Diversity in living
organism
By harsh krishnatre
classification

Science of arranging organism in a series of
groups and subgroups on the basis of similarities
and dissimilarities

Aristotle classified on the basis of their habitat
means the place they live in water, in air and on
land
Basic
characteristics of
classification
Types of cells are divided in various types:
Nature of cells :prokaryotic or eukaryotic

Cellularity :unicellular or multicellular

Level of organization: cellular, tissue, organ or
organ system

Mode of nutrition autotrophic or heterotrophic
Classification of
evolution

Time is the key factor which helps in
development of complex organism from the
simple ones

Charles Darwin first gave the idea of evolution
in 1855 in his famous book ‘the origin of
species’

Those organism who have ancient design and
not changed much are primitive organism

Those who acquired certain special character
during the time period are known as advanced
or higher organism
biodiversity

Biodiversity is the term used for the all life
forms in the given area

These life forms depends on each other and on
the environment and results in stable
community

Human is also part of this biodiversity

This is estimated that there is about 10,000,000
species on this planet, we know only about
20,00,000 species
Hierarchy of
classification

Ernst Haeckel, Robert Whittaker, Carl Woese
have tried to classify all living organism into
broad categories

R. Whittaker proposed kingdom system which is
widely used. This includes Monera, Protista,
fungi, plantae and Animalia.

Carl Woese divided Monera into archaebacteria
and eubacteria
Further classification is done by sub groups at
various levels as given:-
Further
classification:
.
kingdom-division-phyllum/class-order-familygenus-species

Kingdom Monera

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom fungi

Kingdom plantae

Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom: Monera

Unicellular organism

Nucleus and cell organelle are absent

May or may not have cell wall

Able of nitrogen fixation

Reproduce by asexual method

Bacteria , cyanobacteria and mycoplasma
Kingdom: Protista

Unicellular organism

A well defined nucleus and cell organelles
are present

They may be autotrophic or heterotrophic

Some of these organism have appendages
like cilia and flagella for movement

They produce by both sexual and asexual
methods

Diatoms , protozoans are few examples
Kingdom: fungi

Heterotrophic and eukaryotic organism

Saprophytes

Cell wall made of chitin

Some of them live with close relationship
with algae and plants forming lichens
mycorrhizae

Some of them have ability of being
multicellular

Yeast ,mushroom and rhizopus
Kingdom: plantae

They are multicellular eukaryotic organism

This kingdom include all plant species

They are autotrophic and prepare there own food

They are further classified into five major
division:-

Thallophyta , byrophyta ,pteridophyta,
gymnosperms ,angiosperms
Division: Thallophyta
Body of the organism is not differentiated into
organs
 Mainly aquatic found only in fresh and marine
water
 Tissue for conduction of material and for
mechanical strength is absent
 They are covered by mucilage
 Reproduce by vegetative , asexual and sexual
reproduction
 Algae was an example of this division

Division: Byrophyta

Plant body is differentiated into root ,leaf and
stem like structures

Special conducting tissues are not present

These are known as amphibians of plant kingdom

Reproduce by vegetative , asexual and sexual
reproduction

Funaria , Anthoceros and marchantia are few
examples of it
Division: Pteridophyta

Plant body is differentiated into leaf , stem and
root

They also have conductive tissue

All the above discussed plant type doesn’t bear
fruit , they bear spores. They are also known as
cryptograms

Fern , Adiantum and Selaginella are few examples
of it
Division: Gymnosperms

these plants bear naked seeds means seeds are
not closed in fruit

These are perennial , evergreen trees having
woody trunk

They bear cones in which seeds are placed

Sequoia sempervirens is the longest tree found on
earth (125 meters)is an example. Other examples
are Pinus , Cycas
Division: Angiosperms
Bear seeds covered by special organs knowns as
fruits
 They bear flower as their reproductive organ
 Embryo in seed have special structure called
cotyledons which act as seed leaves at the time
of germination
 The are divided into two groups: monocots and
dicots
 Wheat , rice , rose and tomato are example of
this division

