service providers raised concerns about RCMP responses to domestic violence and sexual
assault complaints. These included police not wanting to deal with Emergency Protections
Orders and the frequent occurrence of violence connected with addictions and other social
problems, dealing with two-way violence, the economic impact of laying charges, and
inexperience are challenges that responding officers face.
•
Inexperienced rural officers – Both city and RCMP representatives acknowledge that
many experienced officers are retiring. Others take promotions that remove themselves
from front line service. Young officers are sent to rural locations with little policing
experiences and less knowledge of social contexts and how to deal with the serious social
issues they will face. The need for increased training was identified by police
representatives and other participants.
•
Insufficient training related to mental illness and FASD – Training specific to
understanding and better responding to people living with FASD was identified by
numerous service providers as generally needed. Police are the last resort, when other
providers cannot resolve a volatile situation. They need all the skills and resources possible
to be effective.
•
Lack of resources to deal with social problems – Lack of resources to deal with social
problems is at the root of most of the concerns raised by police responsiveness. Small
numbers of police over large distances in rural areas. They are often not provided with
information resources related to non-criminal areas of law and available legal and social
services other than victim services. Many times there is no social service support to turn
to. Attempting, unsuccessfully, to gain assistance for people with mental illness was a
time-consuming frustration raised by police participants. Training can help officers handle
situations more appropriately but officers must also have viable alternatives to either
charging or not charging someone.
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A Report on Women’s Economic Security
in Cochrane & Surrounding Area – June 2013
L EGAL C OSTS
AND
G ENDERED I SSUES
OF
M ARITAL B REAKDOWN
Legal issues and high costs were common themes for all respondents who experienced a
marital breakdown. The recent report (2011) by Dr. Mary Stratton on Alberta legal services
outlined a number of key issues specifically for rural areas reporting that health and social
needs are inseparable from legal needs. Service providers identified mental illness, Fetal
Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and addictions as pervasive problems that precipitate legal
problems and create barriers both to accessing legal services and reaching successful
resolutions. The key findings in regards to barriers for legal services in low-density areas are:
•
Barriers of geography and demography
•
Lack of resources to increase current capacity
•
Lack of access to affordable legal advice and representation
•
Service eligibility criteria
•
Lack of service providers and public knowledge
•
General levels of English language, legal, and computer literacy
•
Lack of transportation
•
Unmet health and social needs
As mentioned in the housing theme, men are oftentimes further impacted financially due to
their income on paper inhibiting their eligibility to many supports. Out of the males that were
impacted by divorce in our discussions some of the themes that emerged were:
•
Financial strife/bankruptcy
•
Unequal visitation with children
•
Social stigma of being a “secondary” parent
•
High costs associated of not qualifying for legal aid but requiring lawyers to deal with
access/visitation.
These implications carry over into new relationships forged for both men and women and
create additional stressors. These stressors then impact the new family unit and all children
involved in the union creating compounding effects of the initial family breakdown on the
economic stability of subsequent unions and contributing to the cyclic effects of children
growing up in poverty.
Specifically for the women that we had conversations with, there was a notable apathy
towards efforts made to collect child support through maintenance enforcement. This was
considerably more disturbing than an expressed frustration or even anger with the issues of
child support collection. The apathy relayed a resignation to a system or situation that has
failed these women and their children. There were also reported experiences that included
avoiding using child support enforcement all together because the women did not want to
waste their time or energy if the father could easily show they did not have sufficient income.
There was still a strong perception that child support was relative to visitation and these
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Let’s Touch the Skies!
gender biases in parenting will be further explored in the gender theme of these findings.
What is notable, however, is that these erroneous beliefs regarding parenting roles and
importance on child development are further perpetuated in other areas of society and
systems.
Also notable is the continued issues of transportation in Cochrane, particularly as it pertains to
accessing legal services among other services. Individuals are required to appear either in the
morning session or the afternoon session for court times. This means arriving at court opening
and remaining until they are called to appear. There is transportation via the Cochrane
Commuter operated by Southland on the bookends of the day leaving transport one way still
unfulfilled for court attendance purposes. In regards to expense, for low-income earners the
cost of any transportation to Calgary is either through this commuter or a taxi ride. The costs
for this are detailed on page 62 under transportation.
To add to this issue, childcare also needs to be arranged for a minimum of four hours and if an
individual is to appear in the morning session, the bus departs outside regular daycare hours,
further complicating the logistics required to appear in court.
Recent community pilot projects have endeavored to mitigate some of the issues currently
recognized in Cochrane and noted in Dr. Stratton’s report, such as the Family Law program
funded through the Activettes and facilitated through the Western Rocky View Resource
Center. This program gives individuals a chance to meet with a family lawyer who is available
for appointments 4 times a month. This program provides free legal counseling with support
and direction for further legal resources such as legal aid.
C OMMUNITY P ARTICIPANT Q UOTES
“At m y age it w as like the rug pulled out from under m e, I could not live in that abusive
situation anym ore. I had not shared a bedroom in 7 years. One day he raped m e and I
thought, I am not doing this anym ore. I t w as a pivotal m om ent of choice for m e, M ost of our
sex life had been rape. I had broken ribs from physical abuse. You k now w hat you beat an
elephant up and put a little rope around his ank le? He can break free at any tim e but he does
n o t .” – Female Cochrane Resident
“Because of my background with my ex- physical, sexual, emotional,
financial abuse, I was a mess when my son left. Thankfully for the
grace of God my sister looked after my kids when I was not able to. My
son chose to stay with my sister instead of coming back to me.” – Female
Cochrane Resident
P ROFESSIONAL P ERSPECTIVE Q UOTES
“I think we also see, even though they do have access to
income now, their [women’s] financial security depends on their
partner’s income and so they stay in a relationship even if they
are not in a good relationship” – AHS Professional
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A Report on Women’s Economic Security
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“Housing is an issue because if they are divorced or single they cannot afford to live, safe and
affordable.” – AHS Professional
“They have been impacted by domestic or sexual violence and then
their mental health is affected. One thing that is not up there that is
strongly connected to DV is addictions. There are limited addiction
services in Cochrane. Addictions and services are lacking. The individual
or their partner, it is all entangled.” – Domestic Violence Outreach Worker
The following quotes from service providers in Alberta were cited in Stratton (2011) Alberta
Legal Services Mapping Project:
“I had a lady from Lac La Biche and the next day was her court date. She could not get to [regional
office] and I said, ‘Can you find a fax?’ ‘No, I can’t.’ I said, ‘Have you a parenting order?’ She said, ‘Yes
and I gather my partner is bringing in a lawyer.’ I said, ‘Now you are fighting for your life aren’t you?’
‘Yes, what can I do?’ I said,’ you go in and talk to the Judge – you don’t have to talk to anybody else.
You tell him that you require an adjournment in order to find a lawyer, and in the meantime you want
interim custody and interim child support. And if the Judge says, ‘Will you consider access?’ say, ‘Yes,
I’d consider access.’ She got her Order, she got her kids. She came in saying ‘I got my kids.’ She said, ‘I
was standing up there and my knees were shaking and all of a sudden somewhere in the background I
heard, ‘You are fighting for your life.’ – Service Provider
“I find that men don’t come forward if they get assaulted unless it gets
really bad. It’s often the kids that manifest with problems first, and
then subsequent problems (like domestic violence) are uncovered when
someone investigates.” – Service Provider
“We are busy but we have the big city problems and we see everything here. But, for the most part, I
think it is a well receiving community and I think they understand how busy we are because the other
services are busy too. We are all in the same boat….We are very junior right now. It is an exciting time
but also very challenging. When I started we had lots of 20 year members but we don’t have that
anymore. Our young members are good but don’t have a lot of life experience yet.” – Rural RCMP Member
“Domestic violence is a social ill – to address it using the Criminal Code
only is ridiculous. It needs a holistic approach.” – Police Representative
R EFERENCES
Shift-The Project to End Domestic Violence-January 2011
Effective Coordinated Response to Domestic Violence – Elena Esina April 2013Preventing Domestic Violence in Alberta: A Cost Savings Perspective-Lana Wells, Brenda Strafford Chair, Prevention of Domestic
Violence, Faculty of Social Work, University of Calgary June 2012
Stratton, M. (2011). Alberta legal services mapping project: An overview of findings from the eleven judicial districts. Canadian
Forum on Civil Justice
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8
Transportation
“It is very important [Transportation] in this little town. Even more
important because it is always winter here. You have to have a running
vehicle to get around. If you are a woman you need a vehicle, you cannot
be walking home late at night at dark, carrying your groceries.”
– Female Cochrane resident
L a c k o f Tr a n s p o r t a t i o n Th e m e : Th i s t h e m e r e f e r s t o a n y r e f e r e n c e s m a d e t o
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . Th i s i n c l u d e s l a c k o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , t h e i s s u e s t h i s l a c k c r e a t e s a n d
any com pounding situations.
In focus groups and intensive interviews the theme of transportation was references 43 times
by 25 different sources. There has been much information gathered in regards to
transportation over the past 3 years with the Town of Cochrane initiating discussions about the
issue. It remains a contentious point among residents of Cochrane but it should be noted that
typically those who are most in need of social service supports (including transportation) do
not have the confidence or voice due to the stigma of a lower socioeconomic status to be
heard on most topics despite the efforts of those gathering data. It should be noted that youth
(12-20) is not a demographic that this project was able to get input from but through
discussions with the service providers and information gathered from those involved with the
Mayors Youth Council, transportation was prioritized as a primary issue for youth in Cochrane:
“The three Transit Alternatives that were presented at the Open House were also
presented to the Mayor’s Youth Council meeting held on March 13, 2013. The youth
members provided feedback on the three alternatives. At the meeting, this group
unanimously expressed why transit is important to their demographic because of the
opportunities it provides them to have mobility options for getting around Cochrane,
independence, and to have the choice to remain in Cochrane while attending
university” . (Town of Cochrane Transit Report, 2013)
Lack of transportation has compounding effects in all areas of family life. Those most affected
would naturally be families that are of lower socioeconomic status. Transportation within
Cochrane makes it difficult for low income single parents to utilize the existing child care
subsidies because there is only 1 day home and 1 day care (currently at capacity) within
walking distance from Cochrane’s affordable housing and its lower income housing area,
creating further barriers for economic advancement of these parents. The quality of life of the
children in these families’ decreases as their opportunities to participate in community
programming and recreation is limited. Again subsidies exist that support the financial burden
of these activities but if they cannot get to the program they do not get utilized. A great
majority of recreational opportunities exist at Spray Lake Sawmills Recreation Facility, which is
located near the river approximately two kilometers from downtown Cochrane. Service
providers within Cochrane expressed their frustrations at being able to offer family’s subsidized
rates or access to free programs for their children but the transport issues remained the
barrier.
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A Report on Women’s Economic Security
in Cochrane & Surrounding Area – June 2013
Part of living in a small town is that many of the amenities and services available in the city
are not possible to have as options. Residents needing to access specialized mental health
programs, school or court are limited in their options. Much has been done to rectify this
situation through funding and hours through volunteer faith groups like Helping Hands, The
Cochrane Activettes, Cochrane Home Treasures and service providers such as the Cochrane
Resource Center (CAR Program) but there is not enough to create something consistent and
adequate to meet the needs of those that do not have vehicles. Historically where the systemic
supports have lacked it has been subsidized by faith groups and not for profits.
The Cochrane and Okotoks commuter coaches provide service to and from the Calgary
