SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES Learners’ Beliefs about English Language Learning in the Context of 7HUWLDU\(GXFDWLRQ:LWK5HIHUHQFHWRWKH8QGHUJUDGXDWHVRIWKH 8QLYHUVLW\RI0RUDWXZD 65LID0DKURRI )DFXOW\RI,VODPLF6WXGLHVDQG$UDELF/DQJXDJH 6RXWK(DVWHUQ8QLYHUVLW\RI6UL/DQND 2OXYLO6UL/DQND Corresponding author’s e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approach. The learners’ beliefs were captured through questionnaires and interviews adapted from %$//,IUDPHZRUN7KHILQGLQJVUHYHDOWKDWWKHXQGHUJUDGXDWHVKDYHFRQILGHQFHLQWKHLU RZQOHDUQLQJ DELOLW\DVWKH\SHUFHLYH(QJOLVKQRWDVDGLIILFXOWODQJXDJHWROHDUQ,WDOVRJLYHVDQLQVLJKWIRUWHDFKHUV WRLQFRUSRUDWHPRUHFRPPXQLFDWLYHVWXGHQWcentred learning activities. Thus learners’ beliefs not only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the teaching and learning process. As such, learners’ beliefs and perceptions are significant learner YDULDEOHV LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI WHDFKLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ :KHQ WHDFKHUV LQFRUSRUDWH WKH LGHQWLILHGOHDUQHUEHOLHIVDQG UHIOHFWRQWKHLUSRWHQWLDOLPSDFWRQODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJDQGWHDFKLQJWKLV FDQLQIRUP IXWXUH V\OODEXVGHVLJQDQGWKHVWUDWHJLHVWKDWFDQEHDGRSWHGWRHQKDQFHWKHWHDFKLQJDQG OHDUQLQJSURFHVV 3URFHHGLQJVWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXP6(86/ 3DJH SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES This study examines the learners’ beliefs in learning English at tertiary level in local context in order to discover whether learners’ beliefs in learning English is a contributory factor in teaching English at WHUWLDU\OHYHO 7KHTXHVWLRQVDGGUHVVHGLQWKLVVWXG\DUH What are the learners’ beliefs about learning English at tertiary level of education? +RZGRWKHVHOHDUQHUEHOLHIVFRQWULEXWHWRWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRI(QJOLVKODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJDQG WHDFKLQJ" /LWHUDWXUH5HYLHZ (GXFDWLRQDOJRDOVDQG(QJOLVK/DQJXDJHWHDFKLQJDSSURDFKLQ6UL/DQND 6LQFH WKH ODWH V WKH 6UL /DQNDQ (GXFDWLRQDO 6\VWHP KDV DWWHPSWHG WR DGRSW &RPPXQLFDWLYH DSSURDFK LQ WHDFKLQJ (QJOLVK LQ VFKRROV 1DWLRQDO ,QVWLWXWH RI (GXFDWLRQ DV ZHOO DV LQ WHUWLDU\ HGXFDWLRQDO LQVWLWXWLRQV 7KH GHJUHH SURJUDPV RIIHUHG E\ WKH VWDWH 8QLYHUVLW\ V\VWHP DUH SODQQHG WRZDUGV RXWFRPHEDVHG HGXFDWLRQ 2%( XVLQJ VWXGHQWFHQWUHG OHDUQLQJ 0LQLVWU\ RI +LJKHU (GXFDWLRQ 2QH RI WKH QDWLRQDO JRDOV RI WHUWLDU\ HGXFDWLRQ LV WR SURGXFH UHDGLO\ HPSOR\DEOH JUDGXDWHV ZKR FDQ WKLQN LQWHOOHFWXDOO\ DFW FRQILGHQWO\ DQG FRPPXQLFDWH HIIHFWLYHO\ 6R students’ SRWHQWLDOVKRXOGEHGHYHORSHGLQDKROLVWLFDQGLQWHJUDWHGPDQQHUWRSURPRWHQDWLRQDOLQWHJUDWLRQ,QWKH FRQWH[W RI WHDFKLQJ (QJOLVK IRFXV PXVW EH RQ WKH WHDFKLQJ RI IRXU VNLOOV DQG ODQJXDJH FRQWHQWV LH JUDPPDU SURQXQFLDWLRQ DQG YRFDEXODU\ E\ DGYRFDWLQJ WKH FRPPXQLFDWLYH DSSURDFK ,W EHFRPHV PDQGDWRU\ WR enhance students’ communicative skills through the integration of four skills and ODQguage contents through ‘realistic and authentic’ tasks that stimulate realOLIHFRQGLWLRQV Approaches to investigate learners’ beliefs %DUFHORV LGHQWLILHV WKUHH DSSURDFKHV LH WKH QRUPDWLYH WKH PHWDFRJQLWLYH DQG WKH FRQWH[WXDO DSSURDFKWRLQYHstigate learners’ beliefs. According to Hofer & Pintrich (2004), they vary in terms of WKH FRQFHSWRIEHOLHIVLH ZKHWKHUEHOLHIVDUHFRQVLGHUHGVWDEOHRUG\QDPLFLQGLYLGXDO RUFRQWH[WXDO DQGWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQEHOLHIVDQGDFWLRQV7KH QRUPDWLYHDpproach sees beliefs as individuals’ stable ‘preconceived notions, myths or misconceptions’ (Horwitz 1988). A Likert scale questionnaire VXFK DV WKH %HOLHIV $ERXW /DQJXDJH /HDUQLQJ ,QYHQWRU\ %$//, GHYHORSHG E\ +RUZLW] LV DOZD\VXVHGLQWKLVDSSURDFK7KHPHWDFRJQLWLYHDSSURDFKGHILQHVEHOLHIVDVPHWDFRJQLWLYHNQRZOHGJH that constitutes their ‘theories in action’ (Wenden 1987). It investigates beliefs through content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of learner beliefs. BALLI is an instrument designed to assess teachers’ opinions on several issues UHODWHG WR ODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ ,Q D EUDLQVWRUPLQJ VHVVLRQ IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH WHDFKHUV LQ WKH 8QLWHG States listed their beliefs, other people’s beliefs, and their students’ beliefs about language learning. $IWHU HOLPLQDWLQJ WKH LGLRV\QFUDWLF EHOLHIV WKH OLVW ZDV H[DPLQHG DQG DGGHG PRUH EHOLHIV 7KH LQVWUXPHQW ZDV WKHQ SLORWHG ZLWK ILUVWVHPHVWHU IRUHLJQ ODQJXDJH VWXGHQWV DW 7KH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7H[DV DW $XVWLQ +RUZLW] %$//, HPSOR\V D SRLQW /LNHUWtype scale ranging from ‘strongly disagree’ to ‘strongly agree’. It has been revised three times; the final version contains 34 itemV ,W FRPSULVHVILYHWKHPHVLIRUHLJQODQJXDJHDSWLWXGHLLGLIILFXOW\RIODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJLLLQDWXUHRI ODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJLYOHDUQLQJDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQVWUDWHJLHVDQGYPRWLYDWLRQDQGH[SHFWDWLRQ BALLI’s validity is criticized by Kuntz (1 IRU LWV WHDFKHUVJHQHUDWHG LWHPVWKHPHV WKH ODFN RI H[SODQDWLRQV IRU WKH JHQHUDWHG WKHPHV DQG WKH RYHUUHOLDQFH RQ GHVFULSWLYH VWDWLVWLFV 1HYHUWKHOHVV studies employing factor analysis conducted by Yang (1999) and Park (1995), have proven BALLI’s YDOLGLW\LQWKH$VLDQFRQWH[W%$//,KDVDOVREHHQHQGRUVHGIRULWVDSSOLFDELOLW\DVDWRROIRUDVVHVVLQJ learners’ beliefs. +RUZLW]VWDWHGVHFRQGODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVRIWHQKROGGLIIHUHQWEHOLHIVRUQRWLRQVDERXWODQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ VRPH RI ZKLFK Dre influenced by students’ previous experiences as language learners, and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account for as much variation as cultural differences, research