Kingdom: Animalia

Main characteristics of this kingdom are as follows:

These are eukaryotic organism of heterotrophic
nature

These are multicellular organism

Their cell don’t bear cell wall and chloroplast

They are further divided into following sub groups
Phyllum: Porifera

These animals bear small holes on their body
surface

These are aquatic and sedentary means nonmotile

They have cellular level of body design

They bear hard skeleton system and have a canal
system for the distribution of food and gases

Spongilla and Sycon are some examples
Phyllum: Coelentrata
They are aquatic animals and
have tissue level of body design
 They have a body cavity called
coelom so called Coelentrata
 They may be solitary or colonial
 They have a special stinging
cells called cnidoblasts so also
known as Cnidaria
 Hydra , obelia , physalia are
some example

Phyllum: Platyhelminthes

Show bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic
means have three germ layers

They are dorsoventrally flattened so also called
flat worms

They are either free living or parasite

They have tissue level of body design

They do not have any body cavity

Planarian and river flukes are few examples
Phyllum: Nematoda

These animals show bilateral symmetry and are
triploblastic means have three germ layers

They are cylindrical in shape

They have pseudo coelom

They have tissue level of body design

They are mainly parasitic in nutrition

Ascaris and Wuchuraria are examples
Phyllum: Annelida

Show bilateral symmetry and are triploblastic

They are cylindrical in shape and have a true body
cavity

Organ system level of body design is found

Body is divided into several segments called
annuli so phylum is also known as Annelida

Earthworm and Leech are examples
Phyllum: Arthropoda

These animals show bilateral symmetry and are
triploblastic means have three germ layers

They have a true body cavity which is blood filled

Organ system level of body design is found

Largest group of animals

They have joint legs

Cockroach , house fly are few examples
Phyllum: Mollusca

Body cavity is highly reduced

These animals show bilateral symmetry and are
triploblastic means have three germ layers

They also have open circulatory system

They have kidney like structure for excretion

Highly muscular foot is used for movement

Pila and chiton are some example
Phyllum: Echinodermata

They are spiny skinny organism

They are free-living organism only found in
marine water

They are triploblastic and have true body cavity

They have a tube system for the purpose of
movement

They show high power of regeneration

Star fish and Sea urchins are some examples
Phyllum: Protochordata

These animals show bilateral symmetry and
are triploblastic means have three germ
layers

They are cylindrical in shape and have true
body cavity

They also have a notochord at any stage of
life which provide surface for the
attachment of muscles and to provide
support

Amphioxus , Balanoglossus are some
examples
Phyllum: Vertebrata

They have notochord at any stage of life

They have dorsal nerve cord

They are triploblastic

They have paired gill pouches

They have true body cavity

This include classes:- Pisces , Amphibia , Reptilia ,
Aves , Mammalia
Class: Pisces

They are aquatic found in fresh and marine
water

Skin is covered by scales or plates and have
gills for respiration

Body is streamlined and have a tail

They have two chambered heart and are cold
blooded

Skeleton is made up of either cartilage or of
bones.

Scoliodon and labeo rohita are some
examples
Class: Amphibia

They are animals with uncovered skin which help
in gas exchange

They have three chambered heart and are cold
blooded

They are found both in water and on land

They lay eggs without any hard shell

Frogs and salamanders are some examples
Class: Reptilia

They are terrestrial as well as aquatic

Skin is covered by scales

They are cold blooded animal mostly having three
chambered heart except crocodile

Their eggs are covered by a hard shell

They breath through lungs

Snakes , turtles are some example of this class
Class: Aves
They have four chambered heart and
are warm blooded
 They breath through lungs
 Their eggs are covered by hard shells
 Their body is covered by feathers and
are good fliers
 They don’t have teeth and bear beak
and claws
 All the birds are the examples

Class: Mammalia

They have four chambered heart and are warm
blooded

They breath through lungs

They have mammary glands for milk production

They have hairs and nails as well as sweat and oil
glands

They give birth to young ones except platypus and
echidna

All milk producing animals including humans
Thank you
By harsh krishnatre