downtown core, Monday through Friday. Seats may be reserved by purchasing a monthly pass
or a yearly pass. One way fare is $15.00 but seating is not guaranteed.
Location
One-Way Daily
One-Way Monthly
Monthly Rates
Yearly Rates
Cochrane
$15.00
$180.00
$249.00
$2,739.00
Okotoks
$15.00
$180.00
$249.00
$2,739.00
Cochrane currently has 2 private taxi companies operating within city limits which extend to 12
Mile Coulee Road. This leaves incomplete access to the nearest LRT which is located at
Crowfoot. The cost of a cab ride one-way to the LRT is approximately 35 dollars.
The CAR program only works within city limits and is 30 dollars per month. The client is to pay
2 dollars for a one-way trip and the remainder is taken off of the balance of their CAR program
card. While this is valuable assistance, it would only be enough for approximately 4-5 one way
trips in a month or 2.5 round trips.
For a detailed view of The Town of Cochrane Transit Strategy (2011) visit:
http://www.cochranetransit.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/TransitReport-October-2011.pdf
In the report developed by Ipsos Reid (2013), Cochrane’s Transit Alternatives Analysis, their
findings indicated that:
70% of survey respondents agree that there is a need for public transit in Cochrane
and that it is an important part of the community’s future. As a growing urban area, Cochrane
of today is made up of a range of people with differing needs. As is typical of many large and
small communities, most people in the Town will never use transit and that should not be the
expectation. However, as people age within the community, more and more single-car families
reside in Cochrane and work in Calgary, and young people growing up in Cochrane want to
access services and community facilities within the Town and beyond, transportation
alternatives such as transit help to maintain mobility and the overall attractiveness of the
community. A p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 0 % o f s u r v e y p a r t i c i p a n t s e x p r e s s e d a n e e d f o r s t r o n g
inter-m unicipal transit w ith Calgary com pared to approx im ately 4 8% for local
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Let’s Touch the Skies!
t r a n s i t s e r v i c e . On the flip side and not unexpected, 40% to slightly more than 50%
indicated that neither a local or regional transit service was important.
Cochrane’s rapid growth as a town is another contributing factor to
issues outlined in this report. During this project it should be noted
respondents indicated that they did not want to see Cochrane grow
the amenities of the larger metropolitan areas, simply because that
here and did not want to lose the small town feel.
many of the systemic
that a number of
anymore and did not want
is why they chose to live
Current and comprehensive research in the area of transportation has already been conducted
and would be viewed as a reliable source of data for Cochrane and area.
This final report on Transit can be viewed at:
http://www.cochrane.ca/municipal/toc/webcms.nsf/AllDoc/D0F50EBA39C6799287257B3A00606
423/$File/Transit%20Alternatives%20report%20March%2025%2C%202013.pdf
As with many of the interconnected social determinants of economic security and well-being,
transit remains the conduit for those without the means to access supports. This report
supports the need for transit as a primary mitigating factor for the increase of economic
security of women.
C OMMUNITY R ESPONDENT Q UOTES
“For two years I walked from Sunset to get groceries because
we only had one vehicle.” – Female Respondent
“Seniors who cannot drive have lost all of their independence. I have
watched people in my building, who have lost their ability to drive, stop
going out, stop their activities, stop getting dressed and just sit around
waiting for someone to come and visit them. It’s very sad. My
generation was very independent and never counted on anyone to do
anything for them.” – Female Cochrane Resident
“ Tr a n s p o r t a t i o n i s h u g e . Th e r e i s n o p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n C o c h r a n e a n d f o r m y f i r s t f i v e
m o n t h s a s a s e p a r a t e d p e r s o n I r e l i e d o n f r i e n d s a n d f a m i l y , I w a s l u c k y t o h a v e t h a t .”
– Female Cochrane Resident
“Transportation is an issue in regards to cost. The higher cost
of fuel that comes with rural life is balanced by a lower rent
payment.” – Female Rural Respondent
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“We have to make tons of little trips for groceries and it can add up
more that way. Like if I have 43 dollars and I need to get some food,
we are out of milk, out of this and out of that, but if I take a cab I will
have way less money so we will have to walk. I then have to get smaller
sizes of things and it is not as much savings.” – Female Cochrane Resident
“[I can] walk around everywhere with my kids and if I have to I
will take a cab because I cannot fit that many groceries in the
bottom of my stroller. I am pretty good at it, it is like Tetris
(laughing) I can fit so many things in there but if I need big
things like toilet paper or diapers, I cannot fit that much and it
[cab ride] is six dollars each way.” – Female Cochrane Resident
“Transportation is huge issues because it limits people’s job searches
and they will look at jobs that they can walk to or have transport to.”
– Cochrane Service Provider
“I t is frustrating to w atch m y clients struggling to get to appointm ents, to court, for
g r o c e r i e s , w i t h t h e i r s m a l l c h i l d r e n . Th e i r c a b c a r d s a r e o n l y a h e l p i n g h a n d b u t n o t n e a r
adequate. All of their choices on a daily basis w eigh up how are they going to get anyw here,
t h i s i s e v e n m o r e f r u s t r a t i n g d u r i n g i n c l e m e n t w e a t h e r .” – Service Provider Cochrane
“Sometimes I wonder if there is an unspoken culture among
some in Cochrane that is against public transportation because
they prefer to keep this town inhospitable to anyone who may
need these supports. I really hope that is not the case. I want
the Cochrane that my children grow up in, to be one that
provides opportunities to all of its citizens, especially those
without three cars in their driveway.” – Cochrane Service Provider
R EFERENCES
Town of Cochrane Council Report. (2013). Transit Alternatives Analysis. Retrieved from:
http://www.cochrane.ca/municipal/toc/webcms.nsf/AllDoc/D0F50EBA39C6799287257B3A00606423/$File/Transit%20Alternatives%
20report%20March%2025%2C%202013.pdf
Steiner, John. Urban Systems. (2013). Cochrane’s Transit Options Analysis. Retrieved from:
http://www.cochrane.ca/municipal/toc/webcms.nsf/AllDoc/D0F50EBA39C6799287257B3A00606423/$File/Transit%20Alternatives%
20report%20March%2025%2C%202013.pdf
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9
Choices
“There was nothing for me. Seeing everyone around me, the more
successful they got, the lower I got. I just kind of learned to accept that and
just survive. It limited my hopes and dreams and I had no time to consider
that. I was just focused on living paycheck to paycheck.”
– Cochrane Female respondent
S e l f - E f f i c a c y , H o p e & t h e I n t a n g i b l e s Th e m e w a s d e f i n e d b y e x p e r i e n c e s d e s c r i b e d
t h a t r e f e r r e d t o L e v e l s o f S e l f - e f f i c a c y , L o c u s o f C o n t r o l , S e l f - Es t e e m , L i m i t i n g
beliefs and P ositive think ing).
During Focus Groups and Intensive Interviews there were 63 References by 40 sources that
pointed to situations and experiences that highlighted how self-esteem, limiting beliefs and an
external sense of control over life’s events and its affect an individual’s self-efficacy. In our
discussions with community participants there was a strong dialogue that linked respondent’s
personal beliefs about their capabilities and their current situations. Oftentimes it was a
combination of low levels of self-esteem or placing their sense of control about their situation
to be external or beyond anything that they had the power to change. Adversely those that
spoke about their successes attributed their situation to positive characteristics about their
own abilities. Research has shown a strong link between low socioeconomic status and a sense
of hope.
Persons of low socioeconomic status generally experience worse health and short lives than
their better off counterparts. They also suffer a greater incidence of adverse psychosocial
characteristics, such as low self-esteem, self-efficacy, and self-mastery and increased cynicism
and hostility. These population data suggest another category of harm to persons: diminished
moral agency. Chronic socioeconomic deprivation can create environments that undermine the
development of self and capacities constitutive to moral agency – i.e., the capacity for selfdetermination and crafting a life of one’s own. The harm affects not only the choices a person
makes, but the chooser herself. This moral harm is particularly salient in modern Western
societies, especially in the United States, where success and failure is attributed to the
individual, with little notice of the larger social and political realities that inform an individual’s
circumstances and choices.
Blacksher, E. (2002). On being poor and feeling poor: Economic status and the moral self. Theoretical Medicine Journal.
(23: 455-470.) Netherlands. Academic Publishers.
Another key theme that emerged in our respondents was the power of having a mentor, or
someone who believed that change was possible. Peer support groups, such as Alcoholics
Anonymous, were referenced often and repeatedly described as having attributed to the
success many respondents had at making different choices in their life in regards to
addictions. Oftentimes, formal supports were also attributed with creating a respondent’s
capacity for change with “having someone who believed in me” and “someone who saw me
different than the rest of the community”. The service providers that were consulted for this
project also echoed the importance giving clients different experiences than what they were
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used to. This type of engagement and relationship building takes time, however, and many of
the community’s current interventions are short and solution focused. Being able to connect
clients with other resources within the community is key to providing the type of wraparound
support that can meet the needs that are not as obvious.
Currently in Cochrane there is mentorship programs offered through Big Brothers Big Sisters
for the younger demographic. There may be informal mentorship facilitated through Helping
Hands or the faith communities and their own church’s crisis response teams but the
community is lacking in organized mentorship programs for young mothers or single parents.
There is a number of mentorship programs offered through agencies in Calgary such as
Catholic Family Services’ Teen Mothers mentorship program and Athletic Mentors for youth.
C OMMUNITY R ESPONDENT Q UOTES
“When something goes wrong, I think, I am stupid, this is all
my fault.” – Female Cochrane Resident
“I was even asking around to see if there were courses that I could take
to even learn how to buy my own house. It is sort of like even above
and beyond for me. A huge barrier.” – Female Cochrane Resident
“It’s hard though to not stay in the negative space and to just
let things go. I definitely think it makes a difference, I think
they should teach people that in low-income situations and bad
places in their life about the positive thinking because it does
make a difference.” – Female Cochrane Resident
“[I] was disappointed that my mother did not encourage me more. She
was a very distracted parent, as a result I felt stupid, low self-esteem,
and it was a very destructive household.” – Female Cochrane Resident
“Even when my health does get better and I can maybe get a job, I am just worried about making rent
and keeping my kids fed. I don’t even think I would even think about owning a house. I don’t like
renting. It would be something that I want [to own a house] but it feels really unattainable right now.
– Female Cochrane Resident
“It is all about the personality for me and my personality has gotten me
more places than my smarts for sure” – Female Cochrane Resident
“ Th a n k f u l l y t h e r e h a v e b e e n a c o u p l e o f t h i n g s t h a t h a v e s h i f t e d m y o u t l o o k o n m y f u t u r e .
One is a good friend w ho has been there w ithout judgm ent at a tim e w hen I felt judged by
e v e r y o n e .” – Female Cochrane Resident
“I had low self-esteem but a m entor helped m e to overcom e this. M y netw ork of friends in
Cochrane helped to build m y confidence and w as a m ajor factor in staying in Cochrane.
– Female Cochrane Resident
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P ROFESSIONAL Q UOTES
“I see clients recognizing that and wanting it to be different but
being unable to change it” – Service Provider Cochrane
“It is a tough thing to go through this psychologically and then try and
go into the workforce and maybe confidence is lacking because it is a
totally new thing and it is tough to have that confidence when you don’t
have a chance to practice those skills.” – Front line worker
“I think those are the two biggest things, because I think that
once people are educated their confidence and self-esteem
follow.” – Service Provider Cochrane
“For my purpose I am focused on getting the training and support and
by support I mean encouragement to actually get out there and do
something to build up their self-esteem.” – Service Provider Cochrane
“I think that first off we need friends and families or agencies
that recognize that clients have a little more control over their
future, that good things do happen and that good things can
make a good things happen to other people. Good things do
happen, I have said that a million times to clients.” – Service
Provider
R EFERENCES
Blacksher, E. (2002). On being poor and feeling poor: Economic status and the moral self. Theoretical Medicine 23: p. 455-470.
Netherlands Academic Publishers.
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10
Employment
“Men won't easily give up a system in which half the world's population
works for next to nothing...[and recognizes that] precisely because that half
works for so little, it may have no energy left to fight for anything else.”
– Marilyn Waring
Em p l o y m e n t I s s u e s & B a r r i e r s Th e m e i n c l u d e s a n y e x p e r i e n c e s d e s c r i b e d t h a t
illustrate gendered specific issues w ith em ploym ent, level of opportunities for
participation in the w ork force (including an overburdening of household
responsibilities and discrim ination), and system ic issues that influence the econom ic
security of w om en.