has also proven that learners’ beliefs PD\KDYHWKHSRWHQWLDOWRLQIOXHQFHERWKWKHLUH[SHULHQFHVDQGDFWLRQVDVODQJXDJHOHDUQHUVDQGWKHUH DUHOLQNVEHWZHHQEHOLHIVPRWLYDWLRQDQGVWUDWHJ\XVH+RUZLW] $ VWXG\ ZDV FRQGXFWHG E\ &KDL HPSOR\LQJ %$//, TXHVWLRQQDLUH WR H[DPLQH WKH (QJOLVK /DQJXDJH OHDUQLQJ EHOLHIV KHOG E\ 0DOD\VLDQ 1DWLRQDO 6HFRQGDU\ 6FKRRO 166 DQG WKH 0DOD\VLDQ ,QGHSHQGHQW &KLQHVH 6HFRQGDU\ 6FKRRO 0,&66 (QJOLVK DV VHFRQG ODQJXDJH (6/ VWXGHQWV 7KLV study revealed that the MICSS and the NSS students’ beliefs differ primarily on their perceptions of the LPSRUWDQWH[SHFWDWLRQVRI OHDUQLQJ (QJOLVKDQGWKHLU(QJOLVKODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJSUDFWLFHV'HVSLWHWKH LQGLYLGXDO GLIIHUHQFHV LQ HGXFDWLRQDO EDFNJURXQG DQG SUHYLRXV (QJOLVK OHDUQLQJ H[SHULHQFHV UDFLDO GHPRJUDSKLFVWKHPRVWVDOLHQWGLIIHUHQFHLVLQWKHLUHQGRUVHPHQWIRUWKHWUDQVODWLRQPHWKRGLQOHDUQLQJ (QJOLVK %HVLGHV WKHUH ZHUH WKUHH DGGLWLRQDO (6/ OHDUQHU EHOLHIV GLVFRYHUHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ (QJOLVK teachers’ race/culture/mother tongue, ideal English classroom, and motivation in relation to WHFKQLTXHVDFWLYLWLHVHPSOR\HGLQWKHFODVVURRPand teachers’ choice of content. It shows that the NSS students’ beliefs are closer to the learnercentered principles but the MICSS students’ beliefs are still GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKHLU WUDGLWLRQDO OHDUQLQJ H[SHULHQFHV DQG WKHLU FODVVPDWHV 7KLV PLUURUHG WKH VWURQJHU FROOHFWLYLVWLFOHDUQLQJFXOWXUHLQWKH0,&66 $VFLWHGLQ&KDLJHQHUDOO\VWXGHQWVDJUHHZLWKWKHH[LVWHQFHRI(QJOLVKODQJXDJHDELOLW\3HQJ +XLEXWGLVSDUDJHWKHLURZQ(QJOLVKODQJXDJHDSWLWXGH&KDQJ6KHQ5LOH\ :X3HQJ+XL:XDQG+XDQJ7VDLUDWLRQDOL]HVXFKDVFHQDULRZLWK students’ unsuccessful English learning experiences. Even though students generally perceive English DVDGLIILFXOWODQJXDJH:X+RQJ/LWKH\WHQGWRXQGHUHVWLPDWHWKHGLIILFXOW\RI learning English Fujiwara (2011); Peng & Hui (2012); Riley (2006); Sioson (2011). Students’ opinions DUHGLYLGHGRQZKHWKHUOHDUQLQJ(QJOLVKLVDERXWDFTXLULQJJUDPPDUUXOHVYRFDEXODU\DQGWUDQVODWLQJ DELOLW\Peacock (1999) and Wu (2008) present students’ agreement about the importance of learning JUDPPDUZKLOH*KREDGL0RKHELDQG.KRGDGDG\/LDQG5LOH\UHSRUWRWKHUZLVH 9RFDEXODU\ OHDUQLQJ KDV DOZD\V EHHQ YDOXHG )XMLZDUD *KREDGL 0RKHEL .KRGDGDG\ :X &RQYHUVHO\ VWXGHQWV GR QRW DJUHH WKH\ VKRXOG WUDQVODWH WR DQG IURP WKHLU RZQ PRWKHU WRQJXH *KREDGL 0RKHEL .KRGDGDG\ 5LOH\ 7KH LVVXHV LQ WKLV FDWHJRU\ KDYH DOZD\V been on the students’ willingess to guess, tROHUDQFH IRU PLVWDNHVDQGWKHLUYLHZWRZDUGVWKHUROHVRI repeating and practising. Most studies including the study Peng & Hui (2012) report students’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guess if I don’t know a word in (QJOLVK 7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWSDUWRI OHDUQLQJ(QJOLVKLVOHDUQLQJ JUDPPDU 7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWSDUWRI OHDUQLQJ(QJOLVKLVOHDUQLQJ YRFDEXODU\ZRUGV ,QOHDUQLQJ(QJOLVKLWLVLPSRUWDQW WRSUDFWLFHDORW ,IHHOVK\WRVSHDN(QJOLVKZLWK RWKHUSHRSOH I don’t think it’s necessary to be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believe they will learn to speak English well. This finding consolidates Wu’s (2008) and Huang and Tsai’s (2003) explanation that success and failure in English learning experiences shape learners’ EHOLHIVDERXWWKHLU(QJOLVKODQJXDJHDSWLWXGH 3URFHHGLQJVWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXP6(86/ 3DJH SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES 7KH'LIILFXOW\LQ/DQJXDJH/HDUQLQJ ([FHSWWKHRWKHUUHVSRQGHQWVSHUFHLYH(QJOLVKQRWDVDGLIILFXOWODQJXDJHWKLVGRHVQRWFRQFXU ZLWK PRVW RI WKH ILQGLQJV )XMLZDUD 3HQJ +XL 5LOH\ 6LRVRQ ,Q FRQVLGHULQJ WKH GLIILFXOW\ RI OHDUQLQJ (QJOLVK WKH PDMRULW\ EHOLHYH WKDW (QJOLVK LV QRW D GLIILFXOW language to learn as 82.5 % disagree with 22% “strongly disagree” responses. Regarding the four skills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means they are mostly dependent on their native language. Students’ opinions are divided on whether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ance to immediate corrections. The other respondents’ tolerance for mistakes is consistent with Peng and Hui’s (2012) findings. A significant difference is revealed in students’ willingness of attempting to guess unknown words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“strongly agree” response. The high motivation sh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s’ beliefs’ also should be taken into consideration during decision making.'HVSLWHWKHGLIIHUHQFHVWKH\ KDYH LQ WKHLU VRFLR HFRQRPLF VWDWXV FXOWXUH HGXFDWLRQDO DQG IDPLO\ EDFNJURXQG OHDUQLQJ VW\OHV motivation and the learners’ previous English learniQJ H[SHULHQFHV LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR FRQVLGHU WKH 3URFHHGLQJVWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXP6(86/ 3DJH SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES FRQWH[WXDOGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHODQJXDJHOHDUQLQJ VLWXDWLRQDVZHOODVFODVVURRPSUDFWLFHVDVWKLV ZRXOG KDYHDJUHDWHULPSDFWRQOHDUQHUEHOLHIVZKLFKZLOOXOWLPDWHO\shape the teachers’ beliefs DVZHOO7KH ILQGLQJVDOVRUHYHDOWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIJLYLQJSUDFWLFHLQFRPPXQLFDWLRQDFWLYLWLHVWKDWLVUHODWHGWRWKHLU OLIH H[SHULHQFHV ,QWHUHVWLQJO\ WKH VWXG\ VWLUV WKH HQWKXVLDVP RI (QJOLVK WHDFKHUV DV WKHUH LV D VWURQJ XUJHDQGPRWLYDWLRQRQWKHSDUWRIWKHOHDUQHUV,WLVDVRFLDOUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWHDFKHUVWRUHFRJQL]HWKH EHOLHIV QHHGVDQGLQWHUHVWVRIOHDUQHUVDQGSURYLGHWKH QHFHVVDU\SODWIRUPWRDFKLHYHWKHRXWFRPHRI WHDFKLQJ(QJOLVKLQ6UL/DQND /LPLWDWLRQVDQGGLUHFWLRQIRUIXWXUHUHVHDUFK 7KLVSDSer identifies learners’ beliefs and its contribution at a broader perspective. 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