Maritime Headquarters (MHQ) with Maritime Operations Centers (MOC) CAPT Larry “Rat” Slade Second Fleet 8 May 2007 United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 1 Why MHQ w/ MOC? • Gaps in C2 Capabilities: – • OIF, 9-11, OP Anaconda, Katrina HA/DR identified limited ability to: • Command in a dynamic environment • Rapidly identify necessary participants or communities of interest across echelons for planning and response to crisis action • Provide consistent situational understanding at all command levels • Efficiently collaborate • Receive rapid feedback to assess and adapt to emerging conditions and shortened planning/execution timelines Demand signals / guidance: • • • • • • National Strategy for Maritime Security, Sep 2005 SECDEF memo – Formation & Sustainment of JTF HQs, Feb 2005 QDR, 2005 (Distributed Networked Operations) CNO Guidance, 2006 and 2007 Naval Operations Concept, Sep 2006 Consensus of CNO Maritime Security Conference, Jan & Sep 2006 Close the gaps at the operational-level of warfare United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 2 Where we were …. • OIF/OEF lessons drive MHQ w/ MOC development • Develop Joint Planning Expertise: – “When the CAT and OPG were stood up, staff officers' formal knowledge of joint doctrine, military planning process skills…, and information management plan was limited. These skills were shown to be essential for effective execution during 1003V.” – Navy Leader • Build Operational Level Commander / Planner: – “Navy has no counterpart to the CAOC.” – “Some functions given to CSGs were more appropriate for Operational-Level Commander e.g. IWC, FOTC, MIWC, etc.” – Advanced communication support systems historically targeted at the tactical-level (CSG) vice operational-level United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 3 Levels of Command Strategic Level ADCON Operational Level MHQs Tactical Level Naval forces United States Fleet Forces COCOM Other assigned or attached forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 4 Levels of Command Policy Level PRESIDENT SECDEF / JOINT STAFF Strategic Level AGENCY AGENCY AGENCY National Mil Command Ctr National Mil Joint Intel Ctr Combatant Commander NCC Operational Level # Fleet CDR COMNAVNETWARCOM Chris Wagner Tactical Level United States Fleet Forces ESF CSG * ESG * SSG & COALITION Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 5 Potential Navy Roles Navy Marines Service Component CDRs* Air Force Joint Force Commander Joint Force Choices Functional Component CDRs* Army JFLCC JFACC JFMCC JFSOCC Sub-unified Joint Task CDR Force or JTF CDR CDR* Potential Navy roles CDRs in Joint Roles: (when designated by JFC) * Navy- Joint Task Force CDR (JTF CDR) - Functional Component CDR (JFMCC) - Service Component CDR in support of JFC (JFNCC) MHQs must be prepared to fulfill all three roles United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 6 MOC FLEET MANAGEMENT FLEET & OPS SUPPORT United States Fleet Forces KM JAG PAO PERS MEDICAL DOCTRINE ADMIN CIS AND OTHERS Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 7 MHQ w/ MOC CONOPS Augmentation & Forward Element • MOC “right-sized” for normal & routine activities • Reachback support reduces on-site manning • Scalable as missions and roles increase in complexity • Preplanned augmentation allows rapid transition with “ready” personnel • Capable of distributed ops; afloat, ashore or distributed using forward element(s) United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 8 “MHQs with MOCs” Key Elements of the Concept 1. Functionally Organized – Organize Maritime Headquarters (MHQs) to execute Fleet Management (Title 10) and Operations functions 2. Maritime Operations Center (MOC) – Develop, activate, man and equip a MOC to support all MHQ req’ts 3. Organizational Scalability – Augment MHQs with pre-established augmentation plans for expected missions (add’l Navy/Joint systems - people, processes, tools) 4. Organizational Flexibility – Support flexible MHQ organizations (ashore, afloat, distributed) with capability to deploy forward elements, including the commander. 