There were 108 references by 43 sources during focus groups and interviews that illustrated
experiences of barriers to employment participation. Many of the barriers for women to
participate in the work force have been brought up in the previous findings. Childcare,
housing, transportation, and limiting beliefs are some of the issues affecting employment in
Cochrane that have already been discussed. This section will look at some of the systemic and
cultural gaps within our community such as parental leave, part-time work (no benefits), and
discrimination that affect participation in the workforce. Many of these issues are not unique
to Cochrane but are a result of a foundational system that promotes these results. They are
then exacerbated in light of the lack of transportation, issues with childcare and affordable
housing shortage. This is evidenced in the following comparison between income and housing
costs.
F IGURE 10.1
Income and Housing Relationship in Cochrane
In a recent report to CSHO on the state of housing in Cochrane, Glen Sine, Chair, CSHO (2013)
outlined the following incomes necessary to support rentals and ownership:
Minimum Family Income to Support
Average Monthly Apartment Rent in Cochrane
$1040.00 $22.00/hour or $44,000/year
Average Monthly Condo Rental
$1288.00 $24.00/hour or $50,000/year
Home Ownership
$100,000/year for median dwelling price
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Cochrane remains an affluent community with median incomes exceeding provincial and
federal averages (StatsCan, 2006). Cochrane’s median income is $83,007.00. However, in 2006,
49.1% of households earned less than $75,000/year. Households headed by lone parent
households earned:
F IGURE 10.2
Average Incomes in Cochrane by marital status
Source: StatsCan 2011 & Community and Human
Resources Profile, Bow Valley College 2013
FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS
In 2011, the number of households with
children in Cochrane has grown from
2,510 to 3,085.
Family Characteristics
There are a total of 595 lone parent
families.
450 females lead
2006
2011
Total married couples with
children at home
–
2,255
Total common-law couples with
children at home
–
235
Households containing a couple
with children
2,015
2,490
495
595
Total lone parent families
households
compared to
145 male lead households
Total children in families in
private households
(375 –
female)
(120 – male)
2,510
(450 –
female)
(145 – male)
3,085
Source: StatsCan 2006 & Community and Human
Resources Profile, Bow Valley College 2013
MEDIAN INCOME
The median income for all census families
in Cochrane was high at $91,575.
Cochrane 2005 Mean Income
All Census Families
$91,575
The median income for
Lone-Parent Families
$47,714
female lone parent families was
Female Lone-Parent Families
$43,111
$43,111
compared to
for
$100,448
male lone parent families.
Total
Male Lone-Parent Families
$100,448
Couple Households with Children
$106,846
One-Person Households
$29,434
Other Household types
$49,013
All Private Households
$83,003
The main themes from our respondent’s employment experience in Cochrane, is that the only
jobs available for women were retail, minimum wage and part-time hours without benefits. For
single parents, who often need to stay home due to a sick child (childcare and schools will not
allow ill children) it costs them due to not having sick leave. Service providers and employment
counsellors spoke at length regarding the effects of parental leave on women in the workforce.
The affects including a break in their professional networks, being behind on technological
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advances in their field, and the individuals confidence levels from being out of the work force
for extended periods of time. This further compounds after subsequent children because if a
parent has gone back to work, it is usually part-time and then they no longer qualify for
parental leave. According to an article in Child Care Advocacy in Canada (2005):
The federal government's prototypical maternity leave, where workers are rich in both
time and money, remains elusive for most Canadians, who are either rich in time off
without career penalty (such as teachers and nurses), rich in financial compensation
(such as those who work for the big pharmaceutical firms) or, as is often the case,
poor in both. While Ottawa regularly touts the program's success in boosting the time
most women take off work, it gives scant consideration to the 40% of all women who
give birth in Canada who still do not claim any benefit, because they are self-employed
(including family doctors, real estate agents and entrepreneurs), work fewer than the
600 hours a year required to qualify, are not employed or choose not to apply. That
percentage has remained unchanged in the three years since the policy's introduction
(Owens & Sokoloff).
There remains long standing issues of disparities between men and women in regards to
differing occupational profiles. As referenced in the Literature review (Mohiuddin & Mohiuddin, 2013),
Cochrane and surrounding communities of Rocky View County score much lower on indicators
of women’s economic independence than the average for Alberta. Alberta itself rates lower still
than the Canadian average in terms of women’s labour force participation rate, unemployment
rate, and income ration to men, women in Cochrane and Rocky View County are at a distinct
disadvantage in economic independence and stability.
The ratio of women’s income to men is 0.61 in Alberta at large and 0.64 in Calgary, this figure
is 0.44 in Cochrane and 0.57 in Rocky View County. Furthermore Cochrane and Rocky View
County both experience large disparities in labour participation rates between men and
women. Women’s participation rate in Cochrane and RVC is around 69% while the rate for men
is 82% (as cited in Mohiuddin & Mohiuddin, 2013).The literature review continued by reporting that these
numbers are easily explained by the differences in occupational choices and opportunities for
men and women. Women in these smaller communities and in general, are working in retail or
caregiving positions that typically are minimum wage and part-time. On top of this are the
additional household responsibilities that women take on including the maintenance of the
home, caregiving for elderly parents, and the children. If we are looking at a female lone
parent family situation these responsibilities can easily overwhelm to the point of effecting
mental and physical health. Oftentimes the diminished parenting that comes with heading a
lone-parent family is largely due to the overburdening of responsibilities.
The physical stressors that result from running a household are further exacerbated by the fact
that there are no benefits with part-time retail employment. For women to take off time and
seek out assistance is unlikely due to the fact that both will detract from their income. This
situation compounds even further in low-density areas such as Cochrane due to the long
commute to social service programming if an individual wishes to keep some level of
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anonymity in their accessing help which, in turn, brings up the issue of the lack of
transportation options in Cochrane.
Recently in a panel discussion on Alberta Prime time (2013), a discussion was held regarding
the September increase of minimum wage by .20 cents. According to Lori Sigurdson, from the
Alberta College of Social Workers, this is still the second lowest minimum wage after
Saskatchewan. In the same discussion, Lisa Watson from the city of Grande Prairie had
recently done an assessment in her town to determine the “living wage” minimum for a family
with two incomes and two children to be able to afford the basics (shelter, food and clothing)
and the amount required was $15.55 per hour. The difference being $5.60 cents below the
proposed minimum wage for Alberta. The question was begged from the discussion of whether
Alberta should adopt a living wage minimum as opposed to a minimum wage. Women in these
communities [rural] are disproportionately represented in service and recreation work, which
are typically part-time and low-wage, while men disproportionately represent business
administration, transportation and trade work (Statistics Canada, 2006).
D ID Y OU K NOW ?
Women accounted for almost two-thirds of minimum wage
workers, but less than half of all employees. This
translated into a higher proportion of women working for
minimum wage – 1 in 17 compared with 1 in 30 men.
Source: Fact Sheet on Minimum Wage: Statistics Canada, September 2005
An initiative called New Brunswick Wage Gap Reduction Initiative (2012) uncovered an
interesting gender comparison in occupational choices they called “Occupational Clustering”.
These jobs typically employ the same skills that women have used in nurturing their families
and managing their homes for centuries. In addition, many of these jobs offer limited career
opportunities for women. Furthermore, this group postulated that there is a clear link between
job clustering and wages when looking at the top ten most common jobs for each gender and
comparing their average earnings. Seven of the top ten female occupations earned less than
the average female income. Furthermore, five of the top ten male occupations earned more
than the average female income.
While women’s participation in the workforce has increased since the 1960’s, it does not
necessarily mean that the issues of gender inequality are being mitigated. According to Korpil,
Ferrarinil & Stefan (2010), “Women’s rising labour force participation since the 1960’s was long
seen as heralding decreasing gender inequalities. According to influential social science
writings this view has now to be revised; “women friendly” policies bringing women into the
workforce are held to create major inequality trade-offs between quantity and quality in
women’s jobs”.
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In a recent report (Alberta Government, Human Services, 2010.) on the growing trends in
Alberta for job opportunity and economic growth, the document illustrated the global trends
affecting Alberta’s economy and society, provincial labour and industry forecasts affecting
occupations, and projections for 130 occupational groups. Unfortunately, none of this
information was disaggregated to allow for a deeper understanding of how these forecasts or
projections affected each gender as it merely illustrated numbers.
How we measure economic growth globally and within our communities has strongly affected
the level of importance society has placed on the role of stay at home parents, who are
primarily women. The unrecognized value of parents who stay at home to care for their
children, are often given lip service regarding the value of the work they do but in the world of
economics, they are considered non-contributing. As mentioned previously in this report, the
relationship between policy and cultural attitudes has merit. Until policy reflects the value of
parents, the fall-out is evidenced in the low paying jobs and childcare crisis, the discrimination
for those utilizing parental leave in their careers, and the minimal opportunities for those using
part-time positions to allow time to parent their children.
The Canadian culture and beliefs around women and parents are supplemented and influenced
by government policy:
“Change also results from deliberate efforts to influence values through changes in the law
o r
government policy, often due to pressure from civil society. There are many examples of
efforts to influence attitudes about race relations, the rights of workers and the use of the
environment, to name three areas in which cultural values shape behaviour. Efforts to reshape
values about women and gender relations have focused on concerns such as the number of
girls sent to school, women’s access to paid work, and public attitudes to domestic violence”.
(CIDA, 2002)
Gender, like race or ethnicity, functions as an organizing principle for society because of the
cultural meanings given to being male or female. This is evident in the division of labour
according to gender. In most societies there are clear patterns of “women’s work” and “men’s
work,” both in the household and in the wider community—and cultural explanations of why
this should be so. The patterns and the explanations differ among societies and change over
time.
C OMMUNITY R ESPONDENT Q UOTES
Lim ited Options
“Well in my direct experience, I got divorced at 35 and was only
working part time so suddenly had to find a way to support
myself. I was a home owner as well so I had other
responsibilities and it was virtually impossible to find a job in
Cochrane that paid more than minimum wage.”
– Cochrane Female Respondent
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“My husband was able to increase his earnings by switching fields form
construction to oil and gas. He does not have the post-secondary
education that I do but has a better job than me.”
– Female Cochrane Respondent
“So I felt like my diploma should have been enough but it that
vicious cycle where they don’t hire you if you don’t have that
experience but obviously you cannot get that experience if they
don’t hire you.” – Female Cochrane Resident
“When you don’t have the money for gas and bills to pay… I worked at
[local grocery store] as a cashier and they only hire part time workers. I
have a college diploma in business administration and started my
registered chartered accountant but after babies I could not pursue.
Only retail part time low wage was going to work for my schedule.”
– Female Cochrane Resident
“Only retail, part tim e positions gave m e the flex ibility to tak e care of the k ids, m y
h o u s e h o l d a n d m y f a m i l y .” – Female Cochrane Resident
“I get underestimated and mis-categorized and miss opportunities
because of my age. If I was 10 years older I would not have the same
issues but I also know my limitations and my age does give me that. I
know it’s not the best thing to be young but it shouldn’t be this hard to
find a job.” – Female Cochrane Resident
“For our age grou p there is only retail/ w aitressing jobs available, n othing in betw een . Y oung
m en out of high school can w ork in oil and gas or construction and earn big m oney. Huge
d i s p a r i t y b e t w e e n t h e o p p o r t u n i t i e s b e t w e e n t h e s e x e s .” – Female Cochrane Resident on her
experience finding work
“I have found myself competing with 18 year olds and football players for hours on which my rent
depends and a lot of those big strong kids are actually children from overseas, overseas workers. Sorry
but I have had to fight and fight and fight for my hours depending on who the manager is doing the
schedule… Every time I see an interview I think – oh shit there goes my hours. They make sure that
they make the schedule so that you are not getting those hours to keep you part time.” – Female Cochrane
Resident on her job security and perceived threats to her income
P arental Leave
“So I would have to say that my story is that I recently got laid
off, it is not a sad thing and I can’t say it was a great place to
work. I was not the greatest employee, I meant three mat
leaves and I work in a place where there are not many women
and to go on three mat leaves it is like I have not been there in
the past three years!” – Female Cochrane Resident
“At my work when I told them I was taking parental leave they were
like, ‘so you are saying you want us to lay you off’ and I was like, ‘I am
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asking for leave’. They said, ‘no we have to lay you off.’ I insisted it
was parental leave and in the end I had to prove it to them. Once they
looked into it they were ok. This is a huge company and they had never
come across it before.” – Male Cochrane Resident on taking parental leave
“I think it depends on w hether you w ork at a pink job or a blue job. I w ork at a job w here no
one in m y office has young children. I think if I w orked nine to five m y boss w ould be
happier, he w ould be very very happy. I am there till one in the m orning every night, the
c l e a n e r s t u r n o f f t h e l i g h t a n d I a m s t i l l t h e r e .” – Female Cochrane resident on working alternate hours
to be with kids during day due to lack of childcare
“I was told to choose your family or choose your work.” – Female
Cochrane Resident
“I knew two guys who did it at work [paternal leave]. His wife
took 6 months and he took 6 months. The other co-worker on
their third child he took 3 months to help out more.”
– Male Cochrane resident on male friends’ experience with parental leave
P ROFESSIONAL Q UOTES
“It is a demanding profession and if you are already emotionally
drained with other things, like childcare, there seems to be an
expectation that women, especially women who are seeking
entry level employment should go into the helping professions
and it can lead to some burnout. Especially if you are
marginalized yourself.” – Cochrane Service Provider
“Quite often they will go back to work after their mat leave after the first child but by the time they
have the second they choose to stay home because child care costs are increasing and they stay home
with two children but then they have lost their connection with that skill set and employers. They may
lose certification in some places and then they are really at risk if their marriage breaks up.” – Cochrane
Service Provider
“Transitioning back into the workforce is hard for women and resources
and attitudes need to change.” – Cochrane Service Provider
“The other side is that the cost of quality childcare is tough for
a lot of women. Gender dynamics play in and women still take
the traditional roles. The expectation and burden is placed on
women to make the choice.” – Cochrane Service Provider
“The gap on paper is not just a gap on paper for employers. It is also a
gap in the woman’s professional network. Employers view this is that
they will not be up to date in today’s world and technological advances
are happening so fast in all industries.” – Cochrane Service Provider
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“I think that there is a sort of gender stereotyping that occurs
within some of the more blue collar jobs, the specifically male
dominated jobs within that sector. I once saw an ad that
implied that only men should apply. Some of the higher paying
jobs, when a woman applies, she is not taken seriously. I have
reports of experiences of some sexism in the workplace and
making sexist comments.” – Employment Counsellor
“Generally the higher paying jobs have been male dominated and these
women are taking lower paying jobs to avoid the hostile environment
that occurs in these male dominated sectors.” - Employment Counsellor
“The valuing of parents needs to change in policy and in our culture. Whether they are going to work or
staying home. In Canadian culture we like to think that we value kids and parenthood but I think that is
BS. There is no value or economic recognition that quantifies what people do, the value of their work,
and it is not included as any economic contribution and until the time that it is, there will be a divide
between the connection and relationships of families, jobs, income, and Canadian culture. When it does,
I am sure everything else will start to fall into place (childcare, discrimination, parental leave, early
development etc.).” – Cochrane Service Provider
R EFERENCES
CIDA. ACDI. (2002). Gender equality, policy and tools: Questions about culture, gender equality and development cooperation.
Government of Canada. Retrieved from: http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/INET/IMAGES.NSF/vLUImages/Policy/$file/GE-Q&A-CultureEN.pdf
Korpil, W., Ferrarinil, T., & Stefan, E. (2010) Women’s opportunities under different family policy constellations: Gender, class and
inequality trade-offs in western countries re-examined. Social Politics. Retrieved from:
http://www.lisdatacenter.org/wps/liswps/556.pdf
Government of Alberta Human Services. (2012) Alberta career and industry outlook: Economic and other trends affecting the world
of work to 2015.
Retrieved from: http://alis.alberta.ca/pdf/cshop/careerindustry.pdf
Source: New Brunswick Wage Gap Reduction Initiative (2010) Retrieved from: www.gnb.ca/wagegap
Source: Alberta Primetime. Sigurdson, L. & Watson, L. (June, 2013). Television Interview. Retrieved from:
http://www.albertaprimetime.com/Stories.aspx?pd=5221
Owens, A., & Sokoloff, H., (2004). Child Care Advocacy Association of Canada. Living large on maternity leave. Retrieved from:
http://www.ccaac.ca/pdf/resources/Articles/MatLeave04.pdf
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R e c o m m en d a t i o n s
The GBA research highlighted gaps in many areas, the most critical one being awareness of
gender related issues. There appears to be complacency regarding issues impacting women,
almost in a manner of acceptance. To change how society perceives predicaments impacting
women, a complete change of attitudes may be necessary in all levels of society starting from
governments to businesses and community in general. It is critical to understand gender
mainstreaming and include it in public policy, corporate planning and social society.
While there is recognition that many of the changes have to be global, specific
recommendations to lift women out of poverty and help advance their overall economic
security in Cochrane and Western Rocky View are based on local findings.
Specific Recommendations to mitigate the barriers outlined in this report are outlined in four
specific areas: Public Policy; Workplace Culture, Coordination of Services; and New Initiatives
– “Let’s Touch the Skies!”
•
Public policies need to integrate social elements in decision making and be reflective of
social reforms.
•
Workplace Culture should be psychologically safe and one that promotes workers’
mental wellbeing. Employers need to understand the employment capabilities of
individuals with mental concerns.
•
Coordination of services and programs can
harness capacity and resources to generate
efficient measures of support for women with
more successful outcomes. A multi-sectored
approach can turn the Circle of Poverty into
the Flower of Hope.
•
New Initiatives will support ongoing programs
and create further opportunities for women
and their families to advance their economic
security.
A Community Action Committee will be established
with various community stakeholders to prioritize the
recommendations and create a framework for
implementing specific recommendations.
W HEN
HOPE FLOWERS
A
S UPPORTIVE E NVIRONMENT N URTURES
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Public Policy
1.
T OWN P OLICY
Statement:
Cochrane and the surrounding communities of Rocky View score much lower on indicators of
women’s economic independence than the average for Alberta. In terms of women’s labour
participation rate, unemployment rate, and income ratio to men, women in Cochrane and
Rocky View County are at a distinct disadvantage in economic independence and stability.
(Stats Canada, 2006, 2006a, 2006b)
Recommendation:
That Cochrane Town council accepts the report as presented and direct Administration to work
with the ‘Let’s Touch the Skies’ Project Team to implement the recommendations as outlined in
the report
The Town of Cochrane has demonstrated long-term vision and leadership by creating a
Cochrane Sustainability Plan (CSP). Community consultation and subsequent findings of this
report are aligned with the findings and vision of CSP. “Let’s Touch the Skies” project team
working with Town Administration and “Sustainability Partners Uniting Resources Committee”
will better inform the process of building a “Complete Community” as cited in CSP.
A municipal system which integrates social elements in its decision making and planning
processes is leading the way to inclusive and progressive economic development.
The Town of Cochrane may also adopt a Gender Based Analysis tool to assess the impact of
polices and decisions on various sectors of the population. There are many tools available to
guide Social Policy around inclusion and equality. Two suggested tools: A GBA assessment tool
from Status of Women Canada, and a gender audit from InterAction (American Council for
Voluntary International Action). The gender audit process uses a framework and theory of
change called the Gender Integration Framework (GIF), which suggests that transformation
can only occur when four organizational dimensions are ready for gender integration. These
four elements are political will, technical capacity, accountability and organizational culture.
Inclusion and equality is not limited to gender issues but can also include a broad spectrum of
factors such as access to childcare, affordable housing, health, language culture, immigration
status, Aboriginal heritage and sexual orientation.
Systemic change from within the corridors of power will send a very strong message to the
rest of the community that Cochrane and Rocky View County value equality and economic
progression as an inclusive process.
http://www.swc-cfc.gc.ca/pol/gba-acs/index-eng.html; http://www.interaction.org/search/node/gender%20audit
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2.
C HILDCARE
Statement:
“On the 100th anniversary of International Women’s Day, the evidence is in. Women’s lives
have changed. A national plan for quality affordable early learning and child care services is
not a luxury, a frill or a threat to Canadian families,” says Paulette Senior, CEO of YWCA
Canada. “It’s an essential support and needs to become as normal in our social system as
public school. Parents need this choice today.” Educated, Employed and Equal: The Economic Prosperity Case for
National Child Care, March 7, 2011, YWCA Canada
Recommendation:
All three levels of government align to craft a comprehensive National Childcare Plan which
allows women to participate fully and equally in the workforce. Local initiatives can include
Municipal Government Planning to ensure there are adequate childcare facilities supporting
new neighbourhoods and commercial businesses that traditionally hire disproportionate levels
of female workforce.
Educated, Employed and Equal : The Economic Prosperity Case for National Child Care,
published by YWCA, Canada in March 2011 makes a compelling case for a national childcare
policy. The report is reflective of the gaps faced by women in Cochrane, Rocky View County
and most of Canada relating to lack of affordable and accessible childcare.
Although provision of affordable and accessible childcare requires a strong commitment from
the various levels of government, local initiatives can create specific measures to provide
access to childcare. In 2006, The Town of Cochrane amended its Land Use By-law to allow for
day homes in most residential areas. This increased the capacity of day homes in Cochrane
allowing more access to parents. Similarly, Municipal Planning can ensure there are adequate
childcare facilities in new residential areas, especially in high density multi-housing
neighbourhoods. Provision of childcare facilities also needs to be considered when approving
large businesses such as Walmart which traditionally hire a predominately female workforce.
Geographic placement of childcare facilities close to commercial businesses will provide access
to labor force locally within Cochrane. Canada’s labour deficit is a result of several factors, one
of which is the lack of affordable childcare to allow the female workforce to fully participate in
employment opportunities.
Educated, Employed and Equal reports that the workforce is increasingly well-educated and
more women than men are obtaining university and college educations. Making a national plan
to ensure comprehensive access to quality, affordable early learning and child care services is
essential to Canadian prosperity; a crucial support for children and parents and a common
sense response to a changed society. The report also discusses the “patchwork” system of
childcare as provinces retain the responsibility of childcare programs which vary by region
while the federal government offers benefits and tax credits for parents.
An investment into a national childcare program will be an investment into the Canadian family
and have long-term benefits to the Canadian economy.
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3.
T RANSPORTATION
Statement:
Transportation is one of the key tenets of linking people to people and to services; it is
fundamental to creating vibrant sustainable communities. An effective public transit system is
an essential characteristic of economic progress and a vital element of serving all sectors of an
inclusive community.
Recommendation:
The Town of Cochrane implements recommendations from the Transit Study to provide public
transit in Cochrane and connecter services to Calgary.
The Town of Cochrane commissioned a study on transit and have accepted recommendations
to look at various transit options within Cochrane and connecting Cochrane and Calgary.
Established Area Dial-A Bus is one of the options being considered by the Town to connect
residents to service and market areas. An express bus connecting Cochrane with the Crowfoot
LRT station has also been recommended as part of the plan. The Town of Cochrane is
reviewing implementation options and no timeframe has been set on taking action on the plan.
Residents who are trying to overcome monetary and other challenges face yet another barrier
– lack of transit to access services and much support needed programs.
Cochrane Sustainability Plan cites 13 Pathways to the Future to make Cochrane a complete
community. The 12 th Pathway: There are diverse options for getting around refers to a
complete interconnected mode and corridor network throughout Cochrane and its region. The
implementation of this pathway will open many employment and recreational opportunities for
the citizens of Cochrane.
The economic development of any region is fundamentally connected to systems which
promote growth. Attraction of new industry is intrinsically connected to service elements such
as transportation, housing and childcare.
Town of Cochrane-Transit Alternative Analysis Report March 25 2013
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3.
H OUSING
Statement:
Safe affordable housing is essential to the well-being of people in society; Funding for housing
is not a cost-it is an investment in the social economic well-being of Alberta.
Housing First An Investment with Return in Prosperity, The Report of The Alberta Affordable Housing Task Force. 2007
Recommendation:
Cochrane Society for Housing Options (CSHO) incorporate the findings of this report in their
strategic plans and continue to collaborate with municipal and provincial governments along
with the development industry to craft a responsive strategy to meet the diverse housing
needs of the community.
Responding effectively to the housing crisis is a shared responsibility. Integration and
coordination with municipal and provincial governments along with the housing development
industry is essential to achieve a continuum of housing solutions suited to the increasing
population of Cochrane.
Cochrane Society for Housing Options, a non-profit organisation governed by community
volunteers has done a remarkable job of providing affordable housing and recently included a
home ownership option in their portfolio. Currently there are no specific housing options for
low income households who are paying up to 50% of their income in rents. Lack of social
housing options are forcing women to reside in substandard housing or reside with individuals
in unsafe conditions.
The recent and growing influx of people to Cochrane is creating a stress on the affordable
rental market. The current portfolio of 25 rental units does not meet the growing demand for
affordable housing. There is consistent wait list of approximately 30-40 families for affordable
housing.
One of the key factors in the Economic Development of Cochrane and Region is the availability
of appropriate housing for all sectors of the population. Affordable and accessible housing is
one of the primary criterion for the workers, mostly female, who would work at the new
Sobeys and Walmart as well as other service sector businesses.
A safe, affordable home is essential to dignity, good health and a fair chance at a productive life.
Affordable Housing in this context refers to housing which is at a minimum 10% below market rates.
Social Housing refers to non-profit or public housing where all or some of the rents are subsidized and households pay only 30% of
their gross income for shelter.
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Workplace Culture
1.
H EALTH
AND
W ELLNESS
Statement:
Health is a key factor impacting women’s quality of life and economic security. Women
struggle to balance family responsibilities with work obligations to the detriment of their health
and forgo career opportunities in favour of caring for their dependents. “One of the major
factors contributing to achieving a positive work/family balance is the availability of familyfriendly work conditions....”
The Centre for Community Child Health-Royal Children’s Hospital Australia
Policy Brief # 3 2006: Work and Family life balance
Recommendation:
Cochrane Community Health Centre create an awareness campaign to de-stigmatize mental
health issues and educate the local business community about the benefits of safe, healthy
and supportive work environment.
A psychologically safe and healthy workplace is one that promotes workers' mental well-being
and does not harm employee mental health through negligent, reckless or intentional ways. A
psychologically safe workplace would be free of excessive fear or chronic anxiety.
One way to achieve a psychologically safe workplace is to create and implement a
Comprehensive Workplace Health and Safety (CWHS) Program. This program is a series of
strategies and related activities, initiatives and policies developed by the employer, in
consultation with employees, to continually improve or maintain the quality of working life,
health, and the well-being of the workforce. These activities are developed as part of a
continual improvement process to improve the work environment (physical, psychosocial,
organizational, economic), and to increase personal empowerment and personal growth.
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Website
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/psychosocial/mentalhealth_work.html
Lack of employment opportunities compel women with health issues to languish in
impoverished situations. In many cases hiring practices discriminate against women with
health issues. An awareness campaign can provide employers a clear understanding of the
range of mental health issues, physical limitations and how these factors can affect work
environments. Regional employers willing to offer job prospects to women with marginal health
issues can lift their self-esteem, maximize their potential and increase their financial
independence. In many cases, individuals on AISH or other support programs have some
flexibility to work. Bridging between support programs and part-time work can create
pathways for individuals to enter the workforce.
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Public health centres can play a significant role, as demonstrated by Sudbury & District Health
Unit, to mitigate health repercussions of poverty and social inequities.
Sudbury & District Health Unit’s quest to change public health practice to reduce social
inequities in health has contributed to a 10-year strategic vision that includes milestones and
evidence-based action plans. Sudbury & District Health Unit has made significant
organizational and structural changes to better address the social determinants of health.
Canadian Public Health Association (CCPHA) Frontline Journal 2013
http://www.cpha.ca/en/programs/social-determinants/frontlinehealth/stories/sudbury.aspx
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Coordination of Services
1.
A DULT L ITERACY
Statement:
Access to Education/Learning is one of the key pillars to advancing women out of economic
poverty. There is a strong correlation between education/learning and a greater degree of
economic independence.
Recommendation:
Bow Valley College, Rocky View Schools Community Learning and Rocky View Schools Division
jointly steward a regional partnership to facilitate foundational, post-secondary learning and
employment training programs for women who choose to access learning opportunities to
increase financial security and stability in their lives.
A coordinated regional stewardship for learning would foster a holistic and supportive
environment for women who aspire to upgrade their education/learning for the purposes of
gaining employment that would advance their economic status.
The regional stewardship can build partnerships with local women, community services,
learning providers and businesses to support women to overcome barriers and reach their
economic potential.
Facilitation of training programs for women to meet local market needs would significantly
increase women’s employment opportunities in the region.
Collaboration between the three key education institutions can leverage resources and capacity
to provide a single point of access and assessment for learning opportunities for women and
individuals in the community.
Based on preliminary discussions regarding this issue, Rocky View Schools Community Learning
and Bow Valley College, have applied for a Status of Women Grant to advance this initiative.
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2.
P RIMARY P REVENTION
Statement:
The family of origin and distressing childhood experiences strongly influence beliefs, attitudes
and choices related to education, partners, substance abuse and career amongst other factors
which contribute to one’s health and economic prosperity. While supportive families can
provide positive guidance, dysfunctional families and lack of alternative positive supports can
impact life time traumatic and adverse behaviours.
Recommendation:
Expand the use of promising and best practice informed programs in comprehensive health,
relationship and life skills building in Primary and Secondary Schools in the Rocky View School
Division to aid existing programs being offered to mentor students in positive behaviours.
The Rocky View School Division, which governs most of the schools in Cochrane and Rocky
View County, offers a host of programs in their schools that are focused in Positive
Behavioural Supports, Social-Emotional Learning and Positive Relationships to supplement the
knowledge and skills students gain from their families and other influences. The addition of
best practices approaches like the 4th R program will supplement existing programs and
provide for a consistent curriculum aimed at supporting youth. The 4th R program was
designed to build strengths, resilience, and coping skills among youth as a way of enhancing
interpersonal functioning.
Schools can increase policies and practices that inform a healthier school environment and use
a cross developmental age approach to coach positive behaviours. To be truly effective,
administrative, teaching and support staff need to fully embrace and model the attitudes,
beliefs and behaviors students are expected to learn through these programs.
“ It is important that young people be given information that will help them make good
decisions, and are shown positive relationship models that will demonstrate alternatives to the
negative examples they frequently see in the world around them”.
Source:
www.youthrelations.org
Early intervention at a primary level can counter the ill effects of negative learning at an early
age and guide children and youth to understand the repercussions of a range of choices on
their long-term economic prosperity.
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3.
HUB – S INGLE P OINT
S UPPORT S ERVICES
OF
A CCESS
WITH
C ONTINUUM
OF
W RAP A ROUND
Statement:
Poverty is not the result of any one social determinant but rather a culmination of intersecting
determinants which result in social and material depravation leading to limited engagement in
society. A shift will require simultaneous and coordinated support service delivery
Recommendation:
Cochrane Family and Community Support Services lead key service agencies and the volunteer
sector to develop a HUB to serve as a single point of access for intake into a continuum of
support services.
Cochrane Family and Community Support Services (FCSS) hosts a successful inter-agency
gathering of approximately 90 agencies to share information. This group consists of a fair
community representation from government, non-profit, business, faith and service clubs.
Subsequently, a working group of core service agency professionals and other key community
services could collaborate to examine and adjust existing policies, programs and services to
better address the diversity of clients. Information sharing and referral protocols to increase
coordination of service delivery and a process for sharing knowledge, training and other
resources could be developed for the purposes of better supporting vulnerable women in the
community. FCSS is well positioned to lead this coordination work.
Currently, several agencies, including FCSS and CSHO are located in one location. Although
this model provides various services at this location, it has no capacity to increase support
services or add recreational programs. A core group of support services working in close
proximity of one location can have targeted benefits for the client and create fiscal and human
efficiencies for service providers.
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Local statistics indicate the majority of support services are accessed by women yet most of
the professional and community programs are not gender based. In Canada, it has not been
common practice for agencies and services to develop policies and programs from a gender or
diversity informed perspective. Locally, organizational capacity to do so needs to be assessed
and increased where indicated.
A multi-disciplinary approach to addressing multiple barriers and providing seamless wrap
around services can mitigate many of the repercussions of poverty and economic insecurity. It
is presumed that government programs and community agencies are integral to multidisciplinary approaches. However, it is recommended that where appropriate and possible faith
communities, and in some cases service clubs, be engaged in training and coordination of
service delivery initiatives. Often individuals have a variety of needs that are best served by a
range of supports.
A Hub would include intake for the following but not limited to:
Coordinated response to domestic violence
Immigrant services
Family Support and Counselling
Aboriginal Outreach
Adult Literacy programs
Mental Health
Legal Aid
Housing
Youth Resources
Financial Literacy
Seniors Resources
Childcare Facility
Assistance with AB Works, AISH,
Maintenance Enforcement and other
government programs
Social Club
A joint platform for action with shared resources and knowledge base can be a powerful
medium to empower women to address their individual barriers and for professionals to better
address systemic barriers.
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New Initiatives – “Let’s Touch the Skies”
1.
C OMMUNITY R ESPONSE
TO
D OMESTIC V IOLENCE
Statement:
“As a society we pay high cost for domestic violence. At the individual level, it destroys lives
with its emotional, physical and intellectual impacts. At the community level, domestic violence
prevents people from participating as full citizens. We want to look at how society can do
things differently so that more people are able to do well and everyone has the opportunity to
thrive”.
Lana M. Wells, The Brenda Stafford Chair for the Prevention of Domestic Violence, University of Calgary
Recommendation:
FCSS lead an effective coordinated community response to domestic violence in Cochrane and
surrounding areas. A community approach with common definitions, goals and understanding
are critical to an effective response and primary prevention.
Identifying and coordinating primary, secondary and tertiary responses aimed at building
healthy relationships through a community approach can be a powerful mechanism to tackle
domestic violence issues in Cochrane and surrounding Rocky View.
Domestic violence and resulting family breakdown is one of the lead factors compelling women
to live in fear, poverty and endure physical & psychological pain. Domestic violence has a huge