5. Standardization – Standardize MHQs and MOCs for manning, training and equipping, while retaining commander’s options to meet theater specific needs. 6. Globally-Networked – Globally connect MHQs and MOCs, with links to other services, multinational, federal, state, local agencies and NGOs United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 9 MHQ w/ MOC CONOPS Standardized MOC Processes Derived from joint processes, to enable interoperability across joint commands Focused on A. P. E. model; Assess-Plan-Execute Standardized employment for MOC staff, augments, liaison & subordinates and other components Facilitates MOC-MOC coordination across geographic and functional boundaries United States Fleet Forces MOC Process Appendix 36 core processes Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 10 MHQ w/ MOC CONOPS Ops Performed by MOC Organization • Focused on CDR’s Guidance and decision-making • Organized in centers, cells, teams – working groups and boards based on type of ops • Integrated logistics and intelligence • Synchronized battle rhythms and cycles (TSC, MSO, MCO) United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 11 MHQ w/ MOC CONOPS Producing Global Maritime Influence • Global MDA delivered thru collaboration with other services, agencies, nations and commercial entities • Global influence, shaping or response to trans-regional threats coordinated via MOC-MOC-other ops centers/agencies • Common information sharing –“crawl”, cross regional planning – “walk”, workload sharing – “run” • MHQ and MOC continuity of operations available during critical operations Requires common policies, doctrine, processes and information structures United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 12 MOC Dynamic Detect, Track & Engage Process “Kill” Chain “Watch” Chain Find GMII Intel Surveil Fix Track Target Engage Assess MOTR (MDT) MDA Track/Char/ID Recon Assess Engage Assess MOC capable of conducting multiple and simultaneous “Watch” and “Kill” operations across the AOR United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 13 MHQ w/ MOC CONOPS Certification Cycle • Continuously performing the certification cycle – Organize: Revise command METs as directed – Man: Establish new/revised activity and joint manning documents based on roles assigned – Train: All MOC staff, subordinate and component personnel on NMET / JMET tasks and processes – Equip: Identify mission reqts; correct system gaps – Certify: Complete certification process • Per JMETL (JTF HQ, JFMCC, JFNCC) • Per NMETL (NCC, NFC or Prin HQ) United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 14 MHQ w/ MOC CONOPS MOC Manning • MOC manned to meet Phase Ø Ops with limited surge capability – Self-augmentation available within MHQ for short duration • Reachback and collaborative support provide virtual augmentation • Active and reserve augmentation pre-planned and trained to meet specific tasks • Joint, inter-agency and coalition augmentation tailored to ops United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 15 MHQ w/ MOC CONOPS Training - Joint Maritime Operations • Send personnel through Navy standardized MOC training; enroute or once attached – • Augment with other operationallevel schools for functionally focused personnel Send key personnel through the Naval Operational Planner’s Course (NOPC) – Use grads in key MOC billets • Utilize NCTE for virtual and constructive training for MOCs • Utilize CNO-sponsored Senior Mentor Program to enhance leadership team knowledge United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 