economic impact, including direct costs to health, legal, police, and other services.
A presentation in Cochrane on April 3, 2013 on an “Effective Response to Domestic Violence “
by Lana Wells, Brenda Stafford Chair for the Prevention of Domestic Violence and Elena Esina,
Project Coordinator, Shift: The project to End Domestic Violence, created a strong momentum
within professionals charged with addressing domestic violence in the community.
There was a strong willingness to share resources and capacity, and to work together to
address the gaps in service and resources to prevent the growing problem of domestic violence
in the region.
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2. C OMMUNITY F UND
Statement:
Where is the money to support these initiatives and other much needed programs? Diminishing
government funding has put tremendous stress on non-profit organizations and social
programming.
Recommendation:
Solicit local community donors to diversify existing and new community funding and jointly
determine a community priorities index which responds to high community needs.
Cochrane is close knit community with a strong volunteer sector and existing community
funders such as the Cochrane Foundation, Activettes and several social enterprises such as
Home Treasures, Home Reno Heaven and Clothesline 1.
Most of these funders have specific mandates and targeted charities for donations. Whilst it is
important to respect the individual mandates, a coordination of the funders can create system
efficiencies. Collaboration between existing funders and businesses to create a community
index of priorities and match donations to this index can have far and long reaching impacts
on non-profit organisations which rely heavily on grants. NGOs and Social Programming apply
to a multitude of funders whilst competing for funds. A Community Fund consisting of pooled
resources from various funders will simplify the application process.
A community priorities index can also identify gaps for funding and create a level playing field.
1
Home Treasures sells donated household items and uses the proceeds to support essential needs of community members.
Home Reno Heaven sells donated home renovation products and uses the proceeds to support affordable housing programs
Clothesline sell donated second hand clothes and uses the proceeds to support the local food bank.
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Communication Strategies
A communication strategy to present the GBA report to the community will require a multipronged approach. It is vital that the report is presented in an open and transparent manner
to solicit support and commitment to move the Community Action Plan forward.
FCSS
AND
CSHO:
Share the report with CSHO and FCSS Boards and administration and seek feedback as well as
commitment to advocate report in political and community circles.
M EDIA
AND
S OCIAL M EDIA :
•
Release the report highlights to local newspapers and explain the desired outcomes for the
community.
•
Share the report and highlight the recommendations on CSHO and FCSS websites.
•
Social Media for FCSS can provide report summaries and seek dialogue.
•
Email highlights of the report to rural communities through rural newsletters and seek
feedback and commitment.
P OLITICAL E NGAGEMENT :
•
Present the Report to Council and seek Council’s input and commitment to implement
specific actions targeted at the Town of Cochrane.
•
Present the Report to Rocky View County and seek commitment to support the Community
Action Plan.
•
Present the Report to the MLA and MP for information and awareness of local issues and
seek advocacy on specific action items.
C OMMUNITY P RESENTATIONS :
Develop a community engagement strategy to present findings and recommendations of the
report to affect change within the community.
This strategy will include:
•
Make specific presentations to key stakeholders to gain commitment and partnerships to
implement crucial recommendations as part of a Community Action Plan.
•
Define partnerships and required resources- time, people and $$ to implement Community
Action Plan.
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•
Inspire stakeholders to provide report highlights on their websites and advocate findings of
the report.
C OMMUNITY A CTION P LAN :
•
Based on key partnerships and community resources, develop a Community Action Plan
with a framework for specific actions, resources and timelines.
•
Develop a joint evaluation mechanism to monitor the implementation of the Community
Action Plan and build accountability features.
•
Create Community awareness of the action plan and provide regular community reports to
ensure continuous community awareness and engagement.
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A p p en d i x A – A w ar e n e s s
P OSTER
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D ISTRIBUTION L IST
PROJECT AWARENESS NOTICE DISTRIBUTION LIST
Newspapers and Newsletters
Press Conference with Times and Eagle
Press Conference with MD Rockyview newsletter
Rural Newsletters
Email Distribution by accessing various databases
Town of Cochrane email database
CSHO database
Rural Communities-Boards/Community Centres
Rural Schools
Cochrane Schools
Chamber of Commerce
Interagency
Spraylakes Saw Mills Family Sports Centre
Community Futures
Helping Hands Faith Group
Library
Seniors on theBow
Sports Clubs
Bow Valley College
Learning Connectivity
United Way
Pregnancy Care Centre
Tapestry of Women
Activettes
Boys and Girls Clubs
Distribution of Posters and Hand Outs
Rural Community Bulliten Boards
Grocery Stores
Doctors Offices
Community Health Care Centre
Physio Clinics
Spraymills Rec Centre
Homestead Residents
Yoga Studios
Stores and Boutiques
Legion
Churches
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N EWSPAPER A D
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A p p en d i x B – E xp e r t I n t e r v i e w s
P URPOSE S TATEMENT
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C ONSENT F ORM
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E XPERT (I NTENSIVE ) I NTERVIEWS
The team began with broad interviews with 23 community members who were selected due to
their knowledge and rich experiences in the area that this project was looking at: Women’s
economic security. While the term “expert” could be misconstrued to interpret as professional,
it was meant to represent that these interviewees were experts at their own life. These
interviews involved open ended questions that helped to direct the more specific questions
that were eventually determined for our focus groups. Expert Interviews were conducted in
informal settings to achieve a level of comfort and ease for the interviewees. Although
researchers navigated the questioning, a free flow conversation mode was adapted to allow for
rich anecdotal data and experiences to be shared freely.
Intensive Interviews with 13 service provider professionals also followed the same mode to
allow professionals to express their perspectives openly and without reserve. This allowed for
opinions and constructive suggestions which are incorporated in the recommendations.
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Q&A
Why are CSHO and FCSS doing this project?
FCSS and CSHO, (who administers social and affordable housing in Cochrane), have
experienced a high number of women accessing their services. They want to get a better
understanding of women experiencing poverty hardships to assess how they can help and
create better programs to advance women out of poverty.
We have participated in many such research projects and nothing has come out of it,
what is in it for me?
CSHO and FCSS have received funding from SWC to implement a plan to mitigate some of the
identified barriers. Data from this research project will be used to define some obvious barriers
which can be mitigated by Town policies and CSHO’s intervention, while others may require
long term advocacy to federal and provincial governments to change policies which stagnate
women. Although we appreciate that you may not have seen any outcomes, we are confident
that through this research CSHO/FCSS will be able to bring forward a plan to enhance women’s
security in the region.
Who will you share this information with?
The information collected will be part of a report to SWC and will also be used to create an
implementation plan. No individual information will be used without your consent. Refer to
consent form. None of your contact information will be shared with anyone. Only the project
team will have access to this information.
When will this report be out and will I get a copy of the report?
The report will be made public, towards the end of this year, however if you want a copy, we
will provide you with one. Mark consent Form for Report required.
Where will be data stored and for how long?
Recorded data will be destroyed/erased once the information has been transcribed and data
coded.
Written information such as your consent form will be stored in a locked facility in CSHO’s
office and stored for a minimum of 3 years. Only the project team will have access to this data
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A p p en d i x C – F o cu s G r o u p s
F OCUS G ROUP F ORMAT
Focus Groups will be conducted with a group of women who know each other and have a
comfort level to discuss and share views. Project Team will solicit various organisations along
with individual women to recruit participants for Focus Groups.
Focus Groups will be conducted for a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 10 participants.
A minimum of two facilitators will conduct the Focus Group, and may be accompanied by
practicum students.
Resources for Focus Groups:
P articipants:
Purpose Statement;
Project Team Contact Handouts;
Consent Forms;
Name Tags;
Note paper;
Pencils/Pens;
Anxiety balls/hand toys;
Facilitators:
Name tags
Audio Recorder
Flip Chart
Project Q & As
Note paper/coding sheet
Extra batteries for recorder
Extension cords
Questions
General R esources:
Childcare;
Refreshments;
Community Resource Guide
Community Resource publications
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Logistics:
Select meeting place, time and date for focus group.
Obtain key contact information for participants.
Inform participants of the time date and meeting place.
Give participants a reminder call one day prior to the focus group
Set up room to achieve maximum comfort and interaction.
If refreshments are offered, decide if refreshments are offered during, before or after the
focus group discussion.
If Childcare is offered, ensure children are not in the same room, are settled before
proceeding with the focus group to minimise interruptions.
Understand the target group’s belief/mandate to guide discussion.
M oderation:
Introduce yourself, team members
Welcome participants and set a comfortable tone
Housekeeping-washrooms/emergency exits
Provide overview of the project
Review consent form and confidentiality measures
Review recorder placement
Ground rules for discussion
Know your questions and manage the discussion around the questions
Stay focused on the desired outcome
Use probes and pauses to guide discussion
Manage time during discussion
Do not interject with any personal opinions
Observe body language
Observe shy participants
Offer survey or expert interviews to those not able to participate openly
Offer referral or community resources to those who may need them
Check recorder
Take notes as necessary
Debrief:
As a team review and debrief-what worked, what didn’t?
Incorporate format learning in future focus groups.
Check Recorder to ensure key info captured.
Provide a brief written summary of key points to complement recording.
Transfer recording and written data into NVivo.
Questioning Sequence
Completed
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F OCUS G ROUP Q UESTIONS
TO
G UIDE F REE F LOW
OF
C ONVERSATIONS
Ec o n o m i c S e c u r i t y D e f i n i t i o n :
•
•
•
Sufficient, current income (including necessary benefits) to support oneself and any
dependents
Appropriate shelter for you and your dependent’s needs
The ability to access credit
Based on this definition, what is your definition of economic security?
How did the following impact your life experience and your ability to achieve economic
security?
1. How did your level or type of education create a barrier or support your economic security?
2. In which way did child care impact your economic security:
3. What is your experience with obtaining appropriate shelter in this community
4. What has your experience been for obtaining credit on your own?
5. Have changes to your family composition (death, separation, divorce, blended family,
incarceration, unplanned pregnancy) impacted your economic security?
6. How did your family of origin shape your attitudes and beliefs towards?
7. How has health (yours or dependent’s) affected your economic security?
8. Have you ever had to compromise your values or beliefs to generate money?
9. What experiences have you had, with an individual or group, which inspired, motivated or
encouraged you in achieving your goals and positively shift your outlook on life?
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F OCUS G ROUP
FOR
P ROFESSIONALS
AND
S ERVICE P ROVIDERS
Definition of Economic Security:
“at a minimum having stable access to an income sufficient to support oneself and one’s
dependents in ways that are conducive to physical and mental health.
(Security 4 Women 2004)
Questions:
1. What is your definition of Economic Security?
2. What are your professional observations regarding the barriers within this community for
women becoming independent and financially secure?
3. What ideas do you have to improve existing programs or systems to support or enhance
women’s economic security in our region?
Professional Focus Groups:
The service provider (professionals and Para professionals) focus groups consisted of a variety
of workers from Alberta Health Services including: Mental Health Counsellors, Addictions
Counsellors, Family Counsellors, Clinical Supervisors, Front end administrators, Outreach
workers, Health educators, and Nursing staff. From the FCSS focus group there were in
attendance: Resource Workers, Rural Support Workers, Family Support Workers, Domestic
Violence Outreach Support, Early Childhood Educators and a Parent Link Centre Cocoordinator.
Through informal interview processes and information presentations using the same questions,
the team was also able to gather data and information from employment counsellors, local
politicians, domestic violence specialists, law enforcement personnel including Victim Services,
Bow Valley College staff, Rocky View schools representatives, local school Child Development
Advisors and Counsellors, and Boys & Girls Club programmers and staff members.
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Focus Group: Let’s Touch the Sky
Status of Women Increasing Economic Security
CH Focus Group
March 6 th , 2013
1pm-3pm



Participants attended at Stable Room at FCSS in Cochrane, Alberta
Moderator: Melissa Engdahl
Assistant Moderator: Wendy Farnsworth
Paper products used: Consent forms, information about project, Cochrane Mental Health
hours and location documents & focus group questions.
Audio Recording: Total recording time was seconds saved on of the Olympus digital
recorder. Saved on computer to be utilized for NVIVO analysis transcription. Recording of
focus group was acknowledged and consented to by participants.
Transcript and note taking: Full transcripts will be created, notes made to determine
speaker/ order of speaker for identification purposes of transcripts.
Overview of the Process: This focus group was organized by Christina H., who actively
promoted and recruited the majority of participants. The group became too large for the time
frame and 4 had to answer the questions they missed via email.
The Questions: The questions are flowing nicely and often they are answered in related
questions but each variation offers a deeper, richer text.
Debrief Questions:
•
What were the themes that came out of this focus group?

Struggles with divorce

Re-certification/ re-accreditation issues

Cycle of abuse within families

Participants moving in with parents during times of struggle at different stages of life.

Participants taking room-mates or boyfriends to bring in extra income to afford
housing.

The resentment and safety concerns of needing to take on roommates to afford
housing.

Part-time work and no benefits to support

Purpose in life and work importance to self-esteem and well-being

Lack of knowledge and budgeting education

Positive mentors/role models making a difference
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•
•
What was surprising or unexpected?

The grandparents raising children and not having supports.

Differences in Child care cost, availability and subsidy between provinces.
What quotes were particularly helpful?
“Well I raised two grandchildren here, and (started crying) it was a mess. I had no supports I had
nothing. That's why I am here. Financially I was OK with it but I didn't have anybody to talk to. You
would go to these things with the kids and stuff and I was the old one. It felt like I did not have
anything in common with the other mothers.” Female Age 60
‘In BC day care was 750 a month and I had to pay 150 and the government paid the rest. I came to
Alberta thinking it was exactly the same thing. But here you are making the same amount of money
but they are paying 150 and I am paying the rest. Day care is also another 2-3 hundred dollars
more per month. That was another factor.” Female Age 35
“Cochrane would be my ideal town and I would have stayed here if I could have bought a house
here I would have. The prices were so out of reach and I think I make a pretty good salary for an
average person you are not looking to be successful in Cochrane. You have to look for the outside
towns unless you get lucky with a cheap rental or have assistance. That is why I am an outsider, I
don't choose to be but I am.” Female Age 32
“It was just really frustrating because I had worked just as hard in that marriage, looking after
those kids, and I was just left on my own and he made so much money and had a really good job,
still does and even though I was a teacher, I hadn't worked or had any professional development or
experience to get a job and it was just really frustrating that he could get away with that. All of the
RRSP's were in his name, the house was put for sale, it finally sold last summer pretty much all that
was there of my share has been spent on lawyer fees, over a 100 thousand dollars. it’s just insane,
there is not going to be anything left it has been almost 2 years and he is fighting me on absolutely
everything” Female Age 41
“I have had several female bosses who are strong, intelligent, inspiring women. I have worked in
more than one female dominated industry where women are making contributions to knowledge,
science and the methods that are used.” Female Age 27
“The financial and emotional abuse that I feel that we had to endure caused both of my teenage
daughters, last year were both suicidal. And that made me suicidal. And because I did not have a
permanent contract and I was sub I did not get any kind of disability or anything and sick days or
anything and I was told I could not work anymore. They came and told me, I was subbing one day
at school, and they came and told me because I had been crying and the students obviously could
see it and I did not have any money if I did not go to work and it was very stressful for me. Again I
feel like the short end of the stick I am in a situation with an employer because I am part time I
could not get benefits so I rely on CMH for counseling.” Female age 41
“Now I get it why mums would do this. If you don't have the money and you have nowhere to go
but a shelter- yeah. And not wanting to be dependent on somebody again but not having any other
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choice but thankfully a warm and caring generous guy willing to do this [move in] and knowing it is
only temporary.” Female 42
•
How was this group similar to or different from earlier groups?
This group was heterogeneous in composition. It created a richer sharing of ideas and
experiences in comparison to the homogenous group of the PLC. This is the hope of
creating a heterogeneous composition for a focus group but it requires a certain level of
comfort, trust and engagement from the group. This appeared to be the case here.
•
Does anything need to be changed before the next group?
Some controls and management of the group size when organized by a participant.
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Focus Group: Let’s Touch the Sky
Status of Women Increasing Economic Security
FCSS Professional Perspectives
April 2, 2013
230-330



10 Participants attended at Stable Room at FCSS in Cochrane, Alberta
Moderator: Ravi Natt
Assistant Moderator: Melissa Engdahl
Paper products used: Consent forms, information about project, Cochrane Mental Health
hours and location documents & focus group questions.
Audio Recording: Total recording time was seconds saved on of the Olympus digital
recorder. Saved on computer to be utilized for NVIVO analysis transcription. Recording of
focus group was acknowledged and consented to by participants.
Transcript and note taking: Full transcripts will be created, notes made to determine
speaker/ order of speaker for identification purposes of transcripts.
Overview of the Process: This was an internal focus group based on the professional
observations of staff at the FCSS.
The Questions:
Debrief Questions:
•
What were the themes that came out of this focus group?

Social isolation

Stigma

MEP issues/ legal battles

Childcare costs and availability

Transportation

Cycle

Non-supportive family of origin

Domestic Violence

Grandparents raising children

Lack of budgeting education

Lack of services for children and adolescents

Lack of safe choices

Community perceptions

More information needed on impact of children on early years
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•

Solicitation of other sources for funding- philanthropists in Cochrane

Lack of benefits for Part time workers- women make up majority of part time workers
*******

Lack of Canadian culture recognizing work and value of parents who stay home.

DV education to break the cycle

Lack of transportation
What was surprising or unexpected?

•
Difficulty of decisions for parents to leave their children in another town for childcare
when they are working in another.
What quotes were particularly helpful?