16 MHQ w/ MOC CONOPS System Standardization & Upgrade • Survey all systems against major process areas and MOC baseline, upgrade when possible / affordable – Most MOCs currently have most of the FY08 baseline – Includes capabilities for multinational and NGO collaboration • Identify regional or functional unique systems; procure/install as possible • MHQ OAG / Fleet input priorities for MOC configuration program • Implement frequent system review and refresh process United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 17 MHQ w/ MOC CONOPS Global Network of MOCs • 5 Full MOCs: – Numbered Fleets – capability for all operational-level functions and roles across ROMO Legend MOC EUCOM Tailored MOC C6F FFC C3F • NAVEUR NORTHCOM* PACOM C2F PACFLT CENTCOM 5 Tailored MOCs: – NCC & Principal HQs – capabilities tailored to meet specific needs – FFC, NAVSO; more assessment and future planning than daily ops – – CPF, same as above, + JTF-519 capability set NNWC (NIOSC) and SUB CTFs require specific functional focus United States Fleet Forces C3F C7F NAVCENT C5F SOUTHCOM NAVSO STRATCOM FFC NNWCNNWC-IO SUB CTFs * JFCOM SOCOM FFC NAVSPECWAR TRANSCOM * MSC * C2F * MSC and SPECWAR are not included in the FY-11 “5 & 5” set of MOCs Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 18 Navy-Maritime Organizations as Maritime Headquarters (MHQs) (Geographic Combatant Commands) NCC-CCDR SOUTHCOM PACOM CENTCOM EUCOM NORTHCOM COMNAVSO COMPACFLT COMNAVCENT COMNAVEUR CFFC C3F / C7F C5F C6F C2F / C3F Numbered Fleets Principal HQs (Functional Combatant Commands) NCC-CCDR STRATCOM SOCOM TRANSCOM JFCOM CFFC NAVSPECWAR MSC CFFC Numbered Fleets Principal HQs C2F NNWC SUB CTFs United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 19 MHQ w/ MOC Delivering Key Enablers Navy Enterprise MHQ Commands 1. MPT&E – Manning & Training FFC NAVEUR C6F Pipeline, Facilities, Competencies, NAVCENT C5F Curriculum & Leadership 2. Materiel & Facilities NAVSO Common C4I Baseline Enhanced Navy Operational-Level Command & Control Globally Networked Forward Element Capability 3. Organization and Certification Assist and Assess Team United States Fleet Forces C2F C7F Doctrine and Organization Standardized Processes PACFLT C3F NNWC SUB CTFs Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 20 MHQ w/ MOC Summary • Operational-Level Gaps Must Be Closed • Navy Must Influence Joint, National and Coalition – – • Navy solution will influence and integrate with joint C2 efforts MHQ w/ MOC sharpens national and international MDA focus Balance Capability Delivery with Risk / Affordability – – – Accelerate development of “core” MHQ w/ MOC capabilities Implement MHQ w/ MOC elements at high priority commands Deliver balance of capabilities on a phased, controlled schedule MHQ w/ MOC – Navy’s Operational-Level of Warfare Enabler United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 21 Questions? United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 22 United States Fleet Forces Time to go….. Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 23 Functional Alignment of MHQ NCC-CCDR Navy Operational-Level CDRs*: - Navy Component CDR (NCC-CCDR) - Numbered Fleet CDR (# Fleet CDR) - Principal HQ CDR (Prin. HQ CDR) * as assigned in Forces For… JTF CDR # Fleet CDR JFMCC Prin. HQ CDR JFNCC Designated Joint CDRs**: - Joint Task Force CDR (JTF CDR) - Functional Component CDR (JFMCC) - Navy Service Component CDR (JFNCC) ** when designated by JFC MHQ CDR Fleet Management Navy Service Functions Shared Support Staff Fleet & Ops Functions Operations (MOC) Operations Functions How Do We Align Fleet HQ Functionality? United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 24 MHQ w/ MOC CONOPS Certification Support Responsibilities COCOMs (Joint Organize, Train, and Equip) JTF JFSOCC JFLCC JFACC JFMCC Work on Little “j” SOCOM USA / USMC USAF