On NVivo
•
How was this group similar to or different from earlier groups?
•
Does anything need to be changed before the next group?
Transcripts of all focus groups are available upon request.
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Q UANTITATIVE D ATA I NDICATORS
Age range
Education levels
Personal Incomes and Family Incomes
Family Composition-Blended or Nuclear Family
Lone parent -female headed families
Female labour participation rate
Geographic location and distance to main trading area
Transportation to main trading area
Amenities in the area
Services and Programs in the area
Percentage of newcomers to Canada
Percentage of female homeowners versus renters
Percentage of females accessing child support services
Percentage of women staying at home due to cost of childcare
Number of calls to Women Support Centres – Violence etc.
Number of calls to RCMP – domestic etc.
Number females accessing Health Centres for supportNumber accessing Food Hampers and other family support services
Percentage of females on disability insurance
Percentage of females accessing Mental Health support
Percentage of females accessing support for addictions
Percentage of females accessing social housing
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A p p en d i x D – Su r v e y
Hello!
We need your help! Do you live in Cochrane and surrounding area? Are you interested in
increasing the economic security of yourself, your daughters, your wives or others living in this
community?
We are a project team living in Cochrane and working to complete a Gender Based Needs
Assessment to explore the determinants effecting women’s economic security in the region. In
partnership with Status of Women Canada, Cochrane Society for Housing Options (CSHO) and
Cochrane Family and Community Support Services (FCSS), we have been conducting local
focus groups and developing this survey to gather information and data that will assist us with
recommendations within our community and on multiple governmental levels.
Please click on the link below or copy and paste it into your browser and take 20 minutes to fill
out our survey and your email address will be entered in a draw to win a 100 dollar gift
certificate from Paisley Boutique drawn on April 1 st , 2013. Your gift of experience and
information will be an integral piece of the larger puzzle. Thank-you in advance for your time
and please do not hesitate to contact us with any further questions that you may have about
the project.
https://www.surveymonkey.com/s/Letstouchtheskies
Let’s Touch the Skies! Project Team
Western Rocky View Family and Community Resource Center
#1, 209-2 nd Avenue West
Cochrane, Alberta
403-851-2250
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Survey summaries are available upon request.
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A p p en d i x E – N V i v o
Let’s touch the sky’s project team used NVivo software to organize its research data.
NVivo is software that supports qualitative and mixed method research. It lets you collect,
organize and analyze content from interviews, focus groups, discussions, surveys and social
media.
The Project team began its coding with the broad themes produced from the expert interviews.
These themes or “nodes” as they are called in NVivo then become a part of the hierarchal
structuring that begins to form your project. The way you approach coding depends on your
methodology and research design but for this project we started with ‘broad-brush’ coding to
organize the material into broad topic areas (you can use Text Search queries to help with
this)—then explore the node for each topic and do more detailed coding. For example, gather
all the content about Employment Barriers and then explore the node looking for interesting
perceptions, contradictions or assumptions. The research team used this method to start and
then went straight into detailed coding (making nodes as you need them). Finally, combine
and group your nodes into related categories.
Many qualitative researchers are interested in evaluating, interpreting and explaining social
phenomena. They analyze unstructured or semi-structured data like interviews, surveys, field
notes, web pages and journal articles—and they work in a range of sectors; from social science
and education to healthcare and business. Researchers usually adopt a qualitative
methodology to suit their research question. For example, a social scientist wanting to develop
new concepts or hypotheses may take a ‘grounded theory’ approach. A health researcher
looking for ways to improve policy or program design might use ‘evaluation methods’. NVivo
doesn’t favour a particular methodology—it’s designed to facilitate common qualitative
techniques for organizing, analyzing and sharing data—no matter what method you use. It is
for this reason that the project chose NVivo to explore their data in Let’s Touch the Sky!
NVivo Definitions
Sources are your research materials including documents, PDFs, datasets, audio, video,
pictures, memos and framework matrices.
Coding is the process of gathering material by topic, theme or case. For example, selecting a
paragraph about water quality and coding it at the node ‘water quality’.
Nodes are containers for your coding—they let you gather related material in one place so
that you can look for emerging patterns and ideas.
Source classifications let you record information about your sources—for example,
bibliographical data.
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Node classifications allow to you record information about people, places or other cases—
for example, demographic data about people.
Working with classification sheets in NVIVO
Classification sheets provide an overview of the items in a particular classification. For
example, in our project we had classifications for gender, age, community, length of time
residing in the community, education attainment, family income, personal income and marital
status.
Example of NVIVO Classification Sheet below
The software then makes it possible to create detailed searches to find relationships or
connections between the data sets that otherwise would be difficult to see. For example, you
can select themes or transcript and do a “text frequency” query to illustrate the words most
often used throughout the project by respondents. You can also quickly analyze what
respondents were coded more frequently at certain nodes.
Text Search Query: search for a word or phrase in your source material and view all the
matches in a preview node—automatically code the content (if you want to). Display a word
tree to visualize words in context:
Word Frequency Query: list the most frequently occurring words in your sources and
visualize the results in a tag cloud, tree map or cluster analysis diagram.
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This project utilized NVIVO to analyze transcripts, audio files and organize demographic
information about respondents into classification sheets. Its potential to do even more
extensive analysis was not fully realized within this project but served its intended purpose for
Let’s Touch the Sky.
Source: QSR International (2013) Retrieved from: http://download.qsrinternational.com/Document/NVivo10/NVivo10-GettingStarted-Guide.pdf
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Statistics Canada, Census Profile. (2011). 2011 Census Profiles: Cochrane, AB. Retrieved from:
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P OVERTY AND E CONOMIC S ECURITY PAGE
•
Indicators of Poverty & Hunger, Dr. David Gordon, United Nations Retrieved 2011-5-27
•
Security 4 Women 2004, p4
T ERMS AND D EFINITIONS PAGE
•
•
•
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P G . 1 – E XECUTIVE S UMMARY
•
Statistics Canada, 2006; 2006a; 2006b
P G . 3-9 – C OMMUNITY P ROFILE S OURCES
•
Statistics Canada – 2006 and 2011 Community Profiles
•
Rocky View County – Community Profile 2012
•
Town of Cochrane, Economic Development Strategy, 2013
•
Bow Valley College – Community and Human Resources Profile Cochrane, 2013
•
StatsCan 2006/2011
•
Community and Human Resources Profile, Bow Valley College 2013
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P G . 10-11 – P RINCIPLES OF R ESEARCH
•
Status of Women Canada, Website
•
Understanding Participatory Action Research, A Paper on qualitative research
methodology option; Cathy MacDonald Nipissing University 2012
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Mikkonen, J. & Raphael, D. (2010). Social Determinants of Health: The Canadian Facts.
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•
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Pasolli, K., & Young, L. (2012). Comparing Child Care Policy in the Canadian Provinces.
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Mikkonen, J. & Raphael, D. (2010). Social Determinants of Health: The Canadian Facts.
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•
Dominic Hickey Early Learning Center and Cochrane Baby Center
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•
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•
Mohiuddin I. & Mohiuddin, S. (2013) Review of Literature: Factors affecting women’s
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CSHO, Town of Cochrane, FCSS. (2009). Cochrane Affordable Housing Needs
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development: A review of the Literature. Retrieved from:
http://www.nhc.org/media/files/Housing-and-Economic-Development-Report-2011.pdf
P G . 43-46 – R EFERENCES TO E DUCATION F INDINGS
•
Isen, A. & Stevenson, B. (2012). Women’s education and family behavior: Trends in
marriage, divorce and fertility. Retrieved on June 2nd, 2013 from:
•
Martin, L. & Hou F. Statistics Canada, (2010). Sharing their lives: women, marital
trends & education. Retrieved from Statistics Canada on June 1st, 2013:
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-x/2010002/article/11335-eng.htm
•
de Boer, Kail, Rothwell, David W. & Lee, Christopher. CWRP Information Sheet #123E.
(2013). Montreal, QC: McGill University, Centre for Research on Children and Families
P G . 47-52 – R EFERENCES TO M ARITAL B REAKDOWN AND D OMESTIC V IOLENCE F INDINGS
•
Shift-The Project to End Domestic Violence-January 2011
•
Effective Coordinated Response to Domestic Violence – Elena Esina April 2013
•
Preventing Domestic Violence in Alberta: A Cost Savings Perspective-Lana Wells,
Brenda Strafford Chair, Prevention of Domestic Violence, Faculty of Social Work,
University of Calgary June 2012
•
Stratton, M. (2011). Alberta legal services mapping project: An overview of findings
from the eleven judicial districts. Canadian Forum on Civil Justice
P G . 53-58 – R EFERENCES TO T RANSPORTATION F INDINGS
•
Town of Cochrane Council Report. (2013). Transit Alternatives Analysis. Retrieved from:
http://www.cochrane.ca/municipal/toc/webcms.nsf/AllDoc/D0F50EBA39C6799287257B3
A00606423/$File/Transit%20Alternatives%20report%20March%2025%2C%202013.pdf
•
Steiner, John. Urban Systems. (2013). Cochrane’s Transit Options Analysis. Retrieved
from:
http://www.cochrane.ca/municipal/toc/webcms.nsf/AllDoc/D0F50EBA39C6799287257B3
A00606423/$File/Transit%20Alternatives%20report%20March%2025%2C%202013.pdf
P G . 59-59 – R EFERENCES TO C HOICES F INDINGS
•
Blacksher, E. (2002). On being poor and feeling poor: Economic status and the moral
self. Theoretical Medicine 23: p. 455-470. Netherlands Academic Publishers
P G . 60-67 – R EFERENCES TO E MPLOYMENT F INDINGS
•
CIDA. ACDI. (2002). Gender equality, policy and tools: Questions about culture, gender
equality and development cooperation. Government of Canada. Retrieved from:
http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca/INET/IMAGES.NSF/vLUImages/Policy/$file/GE-Q&A-CultureEN.pdf
•
StatsCan 2006
•
Community and Human Resources Profile, Bow Valley College 2013
Page 124
Let’s Touch the Skies!
•
Korpil, W., Ferrarinil, T., & Stefan, E. (2010) Women’s opportunities under different
family policy constellations: Gender, class and inequality trade-offs in western countries
re-examined. Social Politics. Retrieved from:
http://www.lisdatacenter.org/wps/liswps/556.pdf
•
Government of Alberta Human Services (2012) Alberta career and industry outlook:
Economic and other trends affecting the world of work to 2015.
•
Retrieved from: http://alis.alberta.ca/pdf/cshop/careerindustry.pdf
•
Source: New Brunswick Wage Gap Reduction Initiative (2010) Retrieved from:
www.gnb.ca/wagegap
•
Source: Alberta Primetime. Sigurdson, L. & Watson, L. (June, 2013). Television
Interview. Retrieved from: http://www.albertaprimetime.com/Stories.aspx?pd=5221
•
Owens, A., & Sokoloff, H., (2004). Child Care Advocacy Association of Canada. Living
large on maternity leave. Retrieved from:
http://www.ccaac.ca/pdf/resources/Articles/MatLeave04.pdf
PG. 69-74 – AWARENESS & PUBLIC POLICY RECOMMENDATION
•
Stats Canada, 2006, 2006a, 2006b
•
United Nations. "Report of the Economic and Social Council for 1997". A/52/3.18
•
http://www.swc-cfc.gc.ca/pol/gba-acs/index-eng.html
•
http://www.interaction.org/search/node/gender%20audit
•
Stats Canada, 2008
•
Mohiuddin & Mohiuddin – SP 293 CHea
•
Educated, Employed and Equal: The Economic Prosperity Case for National Child Care,
March 7, 2011, YWCA Canada
•
The Centre for Community Child Health-Royal Children’s Hospital Australia, Policy Brief
# 3 2006: Work and Family life balance
•
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Website
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/psychosocial/mentalhealth_work.html
•
Canadian Public Health Association (CCPHA) Frontline Journal 2013,
http://www.cpha.ca/en/programs/socialdeterminants/frontlinehealth/stories/sudbury.aspx
PG. 75-78 – COORDINATION OF SERVICES RECOMMENDATION
•
www.youthrelations.org
•
Camh -Centre for Addictions and Mental Health; www.youthrelations.org; The Fourth R
Alberta Project-Building Healthy Relationships with Youth in Alberta
•
Girls Action Foundation, 2013
Page 125
A Report on Women’s Economic Security
in Cochrane & Surrounding Area – June 2013
PG. 79-83 – NEW INITIATIVES – “LET’S TOUCH THE SKIES” RECOMMENDATION
•
Lana M. Wells, The Brenda Stafford Chair for the Prevention of Domestic Violence,
University of Calgary
•
•
Town of Cochrane-Transit Alternative Analysis Report March 25 2013
Housing First an Investment with Return in Prosperity, The Report of The Alberta
Affordable Housing Task Force. 2007
Affordable Housing in this context refers to housing which is at a minimum 10% below
market rates.
Social Housing refers to non-profit or public housing where all or some of the rents are
subsidized and households pay only 30% of their gross income for shelter.
•
•
•
Mohiuddin & Mohiuddin Lit Review – IDA, US
•
Task Force on Financial Literacy – http://abclifeliteracy.ca/financial-literacy-2012
•
Buckland, 2010
PG. 122 – APPENDIX E – NVIVO
•
QSR International (2013) Retrieved from:
http://download.qsrinternational.com/Document/NVivo10/NVivo10-Getting-StartedGuide.pdf
Page 126
Let’s Touch the Skies!
[email protected]
W e live in a culture w here our successes and our failures are attributed personally to our
o w n a b i l i t i e s o r f a i l i n g s . Th i s i s h o w s o c i e t y j u d g e s u s . U n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t t h e p l a y i n g
field is not equal and recognizing the invisible opportunities and challenges that attach
them selves to a certain age, race, or gender, to nam e a few , is not universally accepted
n o r u n d e r s t o o d i n t h e C a n a d i a n c u l t u r e . Ef f o r t s a r e b e i n g m a d e t o a d d r e s s a n d i l l u s t r a t e
in literature, education, policy and through research that prom ote deeper analysis of
d e m o g r a p h i c d a t a . Th e g o a l o f d o i n g t h i s , i s t h a t i t w i l l g i v e u s a d e e p e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g
of the W HO? is being affected, in the hopes that w e can better determ ine the W HY ? of
som e issues.
Contact
C ORINNE B URNS
C OORDINATOR C OCHRANE S OCIETY FOR H OUSING O PTIONS (CSHO)
[email protected]
Phone: 403 851-2261
Report prepared by Equipoise Management Consultants Inc.