USN JFNCC / MHQ Shared responsibility CSG/ ESG (Service Organize, Train, and Equip) Platform Joint JFCOM Functional IAC / Int’l Work on BIG “J” Service Training Lane Individual Certify as directed – COCOM for JTF / JFMCC; NCC for JFNCC / NFC United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 25 “MOC Generated” TAMD Plan DEMO DATA ONLY Fully Integrated, Prepared, Executable ADP United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 26 MHQ w/ MOC CONOPS Functional Theater Organization Operational Level AADC MHQ w/ MOC TIO TSTK TASW TAMD TBD (Non-Kinetic and Kinetic) ESF CSG CSG Tactical Level ESG ESG ESG SSG SSG United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy UNCLASSIFIED 27 MHQ w/ MOC Supports Theater & JOA Reqt’s Force Management (FM) Focused Logistics (LOG) Battlespace Awareness (BA) Command & Control (C2) Operational Protection (P) Force Application (Fires) IGO / NGO Interagency (IA) THEATER / AOR NCC, # Fleet, JFMCC Theater Tasks (executed thru functional subordinate CDRs) FM LOG BA C2 P Fires IA - Theater Force Mgt, RFFs - Theater-wide Logistics Support - Regional MDA, ISR, Reg. COP - OPLANs, Organize, Tasking - TAMD, TASW, AT/FP -Theater IO, Targeting, Strike - POLMIL, IGO Coord JOA JOA Maritime Tasks thru ESF + other forces - RFF for JOA, FM LOG - Log Plans, Reqts - Local COP, CM plan BA - Guidance, Plan, Task C2 - AW, AT/FP, ASW P Fires - STKC, TLAM, IO IA/NGO - Criminal, HA/DR Core MHQ w/ MOC Functions – Support Theater & JOA Req’ts United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 28 MHQ WITH MOC: SIMULTANEOUS ROLES SUBORDINATE JFC JTF POL MIL Navy Operational-Level CDRs: - Navy Component CDR - Numbered Fleet CDR - Principal HQ CDR * as assigned in Forces For… FLEET MANAGEMENT NCC-CCDR JTF CDR # Fleet CDR JFMCC Prin. HQ CDR JFNCC MHQ CDR JTF Designated Joint CDRs**: - Joint Task Force CDR (JTF CDR) - Functional Component CDR (JFMCC) - Service Component CDR (JFNCC) DAY-TO-DAY SERVICE FUNCTIONS COALITION TRAINING JAG PAO PERS MEDICAL DOCTRINE ADMIN CIS AND OTHERS MOC FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT JFC JOA Focus ADCON MHQ ADCON & OPCON SUBORDINATE CROSSCOMPONENT JFMCC SERVICE COMPONENT JFC OPCON JOINT TRAINING Theater Focus United States Fleet Forces NAVAL FORCES INTERAGENCY CROSSCOALITION SUBORDINATE NAVAL & JOINT FORCES DAY-TO-DAY JFC THEATER OPERATIONS CNO JOA Focus SUBORDINATE COMPONENTS & JTFs * when designated by JFC FLEET & OPS SUPPORT KM InterAgency MHQ OPCON JOINT/ COALITION CROSSSERVICE JFNCC JOA Focus CROSSCOALITION Theater Focus SUBORDINATE NAVAL FORCES Operational SUBORDINATE NAVAL FORCESPrimacy Readiness, Effectiveness, 29 Fleet Management Functions CIS JAG Science and Experimentation POLICY Program & Budget DOCTRINE ADMIN FLEET SUPPORT MHQ CDR CENTRALIZED GUIDANCE Schedules Fleet Training KM PAO MEDICAL Maintenance & Supply United States Fleet Forces AND OTHERS… Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 30 Manage Planning on 3 Event Horizons Future Plans / J5 Future Ops / J35 Operational focus is on “what’s next.” Typically responsible for planning the next phase of operations (sequels). Operational focus is on “what if.” Typically responsible for branch planning. Prepares components for future operations Warning Orders (WARNORDs). Products • OPLANS Handoff • OPORDERS • Wargaming • “Sketch / results • Initial JTF/JFMCC Storyboard” guidance sequels • Sequel plans for future phases • With planner – Concept of explanation operations – Risks – Draft Cdr’s intent United States Fleet Forces Current Ops / J3 Operational focus is on execution of current operations, “what is.” Directs execution of branches and sequels Fragmentary Operation Orders (FRAGOs). Products • Branch plans • Preconditions • Triggers • Draft Cdr’s intent • Recommend CCIRs • Concept of ops • Component tasks • Coord instructions • Risks • ROE • Changes • Plan Synch • Decision support matrix / template Products Handoff • Branch plan • “Sketch / Storyboard” with draft • WARNORD and synch / decision support tools • With planner explanation • Execution checklists • CCIR oversight • ORDERS Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 31 Effects Based Thinking Strategic Operational Nat’l and Int’l Objectives Joint Tactical Actions D Country Teams Objectives EFFECTS I M RCC Objectives E Commanders and staffs translate what they see, hear, and feel from national / international dialogue into solid, logical Campaign Objectives from the RCC perspective United States Fleet Forces Staff and components analyze the mission using all tools available (ONA, CIE, COA, VIE, etc.) to determine what Effects they want to accomplish within the operational environment to achieve theater and strategic objectives P M E S I I Commander issues guidance and intent to his staff and components and the supporting agencies to accomplish fused, synchronized, and appropriate Actions on PMESII systems within the operational environment to attain desired effects and achieve objectives 32 Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy Standardized Procedures and Staffs for more seamless integration across Joint Components No more: “You operate totally differently than the other Navy command did.” XXX XXX DEPLOYMENT CFLCC CFLCC contingency training exercise MHQ CDR MHQ CDR Fleet Management Navy Service Functions Fleet & Ops Support Mutual Support Maritime Operations Center Operations Functions Fleet Management Navy Service Functions Fleet & Ops Support Mutual Support Maritime Operations Center Operations Functions Moving from one CCDR to another CCDR United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 33 MHQ role in MDA • • • • Navy’s Operational level MDA C2 node. Linkage to USCG Areas & Districts Disseminate tactical MDA from units Coordinate with Int’l partners and CCDRs ?? • Global network of MOCs will help develop Global MDA from Regional MDA • GMSA Enterprise interaction remains TBD United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 34 Maritime Domain Awareness • • • • • • • Joint Interagency Alliances Coalition Nation-Nation Commercial Need to Share vs. Need to Know • Global network of MOCs will form the backbone for the Navy’s contribution to the MDA “Mural” • MHQ with MOC implementation will be synchronized with National and OPNAV MDA efforts United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 35 CNO Direction (11 JUL 06) • Champion and Align Around MHQ w/ MOC – OPNAV Sponsor • Provide Continuing Development Funds – OPNAV FY-07 Funding • Treat MHQ w/ MOC as Weapons System • Emphasize Common Functions, Processes, Billets, Systems across all MHQs • Infuse MHQ w/ MOC into Maritime Strategy and OPS Concepts United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 36 CNO Tasking (15 NOV 06) • • • • • • • • • • • 1. Standardization of MOCs. Coordinate with JFCOM to do an independent quicklook of how our various MOCs function today. Follow this quicklook with a self-assessment from each fleet commander at the next Maritime Security Conference. (action – C2F / FFC) 2. Intel requirements and realignment. Move out on intel realignment to support both the operational and tactical level requirements. Provide me with a coordinated proposal. (action – OPNAV N2 / FFC) 3. Navy IO in STRATCOM domain. I need a better understanding on how we present / protect Navy equity in the joint arena as STRATCOM constructs its JFCCs. (action – NNWC / OPNAV N6) 4. Accelerate revision of JP 3-32. Revise to incorporate current MHQ w/ MOC Concept and CONOPS. Do so inside the normal revision timeline. (action – NWDC / OPNAV N3/5) 5. Deliver a Strategic Communication Plan for MHQ w/ MOC. (action – FFC / C2F) 6. Human Resources Study for MHQ w/ MOC. Identify the personnel and training requirements for MHQ w/ MOC within the PR-09 build. (action - OPNAV N1 / NWC) United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 37 MHQ w/ MOC Critical Paths / Major Milestones Phasing Plan Category 06 07 Organization 09 CBAs Op Architecture CBA, METL, Experiments Doctrine 08 NWP JP 3-32 JMETL Competencies Ongoing MHQ w/ MOC Training Ongoing JFMCC Assist, Assess and Certification # Fleet MOCs MOC “T” CFFC & CPF MOCs System Design MOC “X” O-5/O-6 JFMCC Coalition Curriculum Dev Reserves Personnel Facilities United States Fleet Forces 13 Manning Doc Cert Team Dev Detailing 12 Experimentation Curriculum Dev Leadership & Education 11 NTTP / JTTP Training Materiel 10 Joint RC AMD Ongoing Maintenance Ongoing Flag, O-5/O-6, Coalition JFMCC Courses Ongoing Personnel review & alignment JMD MOC “T” Ongoing upgrades NCCs Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 38 MHQ w/ MOC Experimentation Spiral Development MHQ Capabilities Portfolios Discovery Hypothesis Testing We are here Demonstration Acquire/ Build 24 Months Fielded Capability 18 Months United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 39 Globally Networked MOCs (TW07) Global Maritime Information Highways Combatant Commanders (Geographic) N C C AUS MOC CAN MOC NATO MOC(s) ITALY UK N U M B E R E D F L E E T J T F J F M C C 2nd Fleet N C C N U M B E R E D F L E E T J T F J F M C C 3rd Fleet N C C N U M B E R E D F L E E T (Functional) J F M C C 6th Fleet INTEL STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS COP / UDOP INFO / DATABASES COALITION CoreFleet Functions, United States Forces COALITION N C C J T F Functional NCCs & Prin HQs FFC, SPECWAR, MSC, NNWC, Sub CTFs ONI/NMIC M D A COALITION JTF & JFMCC OTHER AGENCIES OTHER SERVICES USCG LANT/PAC COMM’L ENTITIES Processes and Systems Must be Common Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 40 Globally Connected AOCs & MOCs (JEFX 08) Network USN & Coalition MOCs to USAF Linked AOCs to perform integrated operations within and across theaters and regions PACOM PACOM AFPAC USFK/UNC/CFC C3F Hickam EUCOM PACOM AFNEA AFEUR C7F Osan Ramstein Japan CONUS C2 Support Center SOCOM C6F Naples AUSCANNZUKUS CENTCOM Hurlburt AFCEN Shaw/AUAB TRANSCOM AFSOUTH DM Air Forces United States Fleet Forces EUCOM Globally Netted AFSOF SOUTHCOM San Diego NIOSC MOC CFMCC TBD NNWC Norfolk NORTHCOM AFTRANS C2F Scott Norfolk Naval Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 41 MOC Operations Process CIS MOC Command Element JAG DOCTRINE Current Operations OPS SUPPORT ADMIN KM Future Planning PAO MEDICAL Future Operations AND OTHERS… Standardized Process with integrated Intel, Logistics & Liaison United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 42 Standardized Procedures and Staffs for more seamless “CHOP” of USN Forces No more: “Forget how you did it in Xth Fleet.. We do things differently here” MHQ CDR MHQ CDR Fleet Management Navy Service Functions Fleet & Ops Support Mutual Support Maritime Operations Center Operations Functions Fleet Management Navy Service Functions Fleet & Ops Support Mutual Support Maritime Operations Center Operations Functions Change of Operational Control (CHOP) United States Fleet Forces Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 43 MOC Targeting Process - Supports Joint targeting process & unique Maritime targeting needs JTL Joint Target List Maritime TST Input subset of Maritime Target Nomination List JFC TST subset of JFC JIPTL – Joint Integrated Prioritized Target List Joint-oriented targeting Maritime-oriented targeting MTL Maritime Target List Maritime Prioritized Target List United States Fleet Forces Maritime Dynamic Target List MDT Delegated to Maritime Subordinates (SG/CTF) Operational Readiness, Effectiveness, Primacy 44
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